This document discusses edible vaccines, which are vaccines produced in transgenic plants or animals that are meant to be orally administered. It defines edible vaccines and notes their advantages over traditional vaccines like lower cost, easier storage and distribution, and needle-free administration. The document outlines the mechanism by which edible vaccines activate both mucosal and systemic immunity when consumed. It identifies the first researcher to demonstrate an edible vaccine and provides examples of clinical trials of edible vaccines for diseases like ETEC, norovirus, cholera, measles, and hepatitis B that have shown promise in animal and some human studies. Both advantages like lower cost of production and distribution in developing countries as well as disadvantages related to quality control and dosage

1. EDIBLE VACCINE
PRESENTED BY :-
HARSHIKA GADODIYA

2. EDIBLE VACCINE
1. WHAT IS VACCINE?
2. WHAT IS IDEAL VACCINE ?
3. WHAT IS EDIBLE VACCINE ?
4. WHO IS FATHER OF EDIBLE VACCINE?
5. WHY EDIBLE VACCINE? HOW IT’S WORKS?
6. WHERE DID YOU FINDS EDIBLE VACCINE?
7. PROS AND CONS OF EDIBLE VACCINE?

3. What is vaccine?
• A word vaccine derived from usage of cowpox { cow
means vacca} in Latin.
• A vaccine is a biologically preparation that provides active
acquired immunity to a particular infectious diseases.
• A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a
disease- causing microorganism.
• Edward Jenner used is first vaccine in human being in
1796, resulting to protecting human being against
smallpox.
• After Jenner death , Jenner’s works continued by Louis
Pasteur.

4. What is ideal vaccine?
☻Is 100% efficient in all individuals of any age.
☻Should provide long lasting immunity.
☻Stable under various conditions
(temperatuer,light&transportation).
☻Should induce both humoral & cell-mediated immunity.
☻Does not evoke adverse reactions.
☻Is available in unlimited quantities.
☻Is easy to administer, preferably orally.
☻Should be safe & effective.
☻Should be inexpensive to produce.

5. What is Edible Vaccine?
Edible vaccine are nothing but transgenic plant and animal
based on production of or those that contain agents that
triggers an animals immune response. In simple terms,
edible vaccine are plant or animal made pharmaceuticals.
As Hippocrates say , “ the food be thy medicine.”

6. Who is Father of Edible Vaccine?
Father of the Edible Vaccine (first used) by CHARLES
ARNTZEN in 1990.

7. Why edible vaccine ? How it’s works?
Because it is Needle free, Cheap , safe and easy to storage and carry.
• Oral vaccine provide “mucosal immunity” at various sites by secreting
antibodies.
• Don’t need to worry about re-use, misuse and lack of sterilization. Thus, low
risk of infection.
Needle free
• Estimated cost $0.005 grow antigen for one dose of HEPATITIS B vaccine in an
unprocessed form.
• Administering oral vaccines would required little or no. training at all.
Cheap

8. Storage
• Heat- stable ,do not required cold – chain maintenance.
• If the local/native crop of a particular area is engineered to produce the vaccine
, then the need for transportation and distribution can be eliminated.
Safe
• Most Importantly ,they trigger the immune at the mucosal surfaces such as
mouth which is the body’s first line defense.
• Need no purification.
• Edible Vaccine activates both mucosal & systematic immunity.

9. How it’s work ?
Mechanism of action of Edible vaccine?
Peyer’s Patches are an enriched source of IgA producing plasma cells & have the potential to populate mucosal
tissue and serves as mucosal immune effector site.
Edible vaccine when takes orally undergoes the mastication process & the majority of plant cell degradation
occur in the intestine as a result of action of digestive or bacterial enzyme on edible vaccine.
The goal of oral Vaccination is to stimulate the mucosal and systematica immunity against pathogen.

10. The antigen then comes in contact with M-cells.
The follicles act as the site from which antigen penetrates the intestinal epithelium
there by accumulating antigen within organized lymphoid structure.
The breakdown of edible vaccine near PP, consisting of the 30-40 lymphoid nodules on
the outer surface of intestine and contain follicles.

11. In this way the immune activiatied by the edible vaccine.
These B-cells activates the T-cells to provide immune response.
M-cells passes the antigen to macrophages and B-cells

12. Mechanism of action of Edible
vaccine

13. Where did you find edible vaccine?
According to Arntzen, earliest demonstration of an edible
vaccine was the expression of a surface antigen from the
bacterium Streptococcus mutans in tobacco.
As this bacterium causes dental carries, it was envisaged that
the stimulation of a mucosal immune response would prevent
the bacteria from colonizing the teeth & therefore protect
against tooth decay.

14. But according to recent reports, there are several plant who
derived vaccines for humans. Use are approaching the market but
it is likely that the first commercial plant derived vaccine would
be a veterinarty vaccine. At least 30 such products have been
expressed in plant , some providing protection against challenges
with disease causing agents.
The trial carried out by ProdiGENE Inc. showed for the first time
that an oral vaccine produced in plants could protect livestocks
against virulence challenge. E.g. polio etc.
The first products to reach market could be products to reach
markets could be poultry vaccine developed by Dow
Agrosciences, has been proposed for market release in 2006.

15. Clinical trial
ETEC {ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COIL}
 Boyce Thompson Institute, USA.
 Accomplished the first published successful human trial
in 1997.
 Eleven volunteers were fed raw transgenic potatoes
expressing LT-B.
 Ten (91%) of these individuals developed neutralizing
antibodies, and six (55%) developed a mucosal response.

16. Norwalk virus
 Transgenic potato expressing Norwalk virus
antigen showed seroconversion.
 Nineteen (95%) out of 20 people fed with
transgenic potato expressing Norwalk virus
antigen showed seroconversion.
 Attempts are underway to engineer bananas and
powdered tomatoes expressing Norwalk virus.

17. Cholera
 Transgenic potato with CT-B gene of Vibrio
cholera was shown to be effective in mice.
 Eating one potato a week for a month with
periodic boosters was said to provide immunity.

18. Measles
 Mice fed with tobacco expressing MV-H could
attain antibody titers five times the level considered
protective for humans.
 MV-H edible vaccine does not cause atypical
measles, which may be occasionally seen with the
current vaccine.
 Transgenic rice , lettuce and baby food against
measles are also being developed.

19. Hepatitis B
 For hepatitis B, parental VLPs could invoke specific
antibodies in mice.
 First human trials of a potato based vaccine against
hepatitis B have reported encouraging results.
 The amount of HBsAg needed for one dose could be
achieved in a single potato.
 When cloned into CaMv , plasmid HBsAg subtype
showed higher expression in roots as compared to
leaf tissues of the transgenic potato.

20. Pros & Cons of Edible Vaccine
1. The plants producing the edible vaccines
could be grown in the third world countries.
2. Plants are regularly used in pharmaceuticals,
and there exist established purification
protocols.
3. Growing plants is much cheaper than
producing vaccines.
4. Plants can not host most human pathogens,
so the vaccines will not pose a danger to
humans.
1. Plants are living organisms that changes, So
the continuity of the vaccine production might
not be guaranteed.
2. The edible vaccines could be mistaken for
regular fruits and consumed in larger amounts
than might be safe.
3. The dosage of the vaccines might be variable.
For example, different sized bananas will
contain different amounts of vaccine.
4. If the vaccine were grown in fields or on trees,
security would become a big issues.

21. THANKS YOU