The document provides an overview of learning definitions and theories, highlighting behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism as different perspectives on how individuals acquire knowledge and skills. It also discusses Thorndike's three major laws of learning: the law of readiness, law of exercise, and law of effect, which emphasize the conditions conducive to effective learning. Additionally, it contrasts learner-centered and teacher-centered approaches in education.

2. 'Learning is the acquisition of new behaviour or the strengthening or weakening of old
behaviorastheresultof experience.” - Henryp. Smith
‘The term learning covers every modification in behaviour to meet environmental
requirements.’-Gardner Murphy
‘Learning is the acquisition of knowledge, habits and attitudes. It involves new ways of
doing things and it operates in an individual’s attempts to overcome obstacles or to
readjust to new situations. It represents progressive change in behaviour. It enables him
to satisfyintereststo attaingoal.’ -Crow and Crow
MEANING OF LEARNING

3. PROCESS OF LEARNING

4. assumesalearnerisessentially
passive,andwill beshaped through
positive or negative reinforcement. 1
BEHAVIORISM
Learningisunderstoodastheacquisitionof
knowledge:thelearnerisaninformation-
processorwhoabsorbsinformation,undertakes
cognitiveoperationsonit,andstocksitin
memory.
2
COGNITIVISM
learners actively construct or create
their own subjective representations of
objective reality,and link new
information to priorknowledge.
3
CONSTRUCTIVISM
4
childrenlearn fromobserving others as
well asfrom“model” behaviour, which are
processes involving attention, retention,
reproduction and motivation.
SOCIAL LEARNING
THEORY

5. Different psychologists have defined various laws of learning. Amongst
these, psychologist Thorndike formulated three major laws of learning
whicharewidely accepted andappliedinthefieldof education.They are:
 Law of Readiness: When a person is ready to act or to learn, he acts or
learns more effectively and with greater satisfaction than when not
ready. Before actuallearning,onemustbementally prepared.
LAWS OF LEARNING

6.  Law of Exercise: Those things most often repeated are the best
learned.
Lawofexercise hastwosub–parts:
(a) Law of use - When a modifiable connection is made between a
situation and a response keeping other things equal, the strength of that
connectisincreased.
(b) Law of disuse – When a modifiable connection is not made
between a situation and a response over a period of time keeping other
things equal, thestrength of thatconnectionis decreased.
LAWS OF LEARNING

7.  Law of Effect: means that the learning takes place properly
when it results in satisfaction and the learner derives
pleasure out of it . On the other hand, if the learner faces
failure or get dissatisfaction, the progress on the path of
learningishampered.
LAWS OF LEARNING

8. TRILOGY OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING

12. TRILOGY OF EFFECTIVE TEACHING
TEACHER LEARNER LEARNING
PROCESS

13. Intellectual
Factor
FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING
Environmental
Factor
Physical
Factor
Emotional
Relationship
with
Teachers,
Parents,and
Peers

25. It is a set of principles, beliefs, or ideas about the nature of learning
whichistranslated intotheclassroom.
There aretwo maintypes of approaches:
1. Learner centered approach - it is premised on the belief that the
learner is also an important resource because he/she too knows
something andis therefore capableof sharingsomething.
2. Teacher centered approach - The teacher is perceived to be the only
reliable source of information in contrast to the learner-centered
approach.
TEACHING APPROACHES