EDUCATION IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA, CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT

1. UNIT I
EDUCATION IN CONTEMPORARY INDIA,
CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT

2. Meaning of Education
• Webster defines ‘education
- as the process of teaching
- used to develop the
* knowledge
* skill
* character of the student.’
• Education is the process of facilitating learning.

3. Definition
Education is a systematic process of
acquiring knowledge, skills, values, and
attitudes through various formal and informal
means, such as schooling, instruction,
training, or self-directed learning.
Knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and
habits of a group of people are transferred to
other people, through storytelling, discussion,
teaching, training, or research.

4. Education
• The word Education is derived from Latin words
Educare
To bring up, to
nourish
Educere
To lead out, to
draw out
Educo
E -out,
Duco - to lead
Educatum The act of teaching
or training

5. All these meanings indicate that Education seeks
to nourish the good
qualities in man
to draw out the best in
every individual
to develop the innate inner
capacities of man
to help to acquire
knowledge of history,
geography, arithmetic,
languages and sciences.
to give him some desirable
knowledge, understanding,
skills, interests, attitudes
and critical 'thinking
to develop some
understanding about the
deeper things in life, the
complex human relations,
and the cause and effect
relationship and so on
to develop some interests in
and attitudes towards
social work, democratic
living, co-operative
management and so on
to give some skills in
writing, speaking,
calculating, drawing,
operating some equipment

6. Gandhi
Indian
Concept of
education

7. Indian Concept of education
• Rig Veda: “Education is that which makes a man self-reliant and selfless.”
• Upanishads: “Education is that whose end product is salvation.”
• Gandhi’s: “By education I mean all round drawing out of the best in child
and man-body, mind, and spirit.”
• Swami Vivekananda: “Education is the manifestation of divine perfection
already existing in man.”
• Rabindranath Tagore : “Education enables the mind to find out the
ultimate truth, which gives us the wealth of inner light and love and gives
significance to life.”

8. Western Concept of education
Aristotle
Rousseau
Plato
Froebel
John Dewey

9. Western Concept of education
• Aristotle: “Education is the creation of sound mind
in a sound body.”.
• Rousseau: “Education is the child’s development
from within.”
• Plato: “Education is the capacity to feel pleasure and
pain at the right moment.”
• Froebel: “Education is enfoldment of what is already
enfolded in the germ.”
• John Dewey: “Education is the process of living
through a continuous reconstruction of
experiences.”

10. Modern concept of Education
It is learner-centred learner occupies the
central place
to develop the inherent
capacities of the
learner in the social
environment
the modern concept of
curriculum is activity
centred
it emphasizes
development of total
personality
i.e., physical,
intellectual, emotional
and social aspects of
personality of the
pupil.
modern methods of
teaching include play-
way method , learning
by doing, learning by
experience, project
method.
all formal, and
informal agencies are
the base of education.

12. Nature of Education
Education is a
life-long
process
Education is a
systematic
process
Education is
development of
individual and the
society
Education is
training
Education is
purposive
Education is
modification
of behavior
Education is
instruction
and direction
Education is
life
Education as
growth
Education is
continuous
reconstruction of
our experiences
Education helps in
individual
adjustment
Education is
balanced
development
Education is a
Tri polar
process
Education is a
bipolar
process
Education is a
dynamic
process

13. Nature of Education
• As is the meaning of Education, so is its nature. It is very complex. Let us now
discuss the nature of Education:
• Education is a life-long process: Education is a continuous and lifelong
process. It starts from the womb of the mother and continues till death. It is
the process of development from infancy to maturity. It includes the effect of
everything which influences human personality.
• Education is a systematic process: It refers to transact its activities through a
systematic institution and regulation.
• Education is development of individual and the society: It is called a force for
social development, which brings improvement in every aspect in the society.
• Education is modification of behavior: Human behavior is modified and
improved through educational process.

14. • Education is purposive: Every individual has some goal in his life. Education
contributes in attainment of that goal. There is a definite purpose
underlined all Educational activities.
• Education is training: Human senses, mind, behavior, activities; skills are
trained in a constructive and socially desirable way.
• Education is instruction and direction: It directs and instructs an individual
to fulfill his desires and needs for exaltation of his whole personality.
• Education is life: Life without Education is meaningless and like the life of a
beast. Every aspect and incident needs education for its sound
development.
• Education as growth: The end of growth is more growth and the end of
Education is more Education.
• “An individual is a changing and growing personality.”
• The purpose of Education is to facilitate the process of his/her growth.

15. • Education is continuous reconstruction of our experiences: As per the
definition of John Dewey Education reconstructs and remodels our
experiences towards socially desirable way.
• Education helps in individual adjustment: A man is a social being. If he is not
able to adjust himself in different aspects of life his personality can’t remain
balanced. Through the medium of education he learns to adjust himself with
the friends, class fellows, parents, relations, neighbors and teachers etc.
• Education is balanced development: Education is concerned with the
development of all faculties of the child. It performs the functions of the
physical, mental, aesthetic, moral, economic, spiritual development of the
individual so that the individual may get rid of his animal instincts by
sublimating the same so that he becomes a civilized person.
• Education is a dynamic process: Education is not a static but a dynamic
process which develops the child according to changing situations and times. It
always induces the individual towards progress. It reconstructs the society
according to the changing needs of the time and place of the society.

16. • Education is a bipolar process: Education is a bipolar process in
which one personality acts on another to modify the
development of other person.
• The process is not only conscious but deliberate.
Education
Teacher
Students

17. • Education is a tri polar process: “All Educations proceeds by participation of
the individual in the social consciousness of the race.”
• Thus it is the society which will determine the aims, contents and methods of
teachings. In this way the process of Education consists of 3 poles – the
teacher, the child and the society.
EDUCATION
Teacher
Social
Environment
Pupil

18. Functions of Education
M. L. Jackes:
• “There is plenty of work for education to do, its
prime task is to transform original evil into acquired
good.
• Education must enable the child to think for himself,
to respect hard work, to have good fellowship, to
have taste and sense of eternal realities.”

19. Three main categories
General Functions of
Education
Functions in Human
Life
Functions at National
Life

20. Progressive development of innate powers
All round development of personality
Control, redirection and sublimation of instincts
Character building and moral development
Creation of good citizens, Awakening of social feelings
Preparation of culture and civilization
Social reforms and National security
General Functions of Education

21. Making the man civilized
Satisfaction of needs
Adaptation to environment
Modification of environment
Development of character
Development of individuality
Preparation for life
Creation of good citizen
Practical knowledge of various spheres of work
Promotion of social efficiency
Functions of Education in Human Life

22. Functions of Education in National Life
For national life, it is essential that its members have common
traditions, interests, sentiments, political ambitions, and
national unity.
Training for leadership
Supply of
skilled
worker
National
development
Consciousness of duties
National
integration
Priority of
national
interest
Promotion of
social
efficiency

23. Aims of Education
Complex
living
Harmonious
development
Mental and
emotional
development
Moral
development
Physical
development
Self
realization
Character
building
Citizenship
Culture
development
Individual and
social
development
Wise use of
leisure
Vocational
Knowledge
gaining

24. 1. Formal
Education
2. Non-
Formal
Education
3.
Informal
Education
Types of Education

25. FORMAL EDUCATION
Formal education refers to the systematic and sequential acquiring
of knowledge and skills – usually at a school, university, or college.
Institutional activity, Uniform and subject oriented, full time,
sequential hierarchically structured, according to a given set of laws
and norms, presenting a rather rigid curriculum as regards
objectives, content, and methodology.
Formal learning is typically associated with ‘doing’.
Students participating in formal learning activities are given
instructional goals and objectives.

26. A structurally specific curriculum
Certified teachers with authority to teach the
curriculum
An evaluation criterion (grading system)
Time-bound courses
Involves scheduled fees
Attendance-oriented programs

27. Leading to certificates degrees and diplomas.
Full time education
Technical and professional training.
A variety of specialized programmes. Running
from primary school through the university.
Chronologically graded education system.

28. Firstly, formal education serves as the primary
platform to gain opportunities to learn about new
subjects.
explores different fields of study.
It also helps develop significant personal abilities,
such as leadership skills.
It provides a way to connect like-minded people with
similar interests.
Learning about numerous subjects.
Benefits

29. it helps them develop their job skills.
It helps develop a good work ethic.
Schools emphasize learning by doing, which
means that students with a good work ethic
can also become better at prioritizing and
managing their time.
A significant advantage of formal education
is that it provides a background for a stable
profession, thus reflecting a higher level of
employability.
Benefits

30. NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
- Non-formal education
refers to Planned
Structured programmes &
Processes of personal &
social education for young
people.
- It is designed to improve
a range of skills &
competences outside the
formal educational
curriculum.
- Non-formal education
happens in places such as -
youth organisations, sports
clubs & drama and
community groups where
young people meet,
for example
- to undertake projects
- Together
- play games
- Discuss & camping
or make music and drama.
Non-formal
education
achievements are
usually difficult to
certify, even if their
social recognition is
increasing.

31. Non-formal education should also be:
voluntary
accessible to
everyone (ideally)
an organised
process with
educational
objectives
participatory learner-centred
about learning life
skills and
preparing for
active citizenship
based on involving
both individual and
group learning with a
collective approach
holistic and
process-oriented
based on
experience and
action
organised on the
basis of the needs
of the
participants.

32. Benefits of Non Formal Education
Activate career
opportunities
Be recognised
within formal
education
Contribute to
stronger
communities
Develop
personal
learning and
growth via
alternate
pathways
Enable the
progression
and growth
of
organisations

33. NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
The adopted strategy does not require
Decreasing the contacts between teacher and
student
Most activities take place outside the institution
- for instance, home reading and paperwork.
Educative processes endowed with flexible curricula and
methodology, capable of adapting to the needs and
interests of students
Environment and learner oriented.

34. NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
It is diversified in content and method.
It is non-authoritarian.
It is built on learner-participation.
It enhances human and environmental potential.
The truly lifelong process whereby every individual acquires
attitude, values, skills and knowledge from daily experience

35. Informal education
•Informal education is the wise, respectful and
spontaneous process of cultivating learning.
•It works through conversation, and the
exploration and enlargement of experience.

36. IN-FORMAL EDUCATION
• It does not correspond to an organized and systematic view of education;
• Informal education does not necessarily include the objectives and
subjects usually encompassed by the traditional curricula.
• It is aimed at students as much as at the public at large.
• Informal education does not necessarily regard the providing of degrees
or diplomas; it merely supplements both formal and non-formal
education.
• Visits to museums or to scientific and other fairs and exhibits, etc.
• Listening to radio broadcasting or watching TV programs on educational
or scientific themes.
• Reading texts on sciences, education, technology, etc. In journals and
magazines
• Participating in scientific contests, Attending lectures and conferences.

37. Characteristics of Informal Education
• Informal education looks to create or deepen situations where people can
learn, explore and enlarge experiences, and make changes.
• Provides an environment where everyone can learn together.
• First giving practical tools to do complex materials, rather than teaching the
complex material and then giving the tools.
• Focuses on the social aspects of learning.
• Specifies the importance of collaborative learning is.
• Provides the practical knowledge to apply in day today life.
• Bridges the gap between school and life.
• Allows students a choice in learning, and how to approach the material.
• Make learning accessible in every day life and in the future.
• Informal education is driven by conversation and interacting with others.

38. Benefits of Informal Education
Responsiveness when interacting with the environment.
Possibility to act freely in unknown situations.
Possibility for an individual to learn without any
obligations or restrictions.
Allows for free choice and changes in interests.
Ability to create ones own
Bridges gap between theory and practical

39. Values by Informal Education
Work for the well being of all.
Respect the unique value and dignity of each human being.
Dialogue.
Equality and justice.
Democracy and the active involvement of people in the issues that affect their life. (Jeff and
Smith 2005:95-6)
Informal education focuses on values. There is no curriculum or guiding plan for a
lot of work.

40. LEVELS OF EDUCATION IN INDIA
Undergraduate Stage Postgraduate Stage
Higher Education
Secondary Stage
The Secondary Stage Senior Secondary Stage
The Middle Stage
Primary Education
Pre Primary Stage Primary

41. Pre Primary Stage
Play Schools
Kindergarten
LKG (Lower Kindergarten)
UKG (Upper Kindergarten).
Play way
Pre-Nursery Nursery Nursery

42. Pre Primary Stage
• Pre primary education in India is provided
to children between 3–6 years by
Kindergarten, Playway or Play Schools.
• These schools have varying terminology for
different levels of classes, beginning from –
Pre-Nursery, Nursery, KG, LKG (Lower
Kindergarten) and UKG (Upper
Kindergarten).
• Most of the pre-primary education in India is
provided by private schools.

43. Objectives of Pre Primary Stage
• Education Commission 1964 - 1966 explains the objectives
Development
of Good
Habits
Development of
Desirable
Attitudes
Development of
Aesthetic
Appreciation
Encouraging
Self -
Expression
Developing
Speech
Habits
Developing
Physique

44. The Primary Stage
• Primary education in India offered by both private and government
schools usually consist of students aged between 5 to 12 years.
• The duration of study in this stage is 4-5 years.
• Common subjects include English, Hindi, Mathematics, Environmental
Science and General Knowledge.
• Sometimes also termed as Elementary Education, it is free in government
schools but it is paid in the private schools.
• The Government has made elementary education compulsory for children
between the age group of years 6 and 14.
• Most of the primary education provided by primary schools in India is
imparted from class 1st to class 4th or 5th.

45. Objectives of Primary Education
Promotion of
spiritual, moral,
cultural, mental
and physical
development of
pupils and in
school and
society.
Full and
harmonious
development of
children.
Citizen
education as
one of the main
aims of all
round education
To identify his
life as an
individual.

46. acquire literacy,
numeracy, creativity and
communication skills
enjoy learning and
develop desire to
continue learning
develop ability for critical
thinking and logical
judgment
appreciate and respect
the dignity of work
develop desirable social
standards, moral and
religious values
develop into a self-
disciplined, physically fit
and healthy person
develop aesthetic values
and appreciate own and
other people's cultures
develop awareness and
appreciation of the
environment
develop awareness of and
appreciation for other
nations and international
community
instil respect and love for
own country and the
need for harmonious co-
existence
develop individual talents
promote social
responsibility and make
proper use of leisure time
develop awareness and
appreciation of the role of
technology in national
development

47. The Middle Stage
• Middle stage of education covering 3-4 years of academic study is formed
by 5th-8th class consisting of students aged between 12 to 14 years.
• The schools which impart education up till 8th class are known with various
names like – High School, Senior School.
• Some of the states/UTs which follow 5th -7th class of middle stage are
Assam, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Dadra & Nagar Haveli, Daman &
Diu, Lakshadweep etc.
• Some of the states/UTs which follow 6th -8th class of middle stage are
Arunachal Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Andaman & Nicobar
Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi etc.

48. The Middle Stage
• A middle school provides a dynamic, nurturing, student-
centered education.
• Middle level programming is designed to meet the unique
needs of these students.
• They need educational programs that are designed
specifically for their age group because of their
uniqueness in terms of intellectual, social, emotional, and
physical development.

49. Major Goals of the Middle School
 Provide the students with skills for coping with everyday pressure.
 Encourage students to respect differences among their peers.
 Encourage open communication between the school and the home.
Stimulate a career awareness in students.
 Develop decision-making skills of students.
 Provide the opportunity for students to learn and utilize independent
study skills.
 Provide the opportunity for students to develop good citizenship skills.
 Assist the development of academic, social, aesthetic, emotional, and
physical skills.
 Encourage students to become increasingly self-directing, moving from
dependent childhood to self-actuating adolescence.

50. Benefits
Improved School
Performance.
Increased
Critical Thinking
Incredible
Confidence

51. Benefits
• Increased Critical Thinking
• Critical thinking is the fundamental skill behind
speech and debate and one that is best taught
early and often.
• Incredible Confidence
• The final and possibly the most important
benefit of middle school debate is it teaches
students to be confident.
• Improved School Performance
• Dozens of studies have shown that debate can
improve a student’s grades. However, the
benefits to school performance go beyond just
boosting a student’s grade.

52. The Secondary Stage
• Secondary Stage of education covering 2-3 years of academic study
starts with classes 8th-10th.
• Consisting of students aged between 14-16 years.
• The schools which impart education up till 10th class are known as
Secondary Schools, High Schools, Senior Schools etc.
• Some of the states/UTs which follow 8th -10th class of secondary
stage are Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala, Dadra & Nagar Haveli,
Daman & Diu, Lakshadweep etc.
• Some of the states/UTs which follow 9th -10th class of secondary
stage are Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Andaman & Nicobar
Islands, Chandigarh, Delhi, Karaikal region of Pondicherry etc.

53. Objectives of the Secondary Stage
Developing
Democratic
Citizenship
Improvement
of Vocational
Efficiency
Development
of Personality
Development
of Qualities
of Leadership

54. Reduces the Number of Child Marriages
Reduce Infant Mortality Rate
Helps Improve a Person's Economic Status
Personal Skill Development
Career Advancement
Promotes Equality and Diversity of the Society
Reduces Crime Rate
. Reduces Violence Based on Genders
Better Health Outcomes
Benefits of the Secondary Stage

55. 1. Reduces the Number of Child Marriages
• When girls attend secondary school, they are exposed to better opportunities that help with their life choices
and to make sensible decisions. This drastically reduces the probability of succumbing to child marriage. This in
turn would also lead to lowering the number of early pregnancies by at least 50%.
2. Reduce Infant Mortality Rate
• There are millions of children around the world who do not get a chance or who do not have the means to
attend secondary school. And infants whose mothers do not have a secondary level education are more likely
to die as compared to the infants of mothers who have had high school education. Educated girls are also likely
to take better care of their families than those who are uneducated.
3. Helps Improve a Person's Economic Status
• A person's economic status is increased by an average of 10% for every extra year of schooling they attend. A
secondary school and a post secondary education following that will help increase employment opportunities
which inturn would spur a stronger economic growth for the individual and the country he resides in.
4. Personal Skill Development
• Secondary school years are a great platform to socialize, learn new sporting skills, involve in extracurricular
activities and co-curricular activities which help in attaining key skills that will help children survive in this
competitive world. This gives them the confidence to socialize among common peer groups and build their
network.
5. Career Advancement
• With a good secondary school education, students get a chance to explore different avenues and possible
career choices. Higher education gives children the skills to excel in a particular area of interest , thus making
them more of a possible prospect for employers to pursue.

56. 6. Promotes Equality and Diversity of the Society
• Secondary school is when children learn to understand the society and its many nuances,
therefore this gives them a sense of empowerment and a feeling of unity in their endeavors.
• A diverse environment like a secondary school can expose children to different cultures and
enable them to make better decisions keeping in mind their roles and responsibilities as
individuals of a society.
7. Reduces Crime Rate
• Secondary education teaches teenagers the difference between what is right and wrong and how
their decisions may drastically affect their lives forever. Education of young citizens decreases
overall arrests by 11% for every extra year a student educates himself.
8. Reduces Violence Based on Genders
• Gender equality is one of the best aspects that is imparted with the help of secondary and higher
secondary education. Domestic violence and gender based abuses reduce to a large extent in
societies that encourage and value education for its youngsters.
9. Better Health Outcomes
• There are many studies across the world that state how children who attend secondary school
benefit in health outcomes. Each additional year of education decreases the average fatal rate by
8.4%, especially in lower and middle income countries across the world.

57. Senior Secondary Stage
• Senior Secondary Education in India is of only 2 years.
• There is uniformity on this level of education in terms of duration and
classes i.e. all the States/UTs follow this 10+2 pattern.
• Senior Secondary Schools in India include classes 11th to 12th.
• consisting students aged between 16-18 years.
• At this level of education students have the freedom to choose their
preferred stream and subjects.
• They can pursue Arts, Commerce, Science (medical & non medical).
• The schools which provide education up till 12th class are commonly known
as Senior Secondary Schools or Higher Secondary Schools.
• Some universities and colleges also offer the education of these classes.

58. Senior Secondary Stage
• Secondary Education is the second stage in the system of public
education usually beginning with Class IX & X of during which
education is differentiated in varying degrees according to the
needs, interests, and aptitudes of the pupils.
• Secondary Education stage is important because it represents the
gateway to a successful professional life and becomes important
for their future living in a society.

59. Aims and Objectives of Senior Secondary Education
• The School aims at providing the best possible education to its
students.
• It also aims at developing in the student's qualities of
• integrity,
• honesty,
• trust,
• tolerance and compassion to promote a spirit of enquiry;
• to foster a scientific temper within the bonds of humanism;
• to help the student to become a meaningful part of his
environment and to see that courage and industry have their
due regard.

60. Higher Education - Objectives and Purposes
The Radhakrishanan Commission -
• Developing an intellectual attitude towards things
• encouraging growth of knowledge among the
youth.
• Emphasizing social reform through the creation of
intelligent and courageous leadership.
• Encouraging Universities to play their part as organs
of culture.
• Making endeavor for the success of democracy.
• Discovering the innate qualities of individuals and
developing them through suitable training.
• Creating the sentiments of National discipline,
International awareness, intellectual development,
justice, freedom, equality and brotherhood.

61. • The Kothari commission’ has expressed its view of the objective or ideal of
higher education in the following terms:
• Seeking knowledge within the framework of truth, using tradition, knowledge,
in new circumstances.
• Giving educated and train people to society in the sphere of art, sciences,
agriculture, medicines, and industries.
• Developing leadership in every sphere of life.
• Encouraging social justice.
• Nourishing the right values among students and teachers.
• Reducing social and cultural disparities.
• Working for the development of national consciousness.
• Developing the program for adult education.

62. Suggests the following as common perspectives on the
purpose of Higher Education (HE): Barnett
Production of qualified human resources
Training for a research career
Higher education as a matter of extending life chances
Building the right kind of teaching-learning environment

63. Undergraduate Stage
• Undergraduate education in India is of 3-4 years.
• Undergraduate stage of education is also known as higher education in
India.
• Students studying in this level, generally begin their education from 18
onwards.
• As per one estimate 88% of undergraduate education is provided by
Colleges in India.
• Majority of the undergraduate courses of 3 years duration belong to
field of arts, humanities, science etc. and majority of 4 years of duration
belong to the field of agriculture, engineering, paramedical sciences
technology.
• However, there are courses belonging to fields of architecture, law and
medicine whose duration is 5 years.

64. Benefits of Undergraduate Degree
• Develop effective communication skills
Written, oral, interpersonal, group.
• Develop higher cognitive skills
Critical thinking, creativity, analytical ability.
• Cultivate the virtues
Ethics, responsibility, honor, tolerance, respect for others, empathy.
• Develop focus and depth in one or more disciplines.
• Develop leadership skills
• Ability to stimulate and direct collaborative learning and collaborative action
• Develop a global perspective
• Broad intellectual and cultural experience through active engagement, an
understanding of the interactions among the individual, society, and the natural
world.
• Prepare for lifelong learning
• Independent thinking and learning, learning to find information, asking the right
questions.

65. Postgraduate Stage
• Postgraduate education in India is of 2-3 years.
• Postgraduate stages of courses are known as Masters courses
or Doctorate courses.
• Masters course are usually of 2 years duration and doctorate
(research) courses are of 3 years duration.
• Also referred as higher education, 56% of post-graduate
education is imparted through colleges.
• PG education in India is largely provided by universities in
India.
• PG education caters largely to a specific field or sub field of
any preferred discipline.
• Thus, one can specialise in any of preferred subjects at this
level. Those who are interested in conducting large amount of
research work pursue these courses.

66. Benefits of Postgraduate Degree
Improving employability
changing career
career progression
becoming an expert
taking on an intellectual and personal challenge
studying for enjoyment.

67. Distance Education in India
• Distance education provided by institutes is controlled by the
Distance Education Council of India.
• Distance education is helpful to those who cannot join regular
schools or colleges.
• At the school level, National Institute of Open Schooling offers
education through distance learning.
• While, at the college or university level, Open universities provides
distance education.
• Distance education can also be pursued online via internet.
• Some like the Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS)
provides online education through – BITS Virtual University.

68. Benefits of Distance Education
It's less
expensive
than
traditional
education.
Location is
not a
problem.
Learning is
flexible and
self-paced.
Students
have access
to newest
digital
research
content.
Vital soft
and
transferable
skills are
consolidated
.
Learning is
more
efficient.
Possible
networking
with like
minded
students.

69. Demerits of Distance Education
1. Lack of Social
Interaction
2. High Chances of
Distraction
3. Complicated Technology
4. Questionable Credibility
of Online Degrees

70. Adult Education in India
• Adult Education in India comes under the Department of School
Education and Literacy.
• The Bureau of Adult Education and National Literacy Mission under the
Department functions as the Secretariat of the National Literacy Mission
Authority (NLMA).
• National Literacy Mission was set up on 5th May,1988 to impart a new
sense of urgency and seriousness to adult education.
• The Directorate of Adult Education provides necessary technical and
resource support to the NLMA.

71. Why is Adult Education important?
1. People will have an opportunity to continually learn and develop
their skills and capacities.
2. Make our economy grow and develop.
3. Ensure that their children develop a love of learning and take full
advantage of education.
4. Actively participate in their communities and civil society.
5. Support and respect people with different cultural beliefs and
abilities.
6. Respect and protect the environment for future generations.
7. Nurture creativity and imagination.
8. Live healthy and fulfilled lives.

72. Homeschooling in India
• Homeschooling isn’t widespread in India and neither it is widely
accepted.
• This type of alternative education.
• It is considered for handicapped or those who are unable to attend
regular school due to various factors.
• While some use Montessori method, Unschooling, Radical Unschooling,
Waldorf education or School-at-home.
• Others prefer CBSE, NIOS or NOS and IGCSE prescribed syllabus.

73. Homeschooling in India