Meaning and definitions -Educational psychology: Meaning, scope and significance - Dimensions of human growth and development: Physical, cognitive, emotional, social, moral and language – Phases of developmental and development tasks - Infancy, childhood and adolescence.
Educational Psychology- Brief History, introduction, meaning and concept of ...Dr. Manju N D
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that applies psychological theories and principles to education. It is concerned with understanding learners and the learning process, with a focus on facilitating teaching and learning experiences. Some key aspects covered are:
- The development of students and their cognitive abilities.
- How students learn and retain information through different processes like perception, motivation, and memory.
- Creating effective learning environments and improving teaching methods based on psychological principles.
- Evaluating learning outcomes and the various factors that influence the learning experience.
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligencesJanette Balagot
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence proposes three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical. Analytical intelligence involves planning, monitoring, and problem solving. Creative intelligence focuses on developing new ideas and solutions. Practical intelligence applies to selecting and shaping real-world environments. The theory also describes seven types of people based on their balance or imbalance of the three intelligences: The Analyzer, The Creator, The Practitioner, The Analytical Creator, The Analytical Practitioner, The Creative Practitioner, and The Consummate Balancer who achieves the optimal balance.
Educational psychology studies how people learn in educational settings, typically focusing on the classroom. It examines learning from behavioral, cognitive, social cognitive, and constructivist perspectives. More recently, connectivism has also been studied as it relates to learning in a digital age. Motivation is an important concept, looking at both internal and external factors that influence a student's engagement and success.
Howard Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences which challenged traditional views of intelligence. According to Gardner, intelligence is not a single general capacity but rather consists of at least nine distinct intelligences. These include logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, and existential intelligences. Gardner's theory has implications for education, suggesting teachers structure lessons to engage multiple intelligences and recognize different strengths and styles of learning in students. Critics argue the theory is not well defined and may not encourage core knowledge, while supporters believe it leads to more authentic, strengths-based learning.
Cognitive and humanistic theories of learning focused on insight learning, cognitive development, and self-actualization. Theories included Piaget's stages of intellectual development, Kolb's learning styles, and Maslow and Rogers' theories on self-actualization and fully functioning people. Bruner's theory proposed three stages of cognitive development - the enactive, iconic, and symbolic modes - which correspond to developing representations from actions to images to symbols like language. Bruner believed education should facilitate discovery learning and problem solving appropriate to a child's cognitive maturity.
Educational Psychology- Brief History, introduction, meaning and concept of ...Dr. Manju N D
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that applies psychological theories and principles to education. It is concerned with understanding learners and the learning process, with a focus on facilitating teaching and learning experiences. Some key aspects covered are:
- The development of students and their cognitive abilities.
- How students learn and retain information through different processes like perception, motivation, and memory.
- Creating effective learning environments and improving teaching methods based on psychological principles.
- Evaluating learning outcomes and the various factors that influence the learning experience.
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligencesJanette Balagot
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence proposes three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical. Analytical intelligence involves planning, monitoring, and problem solving. Creative intelligence focuses on developing new ideas and solutions. Practical intelligence applies to selecting and shaping real-world environments. The theory also describes seven types of people based on their balance or imbalance of the three intelligences: The Analyzer, The Creator, The Practitioner, The Analytical Creator, The Analytical Practitioner, The Creative Practitioner, and The Consummate Balancer who achieves the optimal balance.
Educational psychology studies how people learn in educational settings, typically focusing on the classroom. It examines learning from behavioral, cognitive, social cognitive, and constructivist perspectives. More recently, connectivism has also been studied as it relates to learning in a digital age. Motivation is an important concept, looking at both internal and external factors that influence a student's engagement and success.
Howard Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences which challenged traditional views of intelligence. According to Gardner, intelligence is not a single general capacity but rather consists of at least nine distinct intelligences. These include logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, and existential intelligences. Gardner's theory has implications for education, suggesting teachers structure lessons to engage multiple intelligences and recognize different strengths and styles of learning in students. Critics argue the theory is not well defined and may not encourage core knowledge, while supporters believe it leads to more authentic, strengths-based learning.
Cognitive and humanistic theories of learning focused on insight learning, cognitive development, and self-actualization. Theories included Piaget's stages of intellectual development, Kolb's learning styles, and Maslow and Rogers' theories on self-actualization and fully functioning people. Bruner's theory proposed three stages of cognitive development - the enactive, iconic, and symbolic modes - which correspond to developing representations from actions to images to symbols like language. Bruner believed education should facilitate discovery learning and problem solving appropriate to a child's cognitive maturity.
This document provides an overview of andragogy, the adult learning theory. It defines andragogy as the art and science of adult learning. The term was coined in 1833 and was popularized by Malcolm Knowles in the 1970s. Knowles identified five assumptions of adult learners that differ from the assumptions about child learners, including that adult learners are self-directed, draw on life experiences, are problem-centered, and are internally motivated. Knowles also described four principles of andragogy, such as involving adult learners in planning instruction and making the instruction problem-centered and immediately relevant. The document reviews these concepts and provides examples to explain their application to adult education.
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that applies psychological findings to education. It studies human behavior in educational settings and helps teachers understand student development, capacities, and how they learn. Educational psychology examines topics like learning and development, individual differences, learning processes, teaching methods, and creating effective learning environments. It aims to understand, predict, and control human behavior in educational contexts.
Scope and importance of educational psychologyAnnieThakur3
This presentation is intended to understand
Educational psychology : scope and its importance
Educational Psychology is important because it trains us to watch for different learning situations and how to adapt to those situations accordingly.
Cooperative learning involves students working in small groups to help one another learn. It has several key elements:
1) Students work in diverse groups on tasks and problems to improve their understanding of a subject. Group members help each other learn.
2) It promotes higher achievement, develops social skills like cooperation, and creates a more positive learning environment compared to competitive settings.
3) Effective cooperative learning relies on positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, developing social skills, and group processing of what was learned.
The document discusses several theories of intelligence proposed by prominent psychologists. Engel, Terman, and Thurston viewed intelligence as the ability to adapt to one's environment and solve problems. Thurston proposed a multi-factor theory where intelligence consists of several primary mental abilities, including verbal ability, spatial ability, memory, and reasoning. Spearman's two-factor theory posited that intelligence results from a general intellectual factor and specific factors related to particular abilities. Thorndike viewed intelligence as composed of separate and independent mental abilities in specific domains like arithmetic and vocabulary.
This document discusses different views of learners, learning, teachers, and classrooms from behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist perspectives.
The behavioral view sees the learner as passive and shaped by environmental stimuli without internal reflection. The teacher controls learning through reinforcement. The cognitive view sees the active learner integrating new and existing knowledge through mental processing. The teacher provides tools for organizing information.
The constructivist view is learner-centered, with students constructing their own understanding through hands-on experiences. The teacher acts as a guide, using modeling, coaching and scaffolding to facilitate student-led discussion and interactive, project-based activities.
Topic: Concept of Intelligence
Student Name: Mariyam Ahmed
Class: B.Ed. Hons Elementary Part (III)
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
The document discusses physical, cognitive, social, moral, and emotional development from infancy through adolescence. It describes the major physical changes that occur, including rapid growth in the first years followed by slower growth. It also outlines key stages in cognitive development like language acquisition, memory development, and the development of reasoning abilities. Socially, children transition from egocentric behavior to learning social norms. Morally, children progress from anomy to understanding right and wrong through influences like parents and peers.
This document discusses different types of lesson plans based on various criteria. It describes the Herbartian, Bloom's, Gloverian, and RCEM approaches to lesson planning. The Herbartian approach involves 6 steps: preparation, presentation, association/comparison, generalization, application, and systematization/recapitulation. Bloom's approach considers education as a tripolar process involving formulating objectives, creating learning experiences, and evaluating behavior change. The document also discusses detailed, semi-detailed, and brief lesson plans based on the level of content included. Lesson plans can be categorized by time duration as short daily plans or weekly/longer plans.
It discuss about what is test and types of test items. Types of items - 1. Objective types a) A) True – false items (Alternate response type B) b) Multiple choice Test Items (Changing Alternative type) C) c) Matching Type Test Item D) d) Simple Recall Type Test Items E) e) Completion Type Test Item 2) Short answer 3) Details answer. It also discuss about advantages and disadvantages of objective type, short answer and details answer.
Aurobindo Ghosh (Extract from a textbook)fatima roshan
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Edward Thorndike's theory of learning through trial and error proposed that learning occurs through associations formed between stimuli and responses. When a response leads to a satisfying outcome, the stimulus-response association is strengthened. Thorndike identified three laws of learning: the law of readiness, the law of exercise, and the law of effect. His theory emphasized that learning is gradual, motivated, and occurs through random responses that are strengthened when they are successful. Thorndike's work laid the foundation for behaviorism and operant conditioning.
Educational psychology helps teachers and school administrators address problems in teaching and learning that they were previously unable to solve due to inexperience, lack of psychological knowledge, and heavy workloads. It is the study of how social interactions and experiences influence a child's development and ability to learn. Educational psychology provides a scientific basis for understanding teaching and learning processes, handling individual differences, and ensuring students are ready and motivated to learn. It helps teachers decide what, when, how, and why to teach to best facilitate long-term retention of information.
Andragogy refers to the method and practice of teaching adult learners. It was originally coined in 1833 and further developed by Malcolm Knowles, who articulated key assumptions about adult learners. Knowles proposed that adult learners are self-directed, task-oriented, and benefit most from learning that can apply immediately and that they have chosen for themselves. Heutagogy builds upon andragogy by focusing on truly self-determined learning and the skills needed to learn continuously in a rapidly changing world.
Idealism is a philosophical view that emphasizes the role of the mind or spirit as the preeminent feature of life. In education, idealism views psychology as the study of mental processes and experience. It believes that all knowledge begins with experience and that the material world is a construction of the mind. Key figures in idealism include Plato, Augustine, Kant, Berkeley, and Hegel. Idealism influenced education through a focus on discovering truth, self-realization, and character development using methods like dialectic, intuition, and great books. Teachers play a central role in helping students think and explore ideas. While idealism promotes high-level thinking, some critique it for being too cognitive.
Approaches to Lesson Plan by Syeda Maham Asrar Lahore PakistanKashif Bukhari
The document discusses different approaches to lesson planning. It describes the Herbartian approach which involves 5 steps: introduction/motivation, presentation, comparison/association, generalization, application, and recapitulation. It also discusses Morrison's approach involving exploration, presentation, assimilation, organization, and recitation. Finally, it covers Bloom's approach which emphasizes formulating objectives, creating learning experiences, and evaluating behavioral changes. The document provides an overview of different frameworks for developing and structuring lesson plans.
Maze was invented at the Lab of Edmund Sanford in Clark University in 1898-1899. They (Sanford and his students) started ‘rats-in-mazes’ tradition (Goodwin, 2012).
1898-1899 में क्लार्क विश्वविद्यालय में एडमंड सैनफोर्ड की लैब में भूलभुलैया का आविष्कार किया गया था। उन्होंने (सैनफोर्ड और उनके छात्रों ने) भूलभुलैया-में-चूहे नामक परंपरा की (गुडविन, 2012) शुरुआत की
Introduction to educational psychology & hgdHennaAnsari
Educational psychology deals with applying psychological principles to education. It involves studying human behavior and development in educational settings. There are three main schools of thought in educational psychology: structuralism, which analyzes the basic units of the mind; functionalism, which focuses on the functions and roles of mental processes; and behaviorism, which studies observable behavior and learning through conditioning principles like classical and operant conditioning. Educational psychology has a wide scope that includes understanding learners, designing learning experiences, studying learning processes, creating effective learning environments, developing teachers, and more.
1. The document discusses three major schools of thought in educational psychology: structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism.
2. Structuralism, the earliest school, focused on breaking down mental processes into basic components using introspection. It aimed to analyze the human mind but was criticized for using subjective and unreliable methods.
3. The document goes on to discuss functionalism and behaviorism, but does not provide details about them in this section. It primarily focuses on describing the structuralism approach.
This document provides an overview of andragogy, the adult learning theory. It defines andragogy as the art and science of adult learning. The term was coined in 1833 and was popularized by Malcolm Knowles in the 1970s. Knowles identified five assumptions of adult learners that differ from the assumptions about child learners, including that adult learners are self-directed, draw on life experiences, are problem-centered, and are internally motivated. Knowles also described four principles of andragogy, such as involving adult learners in planning instruction and making the instruction problem-centered and immediately relevant. The document reviews these concepts and provides examples to explain their application to adult education.
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology that applies psychological findings to education. It studies human behavior in educational settings and helps teachers understand student development, capacities, and how they learn. Educational psychology examines topics like learning and development, individual differences, learning processes, teaching methods, and creating effective learning environments. It aims to understand, predict, and control human behavior in educational contexts.
Scope and importance of educational psychologyAnnieThakur3
This presentation is intended to understand
Educational psychology : scope and its importance
Educational Psychology is important because it trains us to watch for different learning situations and how to adapt to those situations accordingly.
Cooperative learning involves students working in small groups to help one another learn. It has several key elements:
1) Students work in diverse groups on tasks and problems to improve their understanding of a subject. Group members help each other learn.
2) It promotes higher achievement, develops social skills like cooperation, and creates a more positive learning environment compared to competitive settings.
3) Effective cooperative learning relies on positive interdependence, individual accountability, promotive interaction, developing social skills, and group processing of what was learned.
The document discusses several theories of intelligence proposed by prominent psychologists. Engel, Terman, and Thurston viewed intelligence as the ability to adapt to one's environment and solve problems. Thurston proposed a multi-factor theory where intelligence consists of several primary mental abilities, including verbal ability, spatial ability, memory, and reasoning. Spearman's two-factor theory posited that intelligence results from a general intellectual factor and specific factors related to particular abilities. Thorndike viewed intelligence as composed of separate and independent mental abilities in specific domains like arithmetic and vocabulary.
This document discusses different views of learners, learning, teachers, and classrooms from behavioral, cognitive, and constructivist perspectives.
The behavioral view sees the learner as passive and shaped by environmental stimuli without internal reflection. The teacher controls learning through reinforcement. The cognitive view sees the active learner integrating new and existing knowledge through mental processing. The teacher provides tools for organizing information.
The constructivist view is learner-centered, with students constructing their own understanding through hands-on experiences. The teacher acts as a guide, using modeling, coaching and scaffolding to facilitate student-led discussion and interactive, project-based activities.
Topic: Concept of Intelligence
Student Name: Mariyam Ahmed
Class: B.Ed. Hons Elementary Part (III)
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
The document discusses physical, cognitive, social, moral, and emotional development from infancy through adolescence. It describes the major physical changes that occur, including rapid growth in the first years followed by slower growth. It also outlines key stages in cognitive development like language acquisition, memory development, and the development of reasoning abilities. Socially, children transition from egocentric behavior to learning social norms. Morally, children progress from anomy to understanding right and wrong through influences like parents and peers.
This document discusses different types of lesson plans based on various criteria. It describes the Herbartian, Bloom's, Gloverian, and RCEM approaches to lesson planning. The Herbartian approach involves 6 steps: preparation, presentation, association/comparison, generalization, application, and systematization/recapitulation. Bloom's approach considers education as a tripolar process involving formulating objectives, creating learning experiences, and evaluating behavior change. The document also discusses detailed, semi-detailed, and brief lesson plans based on the level of content included. Lesson plans can be categorized by time duration as short daily plans or weekly/longer plans.
It discuss about what is test and types of test items. Types of items - 1. Objective types a) A) True – false items (Alternate response type B) b) Multiple choice Test Items (Changing Alternative type) C) c) Matching Type Test Item D) d) Simple Recall Type Test Items E) e) Completion Type Test Item 2) Short answer 3) Details answer. It also discuss about advantages and disadvantages of objective type, short answer and details answer.
Aurobindo Ghosh (Extract from a textbook)fatima roshan
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Edward Thorndike's theory of learning through trial and error proposed that learning occurs through associations formed between stimuli and responses. When a response leads to a satisfying outcome, the stimulus-response association is strengthened. Thorndike identified three laws of learning: the law of readiness, the law of exercise, and the law of effect. His theory emphasized that learning is gradual, motivated, and occurs through random responses that are strengthened when they are successful. Thorndike's work laid the foundation for behaviorism and operant conditioning.
Educational psychology helps teachers and school administrators address problems in teaching and learning that they were previously unable to solve due to inexperience, lack of psychological knowledge, and heavy workloads. It is the study of how social interactions and experiences influence a child's development and ability to learn. Educational psychology provides a scientific basis for understanding teaching and learning processes, handling individual differences, and ensuring students are ready and motivated to learn. It helps teachers decide what, when, how, and why to teach to best facilitate long-term retention of information.
Andragogy refers to the method and practice of teaching adult learners. It was originally coined in 1833 and further developed by Malcolm Knowles, who articulated key assumptions about adult learners. Knowles proposed that adult learners are self-directed, task-oriented, and benefit most from learning that can apply immediately and that they have chosen for themselves. Heutagogy builds upon andragogy by focusing on truly self-determined learning and the skills needed to learn continuously in a rapidly changing world.
Idealism is a philosophical view that emphasizes the role of the mind or spirit as the preeminent feature of life. In education, idealism views psychology as the study of mental processes and experience. It believes that all knowledge begins with experience and that the material world is a construction of the mind. Key figures in idealism include Plato, Augustine, Kant, Berkeley, and Hegel. Idealism influenced education through a focus on discovering truth, self-realization, and character development using methods like dialectic, intuition, and great books. Teachers play a central role in helping students think and explore ideas. While idealism promotes high-level thinking, some critique it for being too cognitive.
Approaches to Lesson Plan by Syeda Maham Asrar Lahore PakistanKashif Bukhari
The document discusses different approaches to lesson planning. It describes the Herbartian approach which involves 5 steps: introduction/motivation, presentation, comparison/association, generalization, application, and recapitulation. It also discusses Morrison's approach involving exploration, presentation, assimilation, organization, and recitation. Finally, it covers Bloom's approach which emphasizes formulating objectives, creating learning experiences, and evaluating behavioral changes. The document provides an overview of different frameworks for developing and structuring lesson plans.
Maze was invented at the Lab of Edmund Sanford in Clark University in 1898-1899. They (Sanford and his students) started ‘rats-in-mazes’ tradition (Goodwin, 2012).
1898-1899 में क्लार्क विश्वविद्यालय में एडमंड सैनफोर्ड की लैब में भूलभुलैया का आविष्कार किया गया था। उन्होंने (सैनफोर्ड और उनके छात्रों ने) भूलभुलैया-में-चूहे नामक परंपरा की (गुडविन, 2012) शुरुआत की
Introduction to educational psychology & hgdHennaAnsari
Educational psychology deals with applying psychological principles to education. It involves studying human behavior and development in educational settings. There are three main schools of thought in educational psychology: structuralism, which analyzes the basic units of the mind; functionalism, which focuses on the functions and roles of mental processes; and behaviorism, which studies observable behavior and learning through conditioning principles like classical and operant conditioning. Educational psychology has a wide scope that includes understanding learners, designing learning experiences, studying learning processes, creating effective learning environments, developing teachers, and more.
1. The document discusses three major schools of thought in educational psychology: structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism.
2. Structuralism, the earliest school, focused on breaking down mental processes into basic components using introspection. It aimed to analyze the human mind but was criticized for using subjective and unreliable methods.
3. The document goes on to discuss functionalism and behaviorism, but does not provide details about them in this section. It primarily focuses on describing the structuralism approach.
Nature and functions of Educational psychologyjanehbasto
Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with understanding and improving educational processes in formal learning environments. It seeks to explain how people learn and retain information, focusing on topics like learning theories, teaching methods, motivation, cognitive and social development, and how to apply psychological research to educational practice. The document provides definitions of psychology and educational psychology, outlines the nature and scope of educational psychology as a scientific field, and summarizes different theories of learning like classical and operant conditioning proposed by behaviorism.
Nature & function of educational psychologySarfraz Ahmad
Educational psychology is defined as:
1. The scientific study of human behavior in educational settings.
2. It draws from various fields like developmental psychology, clinical psychology, and social psychology to understand learning.
3. Educational psychology both contributes to and is informed by related fields like cognitive science, instructional design, and educational technology to improve teaching and learning outcomes.
Nature & function of education psychologySarfraz Ahmad
Educational psychology is defined as:
1. The scientific study of human behavior in educational settings.
2. It draws from various fields like developmental psychology, clinical psychology, and social psychology to understand learning.
3. Educational psychology both contributes to and is informed by related fields like cognitive science, instructional design, and educational technology to improve teaching and learning outcomes.
Psychology is the scientific study of the mind and behavior. It includes many subfields like human development, sports, health, clinical, social behavior and cognitive processes. While it originated in ancient Greece, psychology has developed over the past 150 years into an empirical science. Early perspectives included functionalism, which focused on the causes and consequences of behavior, and structuralism, which relied on introspection to study mental processes. Modern psychology takes a broad approach, investigating learning, perception, emotion, thinking, personality, intelligence and more using various research methods across biological, cognitive, evolutionary and cultural approaches.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, aiming to understand how individuals think, feel, and act in various situations. Its nature encompasses both objective observation and subjective experience, delving into areas such as cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and social interaction. Branches of psychology include clinical, counseling, developmental, cognitive, social, and experimental psychology, each focusing on distinct aspects of human behavior and mental processes. Types of psychology range from applied fields like industrial-organizational and forensic psychology to theoretical areas such as neuropsychology and evolutionary psychology, collectively contributing to a comprehensive understanding of human nature and behavior.
Educational psychology is the study of human behavior and learning processes in educational settings. It draws from the fields of psychology and education to understand individual and group behavior in educational contexts as well as design effective teaching methods and learning environments. Specifically, educational psychology helps teachers understand students' cognitive and social development, apply principles of learning and motivation, address individual differences, and create positive classroom environments that foster optimal learning. Overall, the goal of educational psychology is to improve educational outcomes by equipping teachers with knowledge about human development, learning, and instructional best practices.
Educational Psychology with its nature, scope and functionsMegha Patel
Education psychology with its Introduction, Meaning, Definition, Nature, Scope, Functions and
Concluding note. The exclusive notes prepared for B.Ed. students. It will also helpful for the aspirants of the competitive exams like, TET, TAT, CTET, NET, SET, etc.
This document provides an overview of the key perspectives, fields, methods, and history of psychology. It discusses the biological, psychoanalytic, behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive perspectives. The major fields covered are experimental, biopsychology, developmental, social, industrial/organizational, educational, clinical, counseling, cross-cultural, forensic, and environmental psychology as well as psychiatry. Methods summarized include case studies, naturalistic observation, surveys, experiments, and correlation. The history outlines structuralism, functionalism, Gestalt psychology, psychodynamic, humanistic, behaviorist, and cognitive models.
1. Educational psychology is the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of human learning. It involves studying cognitive development, learning processes, and factors that influence learning.
2. Many consider philosopher Johann Herbart as the father of educational psychology. Pioneers like William James, John Dewey, and Jean Piaget made significant contributions to the field and studied topics like learning theories and cognitive development.
3. The field has grown significantly since the late 1800s when psychology first emerged as a science. Early contributors included Francis Galton, G. Stanley Hall, and Edward Thorndike who studied intelligence testing and learning. Present-day educational psychologists still apply the work of scholars like Benjamin Bloom on learning tax
Educational psychology deals with applying psychological principles to improve the educational process. It studies how individuals learn from birth through old age and helps understand factors that influence teaching and learning like development, cognition, motivation, and social and cultural contexts. Educational psychology aims to scientifically understand and optimize learning experiences to help students acquire knowledge and develop skills. While focused on education, its scope is broad and expanding to address emerging issues and advance this applied science over time.
Educational psychology describes and explains the learning experience of an individual from birth through old age. It is the science of education that applies principles of psychology to understand how people learn. Educational psychology helps teachers understand student development, abilities and limitations, as well as the learning process. It provides knowledge and skills for teachers to effectively educate students and produce desirable changes for their overall development. The subject matter of educational psychology revolves around the learner, their learning experiences, processes and environment, as well as the teacher. It employs scientific methods to study behavior in educational settings.
Psychology Meaning, Definition and Nature of Educational Psychology.pptxDr. Harpal Kaur
Dr. Harpal Kaur Aujla is an Associate Professor at Akal College of Education Mastuana Sahib in Sangrur, Punjab. The document discusses educational psychology, defining it as the scientific study of human behavior in educational settings, including learning processes. It examines how educational psychology applies psychological findings to education. The nature of educational psychology is explored, concluding it is a science, positive science, and applied science that follows scientific methods to study learner behavior.
Educational psychology is the study of how individuals learn in educational settings and how educators can improve learning outcomes. It draws from psychology to understand concepts like human development, cognition, motivation, and assessment. Educational psychology is useful for teachers, administrators, and parents in determining how best to educate students based on psychological principles. It aims to apply scientific knowledge about learning processes to improve educational methods and student outcomes.
Educational psychology is the study of how individuals learn in educational settings and how educators can improve learning outcomes. It draws from psychology to understand concepts like human development, cognition, motivation, and assessment. Educational psychology is useful for teachers, administrators, and parents in determining how best to educate students based on psychological principles. It aims to apply scientific knowledge about learning processes to improve educational methods and student outcomes.
This document provides an overview of educational psychology. It defines psychology as the study of the soul, mind, and consciousness. It notes that psychology came to be defined as the science of behavior by scholars like William Mcdougall, Pillsbury, and JB Watson. Psychology includes the study of motor, cognitive, and affective behaviors. The document outlines the main branches of psychology and defines educational psychology as the science of teaching and learning based on scholars like Skinner, Crow and Crow, and Peel. It describes the nature of educational psychology as scientific in that it employs a systematic, objective approach supported by laws and principles to study learner behavior through research and experimentation, with the goal of understanding and predicting development in education
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
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9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
1. 1
EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
Curse Code: BD1EP
Unit-I: EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND HUMAN GROWTH AND
DEVELOPMENT
This unit we will discuss the,
Meaning and definitions -Educational psychology: Meaning, scope and significance -
Dimensions of human growth and development: Physical, cognitive, emotional, social, moral
and language – Phases of developmental and development tasks - Infancy, childhood and
adolescence.
History of Psychology:
Before 1870 psychology was not a separate discipline rather it was studied under
philosophy.
Some of the contributors of psychology were as follows,
Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 opened first experimental laboratory in psychology at the
University of Leipzig, Germany. He is considered as the father of psychology.
American psychological association (APA) was established in 1892 and the founder was
Stanley hall.
In 1896 John Dewy and William James supported the functionalism in psychology.
In 1896 Sigmund Freud developed the theory of psychoanalysis on the basis of this
therapy later on the developed the therapy of free association and dream analysis.
In 1905 IQ test developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.
In 1913 John b. Watson supported the behavioral aspects of psychology.
In 1921 first Noble prize for psychological research was given to Charles Frederick
Menninger.
In 1921, Ivan Pavlov developed the theory of classical conditioning through the
experimental approach.
B.F.skinner proposed the theory of operant conditioning.
2. 2
Meaning of psychology
The word, ‘Psychology’ is derived from two Greek words, ‘Psyche’ and ‘Logos’. Psyche
means ‘soul’ and ‘Logos’ means ‘science’. Thus psychology was first defined as the ‘science of
soul”.
Psychology as the Science of Soul. In ancient days, the Greek philosophers like Plato and
Aristotle interpreted Psychology as the science of the soul and studied it as a branch of
Philosophy. But soul is something metaphysical. It cannot be seen, observed and touched and we
cannot make scientific experiments on soul.
Psychology as the Science of the Mind. It was the German philosopher Emmanuel Kant who
defined Psychology as the science of the mind. William James (1892) defined psychology as
the science of mental processes. But the word ‘mind’ is also quite ambiguous as there was
confusion regarding the nature and functions of mind.
Psychology as the Science of Consciousness. Modern psychologists defined psychology as the
“Science of Consciousness”. James Sully (1884) defined psychology as the “Science of the
Inner World”. Wilhelm Wundt (1892) defined psychology as the science which studies the
“internal experiences’. But there are three levels of consciousness – conscious, subconscious
and the unconscious and so this definition also was not accepted by some.
Psychology as the Science of Behaviour. At the beginning of the 20th century, when
psychologists attempted to develop psychology into a pure science, it came to be defined as the
science of behavior. The term behavior was popularized by J.B. Watson. Other exponents
are William McDugall and W.B. Pillsbury. According to R.S. Woodworth, “First Psychology
lost its soul, and then it lost its mind, and then lost its consciousness. It still has behaviour of a
sort.”
Education
It is a process where skill & information, are transferred to next generation, in order to develop a
person mentally, emotionally and technically to be a happy and valuable character in the social
order.
3. 3
Meaning of Educational Psychology
Educational psychology is one of the branches of psychology to study the behavior of the
learner in relation to his education. As specialized branch of psychology concerns itself with
suggesting ways and means of improving the process and products of education, enabling the
teacher to teach effectively and the learners to learn effectively with the minimum effort.
It is thus designated as the service of education. It has simplified the tasks and improved
the efficiency of the teacher or all those connected in the process and products of education by
supplying them with the essential knowledge and skills in much need the same way as science
and technology has helped in making possible maximum output through minimum input in terms
of time and labor in our day-to-day activities.
Educational psychology is that branch of psychology which deals with the application of
psychological findings in the field of education. In other words it deals with the human behavior
in educational situations. It is the systematic study of the development of the individual in the
educational settings.
It is the scientific study of human behaviour by which it can be understood, predicated
and directed by education to achieve goals of life.
Definition of Educational Psychology by different authors
1. Crow and Crow- ''Educational psychology describes and explains the learning
experiences on an individual from birth through old age.''
2. Skinner- ''Educational psychology is that branch of psychology which deals with
teaching and learning.''
3. Trow- ''Educational psychology is the study of the psychological aspect of educational
situations."
4. Stephen- ''Educational psychology is the systematic study of educational growth and
development of a child.''
5. F. A Peel- ''Educational psychology is the science of Education''
6. Walter B Kolesnik- ''Educational psychology is the study of those facts and principles of
psychology which helps to explain and improve the process of education.''
4. 4
7. Judd- ''Educational Psychology is the science which explains the changes that take place
in the individual as they pass through the various stages of development."
Thus, Educational Psychology concerned primarily with understanding the processes of teaching
and learning that take place within formal environments and developing ways of improving those
methods. It covers important topics like learning theories; teaching methods; motivation;
cognitive, emotional, and moral development; and parent-child relationships etc.
In short, it is the scientific discipline that addresses the questions: “Why do some students learn
more than others?” and “What can be done to improve that learning?”
Nature of educational psychology
Its nature is scientific as it has been accepted that it is a Science of Education. We can
summarize the nature of Educational Psychology in the following ways:
1. Educational Psychology is a science. (Science is a branch of study concerned with
observation of facts and establishment of verifiable general laws. Science employs certain
objective methods for the collection of data. It has its objectives of understanding, explaining,
predicting and control of facts.) Like any other science, educational psychology has also
developed objective methods of collection of data. It also aims at understanding, predicting and
controlling human behaviour.
2. Educational Psychology is a natural science. An educational psychologist conducts his
investigations, gathers his data and reaches his conclusions in exactly the same manner as
physicist or the biologist.
3. Educational psychology is a social science. Like the sociologist, anthropologist, economist
or political scientist, the educational psychologist studies human beings and their sociability.
4. Educational psychology is a positive science. Normative science like Logic or Ethics deals
with facts as they ought to be. A positive science deals with facts as they are or as they operate.
Educational psychology studies the child’s behaviour as it is, not, as it ought to be. So it is a
positive science.
5. Educational psychology is an applied science. It is the application of psychological
principles in the field of education. By applying the principles and techniques of psychology, it
tries to study the behaviour and experiences of the pupils. As a branch of psychology it is parallel
to any other applied psychology. For example, educational psychology draws heavily facts from
5. 5
such areas as developmental psychology, clinical psychology, abnormal psychology and social
psychology.
6. Educational psychology is a developing or growing science. It is concerned with new and
ever new researches. As research findings accumulate, educational psychologists get better
insight into the child’s nature and behaviour.
W.A. Kelly (1941) listed the nature of Educational Psychology as follows:
i. To give a knowledge of the nature of the child
ii. To give understanding of the nature, aims and purposes of education
iii. To give understanding of the scientific methods and procedures which have been used in
arriving at the facts and principles of educational psychology
iv. To present the principles and techniques of learning and teaching
v. To give training in methods of measuring abilities and achievement in school subjects
vi. To give a knowledge of the growth and development of children
vii. To assist in the better adjustment of children and to help them to prevent maladjustment
viii. To study the educational significance and control of emotions and
ix. To give an understanding of the principles and techniques of correct training.
Thus, educational psychology is an applied, positive, social, specific and practical science. While
general science deals with behaviour of the individuals in various spheres, educational
psychology studies the behaviour of the individual in educational sphere only.
Scope of educational psychology
The scope of educational psychology is ever-growing due to constantly researches in this field.
The following factors will indicate the scope of educational psychology:
1. The Learner. The subject-matter of educational psychology is knitted around the learner.
Therefore, the need of knowing the learner and the techniques of knowing him well. The topics
include – the innate abilities and capacities of the individuals, individual differences and their
measurements, the overt, covert, conscious as well as unconscious behavior of the learner, the
characteristics of his growth and development and each stage beginning from childhood to
adulthood.
2. The Learning Experiences. Educational Psychology helps in deciding what learning
experiences are desirable, at what stage of the growth and development of the learner, so that
these experiences can be acquired with a greater ease and satisfaction.
6. 6
3. Learning process: After knowing the learner and deciding what learning experiences are to
be provided, Educational Psychology moves on to the laws, principles and theories of learning.
Other items in the learning process are remembering and forgetting, perceiving, concept
formation, thinking and reasoning, problem solving, transfer of learning, ways and means of
effective learning etc.
4. Learning Situation or Environment. Here we deal with the environmental factors and
learning situations which come midway between the learner and the teacher. Topics like
classroom climate and group dynamics, techniques and aids that facilitate learning and
evaluation, techniques and practices, guidance and counseling etc. For the smooth functioning of
the teaching-learning process.
5. The Teacher: The teacher is a potent force is any scheme of teaching and learning process. It
discusses the role of the teacher. It emphasizes the need of ‘knowing thyself’ for a teacher to
play his role properly in the process of education. His conflicts, motivation. Anxiety, adjustment,
level of aspiration etc. It throws light on the essential personality traits, interests, aptitudes, the
characteristics of effective teaching etc so as to inspire him for becoming a successful teacher.
Though the entire scope of Educational Psychology is included in the above mentioned five key-
factors, it may be further expanded by adding the following:
6. It studies Human Behavior in educational situations. Psychology is the study of behavior, and
education deals with the modification of behaviour; hence, educational psychology pervades the
whole field of education.
7. It studies the Growth and Development of the child. How a child passes through the various
stages of growth and what are the characteristics of each stage are included in the study of
educational psychology.
8. To what extent Heredity and Environment contribute towards the growth of the individual,
and how this knowledge can be made use of for bringing about the optimum development of the
child; form a salient feature of the scope of educational psychology.
9. Educational psychology deals with the Nature and Development of the Personality of an
individual. In fact, education has been defined as the all-round development of the personality of
an individual; personality development also implies a well-adjusted personality.
7. 7
10. It studies Individual Difference: Every individual differs from every other individual. It is
one of the fundamental facts of human nature which have been brought to light by educational
psychology. This one fact has revolutionaries the concept and process of education.
11. It studies the nature Intelligence and its Measurement. This is of utmost importance for a
teacher.
12. It Provides Guidance and Counseling: Education is nothing but providing guidance to the
growing child.
We can conclude by saying that Educational Psychology is narrower in scope than general
psychology. While general psychology deals with the behaviour of the individual in a general
way, educational psychology in concerned with the behaviour of the learner in an educational
setting.
Significance of educational psychology for teachers and others:
1. Catering to individual differences: No two persons are exactly alike. There is individual
difference. Pupils always differ in their level of intelligence, aptitudes, likes and dislikes and in
other propensities and potentialities. Different minds are to be trained by the teacher. There are
gifted, backward, retarded, talented and handicapped children. All of them should not be treated
in the same manner. The knowledge of educational psychology helps the teacher to cater to
individual differences of children.
2. Understanding the learner: Acquisition of knowledge is no more the main object of
education but it is still very significant in the process of education. Acquisition of knowledge is
also a sort of modification in the behavior of the child. For this purpose the educator will have to
consider the mental processes of the child and not only the quality of knowledge which he is
going to put into the living mind.
3. Understanding developmental characteristics: Children or the learners pass through
different stages of development – Infancy, childhood and adolescence, etc. Each developmental
stage has its own characteristics. The teacher must be acquainted with the characteristics of each
stage and utilize these characteristics in imparting instruction and their effect on learning.
4. Understanding group dynamics: In recent years, the importance of social behavior has
acquired a great significance. The teacher, therefore, must know the operations of group
dynamics in classroom teaching-learning as well as total school and social environment and their
effect on learning.
8. 8
5. Understanding the nature of classroom learning: The knowledge of educational
psychology helps the teacher to adapt and adjust his teaching according to the level of the
learners. A teacher is teaching in a class but a large number of the students do not understand the
subject-matter which is being taught. The teacher concerned has to identify the cause. It may be
that many other explanations. The teacher in such a situation may change his instructional
strategy. It is the knowledge of science of behavior which is helpful.
6. Understanding effective methods of teaching: Educational psychology has discovered
several new approaches, principles and techniques of teaching which are very helpful in
elimination many traditional practices which have become obsolete in the present context.
Recent researches made in the field of educational psychology give us valuable suggestions
regarding better methods of teaching and memorizing, for developing desirable habits.
Educational psychology tells us how significant play and recreation are for the children and how
play-way methods turn learning into an interesting task.
7. Curriculum construction: Psychological principles are used in formulating curriculum for
different stages. Attempts are made to provide subjects and activities in the curriculum which are
in conformity to the needs of the students, their developmental characteristics, learning patterns
and also needs of the society.
8. Measurement of learning outcomes: Educational psychology has made many strides in
this respect quite recently. It has produced many reliable tests and instruments of mental
measurement which are proving to be extremely useful in the field of education. We can quite
easily measure mental capacities, basic intelligence, temperamental attitudes and special
inclinations of children and base educational programmes on these findings. These
measurements show that all the children differ and that every child is a unique being. The teacher
can know that children with I.Q below 90 cannot do well in medical, engineering, administrative
or other similar vocations. But he knows that such young ones are not doomed if they cannot do
well in intellectual callings. He can easily explore some other fields where such children can also
flourish.
9. Understanding the leaning process: Teaching and learning go side by side. All education
depends upon the learning of new responses and the capacity of a human child to learn new
responses. Educational psychology discusses the nature of learning theories and types of learning
9. 9
for different age levels and situations. Therefore, knowledge of educational psychology becomes
essential to a teacher to study all these problems.
10. Knowledge of mental health: Mental health of the teacher and the taught is very important
for effective teaching-learning. A study of educational psychology helps the teacher to know the
various factors which are responsible for the mental ill-health and mal-adjustment. He
accordingly attempts to eliminate such factors and creates a healthy mental environment.
11. Developing scientific attitude: Knowledge of educational psychology is helpful in making
the teacher more scientific in his educational practices and consequently he may become more
methodical, objective and rational in his work.
12. Educational psychology and nervous system: The entire education depends on the
function of the brain and nervous system. It becomes essential for a teacher to study the nervous
system which controls human behavior. He must have the knowledge of sensory organs which
are the gateways of knowledge.
13. Educational psychology and play: Play is a natural tendency having great educational
potentials. Knowledge of educational psychology helps the teacher to provide for a variety of
activities for children.
14. Educational psychology and productive activities: A great stress is being laid these days
on work experience and socially useful productive work. Educational psychology helps the
teacher to know how various activities in these fields can be used for the fulfillment of the basic
needs of children.
15. Understanding the significance of research: Educational psychology helps in developing
tools and devices for the measurement of various variables which influence the behaviour and
performance of the learners as well as teachers.
16. Guidance for the education of the exceptional children: Educational psychology has
contributed a lot for making specific provision and organization of educational programmes for
the exceptional children who remained neglected in the past we devoid of suitable educational
facilities.
17. Character development: Educational psychology helps a lot to the formation and
development of character. The comes to know the methods he should adopt in inculcating
character traits, and moral principles among the children.
10. 10
18. Constructive and creative discipline: The slogan of the traditional teachers was “Spare the
rod and spoil the child” ‘Flogging the child’ was the chief instrument. Corporal punishment was
inflicted upon the tender child to make him submissive. Now teachers adopt a cooperative and
scientific approach to modify the behavior of the students. Emphasis is laid on self-discipline
through creative and constructive activities. The teacher now plays the role of a democrat and not
of an autocrat.
19. Use of audio-visual aids or new instructional technology: It has been experimentally
proved that the use of audio-visual aids holds the attention and interests of the children for a
longer period and makes the difficult concepts more clear and learning becomes more lasting.
Parrot-like memorization no longer holds good.
20. Time-table framing: Psychological principles are kept in view in framing the time-table.
Now efforts are made not to teach difficult subjects in successive periods or in the last period
before interval or at the end of the school day.
21. Provision for co-curricular activities: For the balanced and harmonious development of
children, it is now realized that there should be and adequate provision for activities like debates,
discussions, dramas, social service activities, games and sports.
22. Use of innovation and projects: For the improvement of the teaching-learning, several
innovative ideas are being introduced. Some of the important innovations are microteaching,
programmed instruction, non-graded school at the elementary stage and team teaching.
23. Production of suitable textbooks: Now textbooks are written keeping in view the
intellectual development of children, their needs and interests at different levels. Emphasis is laid
on providing sufficient illustrations in textbooks.
24. Democratic administration and management: Democratic practices in functioning of
educational institutions are taking the place of autocratic practices. Teachers and students are
associated in several areas of school administration.
25. Educational psychology and the parents: An elementary knowledge of educational
psychology is very essential for parents also. After all children spend a good deal of their
time in the home. There is no doubt that parents are the first teachers. Educational
psychology is very helpful to the parents.
o It enables the parents to understand the process of development and growth of their children.
11. 11
o Educational psychology acquaints the parents with the emotional, mental and physical needs
of the children.
o Educational psychology impresses upon the parents of the necessity of providing wholesome
environment to the children so that they lead a happy life and are free from anxiety.
o Educational psychology enables the parents to know that they should not take recounts to
repression and punishment which adversely affect the mental health of children.
o Educational psychology enables the parents to observe keenly the behavior of children. It
enables them to control their habits.
o The knowledge of educational psychology point out to the parents that they should show love
and affection to their children. They should bear in mind that maxim, “Love the child and the
child will love you. Hate the child and he will hate you”.
Dimensions of Individual Development
Development refers to the process of growth, progress, and positive change.
Development refers to the process of developing or evolution. For example, the metamorphosis
of a caterpillar into a butterfly.
The five dimensions of individual development are as follows:
Physical Development
Physical development refers to the growth and development of body parts to make the
body have an ability to perform certain functions for certain skills. Physical development
includes the large muscle movements as well as the small movements. It involves the changes in
the body, brain, motor skills, senses, and the wellness of an individual. Childhood is the period
when most of the physical development takes place. When a child goes through physical
development, they gain self confidence which boosts their emotional and social development.
Mental Development
Cognitive or mental development refers to the way individuals think, explore, and
observe the things around them. It involves the development of knowledge, disposition, and
problem solving skills which helps them to get a better understanding of the world around them.
Cognitive development includes brain development. The two main theorists of cognitive
development, Piaget and Vygotsky, agreed that the acquisition of speech is responsible for the
12. 12
active construction of knowledge in children. Jean Piaget is referred to as the father of cognitive
development.
Social Development
Social development means the improvement of the well being of an individual in the
society in order to enable them to be aware of their potentials and enhance them. Investment in
people can be termed as social development. Social development in child development includes
their capability to organize their behavior and interact with others. It is the process through
which a child acquires the culture and language of the community he or she is raised in. JE
Anderson states, “Development is concerned with growth as well as those changes in behavior
which results from environmental situations”.
Spiritual Development
Spiritual development refers to the improvement of an individual’s well being from
within. It refers to the process of awakening of the inner being. It refers to questioning the
purpose and meaning of life and it does not concern a person’s religious beliefs. It deals with the
concept of life, death, identity, suffering, and the like.
Conclusion
The branch of psychology that deals with teaching and learning is known as educational
psychology. In this unit, we discussed the clear knowledge of the meaning, definition, nature,
scope, and significance of educational psychology. The study of educational psychology is
important for teachers as it would help them as learners to improve their learning and studying
skills and also prepare them to be future educators. These are the five most important dimensions
that lead to the proper development of an individual.