2. • Education is a co-ordinated process and the major aim of
education is the ‘unification of knowledge’ existing in the
different branches of learning.
• Teaching of various subjects is hence correlated.
• A conscious effort is made to integrate various subjects to treat
the subject as a synthetic whole.
3. • Herbert first conceived the idea of correlating the teaching of
various subjects.
• ‘All knowledge is one unit’.
• “The power of the mind does not depend upon the amount of
information accumulated in pieces, not related to one another.
• but is rather on well-organised system on which all these pieces
of knowledge are taught, showing their relationship with one
another.
• This is known as the principle of Correlation.
4. • Later on Zillar made this theory of correlation more
elaborate.
• Then De Garmo and John Dewey laid stress on the integration
in the teaching of various subjects.
• Today, correlating of teaching of different subjects is
considered highly essential.
• The term ‘correlation’ in its simplest form means “connect or
to be connected”.
• To be more precise, ‘Correlation’ means mutual relations of
two or more things/persons
5. • But , Correlation in teaching indicates a technique which
shows the reciprocal relationship between various
subjects of the curriculum for making the knowledge
concrete and permanent”.
• It is the conscious effort made by teachers teaching
various subjects, to show similarities or dependence of
one subject on another”
6. DEFINITION: CORRELATION
• SIMPSON and KAFKA: “Correlation analysis deals with the
association between two or more variables.”
• FERGUSON: “Correlation is concerned with describing the
degree of relation between variables.”
• A.M. TAULE: “Correlation is an analysis of co-variation
between two or more variables”.
• Thus ‘correlation’ is just a mutual relationship between
various variables, i.e., subjects of school/college curriculum.
7. SIGNIFICANCE OF CORRELATION
• The most significant development of the 21th century
education is the emphasis on imparting unified,
integrated and meaningful knowledge of the pupils.
• Imparting of knowledge in the isolated facts of
History, Geography, Science, Economics etc. has
become obsolete.
• A child’s mind is an integrated whole which wants to
receive experiences in an integrated manner.
8. Uses of Correlation are as follows:
• Mind perceives knowledge as a whole.
• Earlier: Assumed Human Minds consists of so many mental faculties and
each faculty like faculty of reasoning , thinking, memorization etc, were
supposed to be developed through the study of a specific subject.
• So each subject had an independent function. But Education Psychologists
have disregarded this study.
• Now : Mind consists as a whole and so receives knowledge as a whole.
• All the subjects aim to develop the intellectual power of the students as a
whole.
• Therefore it becomes necessary to correlate one subject with another. No
subject can be taught in isolation.
9. Uses of Correlation :
• It helps to achieve unity of knowledge and develops worthy
interests and attitudes in students for acquiring knowledge,
because it provides the practical and life related learning to
the students. Eg. Science students hating literature.
• It develops the mental abilities like imagination power, logical
thinking and analytical power of students, because they can
easily correlate one acquired knowledge with the other.
• It strengthens skills that students encounter in one content
area but also practice in another, leading to mastery of those
skills.(skill of making graph in maths and economics)
10. • It makes learning concrete and permanent.
• It makes the lesson easy and clear.
• It helps to enable the students to acquire knowledge in a short
period of time.
• Develops various human and social qualities such as co-
operation, citizenship etc.
• It helps to lighten the burden of curriculum. (e.g. economics
teacher having taught ‘the law of demand and supply’, a
commerce teacher may not have to again teach it from
beginning)
• It helps the teacher to complete the curriculum in very short
period of time.
11. PRINCIPLES OF CORRELATION
• It should be simple, natural, suited to the nature of the
subject and the stage of the pupil’s mental development.
• It should be adequate and judicious.
• Main topic or main subject should be the main focus. Other
topics/subjects should be linked to it and then revert again
to the main topic.
• When doing systematic correlation, teachers could sit
together and discuss how to correlate.
• It should involve the previous knowledge of the students.
• It should be done only where it is possible, else it leads to
superficial correlation. Eg. The study of voyage of Columbus
cannot lead to ocean currents, invasion of Alexander to the
calculation of its expenses.
• The secondary topics do not help in understanding the
primary ones.
12. Types of Correlation:
• Correlation with Practical Life: correlation of the given
subject with daily activities.
• Vertical / Internal Correlation : correlation between the
different branches of a given subject.
• Horizontal / External Correlation: correlation between the
given subject and other subjects.
13. Correlation with Practical Life:
• According to Herbert Spencer, the main aim of education
is to prepare students for future life.
• This aim can be achieved only if education is correlated
with life. Therefore, teaching of various subjects should
be correlated with various aspects of life.
• A subject is best understood when it is applicable to daily
life.
• Correlation of a subject with daily life is of the utmost
importance in order to create interest in the subject.
• Correlation with daily life makes the subject relevant
instead of
14. COMPUTER SCIENCE TEACHING IN RELATION TO OTHER SCHOOL SUBJECTS
• Computer Science and Chemistry
• Nuclear magnetic resonance, mass, infra-red, and ultraviolet
spectrometry all depend on computers to control the sensitive
equipment and obtain and record detailed measurements.
• It is obvious that computers are important in taking measurements but
they can also be used to predict measurements.
• There is some very powerful software available for predicting the
physical properties of compounds.
• Bond lengths, melting points, vibrational frequencies, and properties
such as solubility can be predicted using dedicated software based on
theories known.
• Software like this can help you to 'design' a molecule to the specific
needs of the chemist.
• Without the software, it would take hours of calculations to predict the
properties.
15. Computer Science and Physics
• Computers have great influence in the field of physics.
• Starting from Atom energy to Astronomy, the computer has a deep
influence.
• Finding weather reports, Moments of particles, and their functions can
be monitors through computers.
• Research in the field of Physics is enhanced and sophisticated by
computer and its applications.
• Computers are used in Mechanical Engineering through CAD, CAM,
ANSYS, and CATIA as designing and analyzing soft wares
16. Computer Science and Biology
• The use of computer technology has greatly enhanced the medical field.
• This is particularly so in hospital environments where reliability and
quality are critical factors.
• Many computer applications, such as patient information systems,
monitoring, and control systems, and diagnostic systems, have been used
to enhance healthcare.
17. Computer Science and Social Science
• The computer is used to review the past with documentary evidence.
• The books and all other old documents are being digitalized using
computers.
• Moreover, it helps to develop new dimensions of maps and it is useful
in finding natural resources using Satellites, Receivers, and Sensors.
• The computer has great influence in developing Global Positioning
System (GPS)
Computer Science and Languages
• Computer science is used to develop software in languages.
• Computers spread languages throughout the world.
18. • USES OF COMPUTERS IN SCHOOLS
• Administrative uses: Many educational institutions computerize nearly all
their operations from mailing labels to staff payroll.
• Office Applications: In the offices, computers are used in the filing,
typing/word processing, preparing to mail for dispatch, and making labels
of addresses.
• Library Applications: In the library, computers are used for retrieval of
bibliographic information, cataloging, circulation, purchasing of books,
journals, etc., searching books, and charging fines from students. Also,
databases can be prepared for the different users of the library.
• Financial Applications: Computers are used for making budgets, auditing,
accounts receivable/payable, general ledger, purchase order generation,
salary schedule analysis, and maintenance of student’s fees records, etc.
19. • Student Applications: Computers are used to make a time table for
students, report cards, grade information, maintenance of attendance,
students’ health and demographic records, result processing, fee
statements, railway concessions cards, bio-data of students, etc.
• Personnel Applications: Computers are used to prepare payrolls of workers,
maintenance personnel records staff assignments, leave records of
teachers, health records, tax information, and reporting, issuing circular to
teaching and non-teaching staff, maintaining biodata of teachers and non-
teaching staff.
• Research and Planning Applications: Computers are used in various
research and planning applications such as test item analysis, project
planning and evaluation, budget forecasting, the feasibility of opening new
courses, etc.
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