The document discusses capabilities and impacts of EDGE Evolution, which aims to increase data rates for GSM/EDGE networks. Key enhancements include reducing latency through fast ACK/NACK reporting and shorter transmission time intervals, doubling downlink data rates using dual carriers, and improving receiver performance with mobile station receive diversity. Higher order modulation schemes like 16QAM and 32QAM are also introduced to boost data rates up to 1.2 Mbps. Most improvements can be implemented through software upgrades without requiring new hardware. EDGE Evolution provides comparable performance to 3G networks at lower cost by maximizing existing GSM/EDGE infrastructure investments.
Minimizing network delay or latency is a critical factor in delivering mobile broadband services; businesses and users expect network response will be close to instantaneous. Excess latency can have a profound effect on user experience—from excess delay during a simple phone conversation, reducing throughput at edge of cell coverage areas by reducing effectiveness of RAN optimization techniques, to slow- loading webpages and delays with streaming video. Response delays negatively impact revenue. In financial institutions, low latency networks have become a competitive advantage where even a few extra microseconds, can enable trades to execute ahead of the competition.
The direct correlation between delay and revenue in the web browsing experience is well documented. Amazon famously claimed that every 100 millisecond reduction in delay led to a one percent increase in sales. Google also stated that for every half second delay, it saw a 20 percent reduction in traffic.
For LTE network operators, control of latency is growing in importance as both an operational and business issue. Low latency is not only critical to maintaining the quality user experience (and therefore, the operator competitive advantage) of growing social, M2M, and real-time services, but latency reduction is fundamental to meeting the capacity expectations of LTE-A, where latency budgets will be cut in half and X2 will need to perform at microsecond speed.
Total network latency is the sum of delay from all the network components, including air interface, the processing, switching, and queuing of all network elements (core and RAN) along the path, and the propagation delay in the links. With ever tightening latency expectations, the relative contribution of any individual network element, such as a security gateway, must be minimized. For example, when latency budgets were targeting 150ms, a network node providing packet processing at 250μs was only adding 0.17% to the budget. However, in LTE-A, with latency targets slashed to 10ms, that same network node will consume almost 15x more of the budget. More important, when placed on the S1 with a target of only 1ms, 250 μs is 25% of the entire S1 latency allocation, and endangers meeting the microsecond latency needed at the X2. Clearly, operators need to apply stringent latency requirements for all network nodes, when designing LTE and LTE-A networks.
This paper provides a high-level comparison
between LTE and WiMAX. The focus is on two primary areas: System Architecture and Physical Layer. The System Architecture describes the different functional elements in LTE and WiMAX and attempts to map similar functionality (such as mobility, security, access-gateway). We also compare and contrast the various aspects (such as transmission modes, duplexing types) of the physical layer.
Minimizing network delay or latency is a critical factor in delivering mobile broadband services; businesses and users expect network response will be close to instantaneous. Excess latency can have a profound effect on user experience—from excess delay during a simple phone conversation, reducing throughput at edge of cell coverage areas by reducing effectiveness of RAN optimization techniques, to slow- loading webpages and delays with streaming video. Response delays negatively impact revenue. In financial institutions, low latency networks have become a competitive advantage where even a few extra microseconds, can enable trades to execute ahead of the competition.
The direct correlation between delay and revenue in the web browsing experience is well documented. Amazon famously claimed that every 100 millisecond reduction in delay led to a one percent increase in sales. Google also stated that for every half second delay, it saw a 20 percent reduction in traffic.
For LTE network operators, control of latency is growing in importance as both an operational and business issue. Low latency is not only critical to maintaining the quality user experience (and therefore, the operator competitive advantage) of growing social, M2M, and real-time services, but latency reduction is fundamental to meeting the capacity expectations of LTE-A, where latency budgets will be cut in half and X2 will need to perform at microsecond speed.
Total network latency is the sum of delay from all the network components, including air interface, the processing, switching, and queuing of all network elements (core and RAN) along the path, and the propagation delay in the links. With ever tightening latency expectations, the relative contribution of any individual network element, such as a security gateway, must be minimized. For example, when latency budgets were targeting 150ms, a network node providing packet processing at 250μs was only adding 0.17% to the budget. However, in LTE-A, with latency targets slashed to 10ms, that same network node will consume almost 15x more of the budget. More important, when placed on the S1 with a target of only 1ms, 250 μs is 25% of the entire S1 latency allocation, and endangers meeting the microsecond latency needed at the X2. Clearly, operators need to apply stringent latency requirements for all network nodes, when designing LTE and LTE-A networks.
This paper provides a high-level comparison
between LTE and WiMAX. The focus is on two primary areas: System Architecture and Physical Layer. The System Architecture describes the different functional elements in LTE and WiMAX and attempts to map similar functionality (such as mobility, security, access-gateway). We also compare and contrast the various aspects (such as transmission modes, duplexing types) of the physical layer.
A complete description of long term evolution including lte advanced. Study includes technical, services and strategic marketing information and gives a thorough overall picture of the technology and business.
Building carrier-class LTE networks is a complex undertaking and the initial planning stage, where the business case is defined and the budget is allocated, is critical for setting a solid foundation for the success of the initiative.
During this webinar, participants will learn a holistic, iterative approach to developing business cases for LTE Networks. Participants will also get exposure to various tools available as well as best practices used in network planning.
Latency Considerations in LTE: Implications to Security GatewayTerry Young
Network latency, even more than download speeds, directly impacts the user experience and bottom line revenue for on-line businesses. In high frequency financial market trading, microsecond improvements are considered a competitive advantage. The latency contribution of all individual network elements, including the security gateway, must be carefully calculated. In LTE-A and especially for the X2 interface where the latency targets are drastically reduced, an additional 200 μs delay is a significant difference. This paper discusses how the security gateway can provide additional security without jeopardizing the latency budget.
Convergence of digital information has been initiated a couple decades ago. Practically, almost all networks have now been utilising Internet Protocol. However, networks, applications, and contents managements vary by the nature of service types: IMS, SDP, IPTV, etc. Should another convergence be arranged to unify the management of the entire network for optimal results?
The important goal of this thesis is represented as demonstrating a self-organising based process for current versions of heterogeneous LTE-Advanced networks to simultaneously improve both quality of service and ability. The main index terms of this research could be exhibited as: SON; LTE-A, HetNets; Femtocell; Interference, Multi-Layer; Handover, Access Control; Power Control, eICIC. The self-organizing method of this research is described as the primary goal, to be got through the following targets: ThesisScientist.com
Motivation and results coverage enhancment for 3GPP NR Rel.17 Eiko Seidel
In this paper we would like to emphasize once again the need to look at large coverage scenarios for 5G NR and express our support for the creation of a Rel.17 work item. Furthermore, we provide first system-level simulation results to further motivate work on coverage enhancements and prove our commitment to contribute to a study item in the working groups in Rel.17 with independent performance evaluation.
El camino hacia la 5G - Isidro Nieto from Ericsson at VI Jornadas Cátedras Te...Ericsson España
Participation of Isidro Nieto, Regional Head of Mobile Broadband for Ericsson in the Mediterranean, during the event VI Jornadas Cátedras Telefónica UPM, Madrid.
A complete description of long term evolution including lte advanced. Study includes technical, services and strategic marketing information and gives a thorough overall picture of the technology and business.
Building carrier-class LTE networks is a complex undertaking and the initial planning stage, where the business case is defined and the budget is allocated, is critical for setting a solid foundation for the success of the initiative.
During this webinar, participants will learn a holistic, iterative approach to developing business cases for LTE Networks. Participants will also get exposure to various tools available as well as best practices used in network planning.
Latency Considerations in LTE: Implications to Security GatewayTerry Young
Network latency, even more than download speeds, directly impacts the user experience and bottom line revenue for on-line businesses. In high frequency financial market trading, microsecond improvements are considered a competitive advantage. The latency contribution of all individual network elements, including the security gateway, must be carefully calculated. In LTE-A and especially for the X2 interface where the latency targets are drastically reduced, an additional 200 μs delay is a significant difference. This paper discusses how the security gateway can provide additional security without jeopardizing the latency budget.
Convergence of digital information has been initiated a couple decades ago. Practically, almost all networks have now been utilising Internet Protocol. However, networks, applications, and contents managements vary by the nature of service types: IMS, SDP, IPTV, etc. Should another convergence be arranged to unify the management of the entire network for optimal results?
The important goal of this thesis is represented as demonstrating a self-organising based process for current versions of heterogeneous LTE-Advanced networks to simultaneously improve both quality of service and ability. The main index terms of this research could be exhibited as: SON; LTE-A, HetNets; Femtocell; Interference, Multi-Layer; Handover, Access Control; Power Control, eICIC. The self-organizing method of this research is described as the primary goal, to be got through the following targets: ThesisScientist.com
Motivation and results coverage enhancment for 3GPP NR Rel.17 Eiko Seidel
In this paper we would like to emphasize once again the need to look at large coverage scenarios for 5G NR and express our support for the creation of a Rel.17 work item. Furthermore, we provide first system-level simulation results to further motivate work on coverage enhancements and prove our commitment to contribute to a study item in the working groups in Rel.17 with independent performance evaluation.
El camino hacia la 5G - Isidro Nieto from Ericsson at VI Jornadas Cátedras Te...Ericsson España
Participation of Isidro Nieto, Regional Head of Mobile Broadband for Ericsson in the Mediterranean, during the event VI Jornadas Cátedras Telefónica UPM, Madrid.
How to use Twitter to Double Website Traffic, Followers and SalesPost Planner
Wondering how to grow your Twitter following? Need an easy way to double your website traffic and increase sales?
Rebekah Radice and Ian Cleary with RazorSocial will tell you how you can turn Twitter into a lead generating and follower growth magnet!
http://www.postplanner.com
Whether you're a pro-driver or not, still, there are a lot of safety precautions that need to be followed and these include driving at night.
For a safe night driving, bearing these simple tips will surely make your night driving at ease!
Más que respuestas, la presentación plantea preguntas que deben responderse los responsables de instituciones de educación superior para responder a los desafíos que presenta la sociedad actual, a las expectativas de sus alumnos, a las necesidades de la sociedad y del sistema productivo.
Está construida como si fuera una bibliografía comentada.
La presentación está preparada para compartir en la Facultad de Empresariales de la universidad de Mondragón (País Vasco) en el marco de su proceso de reflexión estratégica.
Cross industry innovatie 7 tips om te startenMarc Heleven
Cross-industry innovatie is een slimme manier om, buiten de grenzen van de eigen industrie of sector, ideeën op te doen en deze toe te passen in jouw eigen bedrijf of organisatie.
Als je nieuwe producten of diensten wil uitvinden of op de markt brengen is het vaak handig om te kijken hoe andere bedrijven of industrieën dit probleem vroeger al succesvol oplosten.
In dit kleurrijke boek met vele illustraties geven de auteurs in 7 hoofdstukken tips om inspiratie elders op te doen en toe te passen als je zelf wil innoveren. Het bevat inspirerende verhalen, uitdagende praktijkvoorbeelden en veel praktische gereedschappen om fantastische ideeën in andere sectoren te ontdekken.
Using Semantic Technology to Drive Agile Analytics - SLIDESDATAVERSITY
How do you accelerate data warehousing to meet the demands of the data-driven economy? Semantic technology provides an agile platform to bring data together, focus on data that matters and ultimately derive a target data model that can be easily extended. This webinar will present a semantically-based data federation case study and highlight the semantic components that facilitate agile data federation in the enterprise.
Cross industry innovation toolkit: 50 inspiring companies and industries you ...Marc Heleven
50 inspiring companies and industries you can learn from.
'cross-industry innovations' refers to innovations that come about by applying cross- industry analogies or by transferring approaches from one industry to another.
In this update of his past presentations on Mobile Eating the World -- delivered most recently at The Guardian's Changing Media Summit -- a16z’s Benedict Evans takes us through how technology is universal through mobile. How mobile is not a subset of the internet anymore. And how mobile (and accompanying trends of cloud and AI) is also driving new productivity tools.
In fact, mobile -- which encompasses everything from drones to cars -- is everything.
A presentation made at A 2-day Annual Symposium, organized by Electrical/Electronic Engineering Department, FUTO, at School of Engineering and Engineering Technology (SEET) Complex Auditorium, FUTO, Imo State. (August 18, 2016)
The Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance feels that 5G should be rolled out by 2020 to meet business and consumer demands. In addition to providing simply faster speeds, they predict that 5G networks also will need to meet new use cases such as the Internet of Things (internet connected devices) as well as broadcast-like services and lifeline communication in times of natural disaster. Although updated standards that define capabilities beyond those defined in the current 4G standards are under consideration, those new capabilities have been grouped under the current ITU-T 4G standards. The U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approved the spectrum for 5G, including the 28 Gigahertz, 37 GHz and 39 GHz bands, on July 14, 2016. 5G research and development also aims at improved support of machine to machine communication, also known as the Internet of things, aiming at lower cost, lower battery consumption and lower latency than 4G equipment. To put it simply, the use cases for 4G networks has expanded well beyond the initial scope of the standard. 5G is what you get when you reset the standard/design to cope with the increase in scope.4G networks don’t just support mobile devices anymore. IOT (Internet of Things) devices are everywhere and the number of them is only going to increase. We’re seeing 4G modems in smart watches, in CCTVs and even in doorbells.
EVOLUTION OF WIRELESS MOBILE COMMUNICATION NETWORKS AND FUTURE OF CELLULAR MA...cscpconf
In this paper, we discuss the evolution of the mobile communication systems from GSM to LTE (2G to 4G)
and the trends in the mobile communication industry. The Global System for Mobile Communication
(GSM) is a well established cellular system targeted here due to its engineering success and the large
number of users currently using the services. The flexibility of wireless networks over voice and data
transmission makes it one of the most popular modes of communication. Evolution to next generation
services depends on an addition of new services and new features to the existing networks or even an
integration of different communication technologies. With the invention of the devices such as tablets and
smart phones the need to improve the data transmission rates and transmission efficiency has increased to
higher than ever before. In this paper, we focus at some of the important issues pertaining to the evolution
of mobile communication networks and predict the future of the networks based on the analysis of the
cellular market in India. Since GSM networks accounts for more than 75% of the world wide cellular network, only the evolution of GSM network has been discussed in this paper.
4G LTE over satellite is arriving to the market at a faster pace than 2G and 3G did when they emerged. 4G carries the promise of a true mobile broadband experience with high volumes, higher speeds and enhanced efficiency, blurring the lines between cellular and wifi. Mobile operators will nevertheless wonder if 4G can be even more successful than its predecessors, and what value it really brings to the subscriber. They will also want to know if there are specifi c characteristics required to run the service over satellite, and if it is possible to optimize the traffi c just like in 2G and 3G to gain bandwidth and decrease the OPEX. Lastly, can 4G deployments be future proof in light of the upcoming 5G standards?
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
http://www.ericsson.com
Each decade since mobile communication was introduced in the 1980s, has brought with it a new generation of systems and technologies. The next evolution, 5G radio access, is set for commercialization around 2020, and will deliver 5G services in an environment that is shaping up to be a significant challenge.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a button
Edge evolution
1. Capabilities and Impacts of EDGE Evolution
toward Seamless Wireless Networks
D. Mužić, D.Opatić
Mobile Networks
Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d.
Krapinska 45, HR-10001 Zagreb
E-mail: damir.muzic@ericsson.com
Abstract - Current EDGE peak data rates of 300 kbps cannot have minimal or no impact on legacy network equipment.
cope with the data rates of 7.2 Mbps provided by Most of the proposed enhancements can be implemented
WCDMA/HSPA networks. Still, the enormous GSM/EDGE in EDGE networks only with software upgrades, without
subscriber base motivates mobile operators to continue requiring any hardware modification. This fact is crucial
investing in network upgrades to provide higher data rates at since mobile operators strive to maximize huge
minimum cost. EDGE Evolution, also standardized by 3GPP, investments made so far in GSM/EDGE equipment.
consists of a subset of features which allow to quadruple the Mobile terminals will require more extensive
downlink data rates compared to legacy EDGE performance. modifications, but they are replaced at a much higher rate.
Introduction of new modulation schemes, e.g. 32 QAM and EDGE Evolution puts mobile operators in a position to
higher symbol rate will boost data rates up to 118.4 kbps per cost-effectively provide better data services on network
timeslot. In combination with dual downlink carrier, mobile wide level in a very short time.
terminals will be able to allocate ten downlink timeslots
The paper is organized as follows: Section II presents
which will enable peak data rates of 1.2 Mbps. Additional
the techniques and enhancements introduced in EDGE
improvement of EDGE Evolution end user performance will
Evolution. The expected performances are explained in
be provided by reduced latency, turbo codes and mobile
Section III, with an accent on the impact that evolved
receive diversity techniques. All this features together will
EDGE features will have on legacy network hardware and
provide comparable performances with 3G technology and
mobile terminals. Conclusions are provided in Section IV.
more importantly, enable true service transparency between
2G and 3G networks. Implementing EDGE Evolution
improvements will mostly impact mobile terminal side.
II. EDGE EVOLUTION ENHANCEMENTS
Key words – GSM, EDGE, Evolution, Seamless
A. Reduced latency
Latency, or round-trip-time, plays a major part for end-
I. INTRODUCTION
to-end user experience in any type of packet data
application or service. For applications like VoIP or real-
Commercially deployed during early 90', GSM grew to
time gaming reduced latency is a necessity to get it to work
become the most widespread wireless mobile technology.
at all. EDGE Evolution introduces substantial
Later implementation of GPRS followed by EDGE
improvements to latency and perceived delay combining
introduced data services for users all around the clock.
Fast ACK/NACK reporting (FANR) and reduced
Today GSM/GPRS/EDGE networks comprise more than 3
Transmission Time Interval (TTI).
billion subscribers in 177 countries [Global mobile
Suppliers Association - GSA, January 6, 2009]. The vast ACK/NACK reporting is a common procedure for
installed capacity proves the success of this technology confirming that data packets have been correctly
and brings benefits in terms of omnipresent coverage, transmitted. Legacy procedures imply that ACK/NACK
lower terminal price and cost-efficient network upgrades. messages are sent separately from user data which
inevitably increase system’s reaction time. With Fast
The advent of WCDMA/HSPA with data rates up 7.2
ACK/NACK reporting the acknowledgment message is
Mbps paved the way for mobile broadband and triggered
embedded together with payload, so called piggybacked
more demanding services like Mobile TV, VoIP, on-line
reporting, thus significantly reducing retransmission
gaming, etc. Since such services are constantly increasing
intervals. Additional delay reduction is achieved by
requirements on data rates, latency and bandwidth, current
sending ACK/NACK reports upon detection of RLC
EDGE performances are not able to cope with these
blocks that have not been correctly received, rather than
growing demands. Accordingly, 3GPP (3rd Generation
periodically according to the legacy design base.
Partnership Project) standardized a set of enhancements
that will mark the development of future EDGE networks The second mechanism that significantly contributes
known as EDGE Evolution. The proposed improvements latency reduction is based on sending RLC data blocks on
are included in the 3GPP Release 7 and the focus areas are two consecutive timeslots instead of only one, halving the
latency reduction, increasing peak and mean bit rates, TTI from 20 ms with EDGE today to 10 ms.
expanding service coverage and improving spectrum Combining reduced TTI and FANR it is expected to cut
efficiency. One of the key issues embedded in the Release round-trip-times from today’s values of around 135 ms
7 standard is that introduction of EDGE Evolution should down to 80 ms.
2. B. Downlink dual carrier proposed to allow the MS to enable or disable the second
receiver branch dependently on current battery lifetime and
Currently EDGE is deployed only on one 200 kHz interference situation on the air interface.
carrier. Taking in consideration that mobile terminals on
the market support up to five timeslots transmitting at a D. Higher order modulation (HOM)
peak rate of 59.2 kbps per timeslot, the maximum
achievable throughput is around 300 kbps. Introducing the Increasing bits per symbol rate by means of higher order
capability to send data on two carriers simultaneously will modulations is a very straight forward way to increase data
double the data rate in a very straightforward and throughput. Currently, data sent through the air interface is
backward-compatible way. The usage of the additional modulated using GMSK or 8-PSK, which allows carrying
carrier can also be used for reducing TTI. By sending RLC one or three bits per symbol respectively. Introduction of
blocks on timeslots on two separate carriers instead of higher order modulation schemes, such 16QAM and
using one timeslot on a single carrier for transmitting RLC 32QAM, will increase the bit per symbol rate to 4 and 5
blocks the TTI is halved. Uplink dual carrier feasibility respectively. 16QAM and 32QAM are more vulnerable to
studies are postponed in 3GPP Release 8 due to terminal interference compared to legacy GMSK and 8-PSK
implementation complexity. modulation because of lower inter-symbol distance which
tend to increase BER. However, the increased data rates
C. Mobile station receive diversity (MSRD) from HOM can be exploited to improve the channel
coding and cope with higher BER. By comparing legacy
MSRD is included in the 3GPP Release 7 known as EDGE coding rates from Table 1 with those from Table 2
DARP2 (Downlink Advanced Receiver Performance it can be noted that for equal user data rates, coding
phase 2). MSRD means that terminals will use dual schemes with HOM provide more robust channel coding.
antennas, acquiring receiver diversity on downlink. Additional redundancy is then used to effectively retrieve
Diversity allows much more efficient interference corrupted user data even at low CIR values.
cancellation compared to single-antenna terminals. In
environments where the carrier and interfering signal are
not synchronized the interference cancellation is expected TABLE 1
to give up to 8 dB higher CIR. Besides diversity gain, BIT RATES PER TIME SLOT FOR LEGACY EDGE MCS
MSRD provides better sensitivity since it mitigates effects
of fast fading. Sensitivity increase of 3 dB can be EGPRS
expected bringing an increase of EDGE coverage area. User Data Coding
Consequently, even users that are situated in areas with MCS Modulation
Rate (kbps) Rate
poor EDGE coverage will be able to achieve satisfactory
MCS-9 8-PSK 59.2 0.71
data rates. Figure 1 presents data rates per timeslot
MCS-8 8-PSK 54.4 0.60
achieved at different CIR using conventional receiver and
dual-antenna receiver (DAIC - Dual Antenna Interference MCS-7 8-PSK 44.8 0.47
Cancellation). The simulation assumes coding schemes MCS-6 8-PSK 29.6 0.63
adaptation together with and adjacent and co-channel MCS-5 8-PSK 22.4 0.49
interference influence. MCS-4 GMSK 17.6 1.00
MCS-3 GMSK 14.8 0.85
MCS-2 GMSK 11.2 0.66
MCS-1 GMSK 8.8 0.53
TABLE 2
BIT RATES PER TIME SLOT FOR EDGE EVOLUTION MCS
[1]
EGPRS-2 Level A Downlink
User Data Coding
MCS Modulation
Rate (kbps) Rate
DAS-12 32QAM 98.4 0.96
DAS-11 32QAM 81.6 0.80
DAS-10 32QAM 65.6 0.64
DAS-9 16QAM 54.4 0.68
DAS-8 16QAM 44.8 0.56
DAS-7 8-PSK 32.8 0.54
Fig. 1. Throughput per timeslot for single and dual antenna
receiver [1] DAS-6 8-PSK 27.2 0.45
DAS-5 8-PSK 22.4 0.37
MCS-4 GMSK 17.6 1.00
MSRD and Downlink Dual Carrier both require two MCS-3 GMSK 14.8 0.85
antennas and two receivers in the mobile terminal. Using a MCS-2 GMSK 11.2 0.66
second receiver will inevitably increase power
MCS-1 GMSK 8.8 0.53
consumption thus drains the battery faster. It is therefore
3. E. Higher symbol rate (HSR) thus with no impact on networks or handsets make them
favorable for an early market introduction.
The need for higher bit rates makes favorable the use of HOM, turbo codes and HSR enhancements are bundled
faster symbol rate. Currently, the legacy symbol duration is together by the name of EGPRS-2 Uplink and EGPRS-2
3.69 μs while EDGE evolution standardize 3.077 μs Downlink. HOM and turbo codes are already supported by
symbol duration. This reduction of symbol duration allows latest base stations and can be implemented only with a
a 20% increase of the symbol rate, resulting in a equivalent software upgrade. Introduction of HSR will most probably
data throughput increase. Accordingly, a wider pulse filter require a new pulse shaping filter so transceivers boards on
is required, which current base station and terminal base stations will have to be replaced. To maximize the
hardware is not comprising. Thus introduction of this fraction of legacy hardware where these features can be
enhancement is not straight forward and will require implemented, different ambition levels are specified:
modifications or replacement of legacy hardware. Table 3
shows increased data rates achieved using HSR. EGPRS-2A downlink: 8-PSK+16/32QAM+Turbo Codes
EGPRS-2A uplink: 16QAM
TABLE 3 EGPRS-2B downlink: QPSK+16/32QAM+Turbo Codes+
BIT RATES PER TIME SLOT FOR EDGE EVOLUTION MCS Higher Symbol Rate
WITH HIGHER SYMBOL RATE [1] EGPRS-2B uplink: 16/32QAM+Higher Symbol Rate
EGPRS-2 Level B Downlink
EGPRS-2A will be the first step toward introduction of
User Data Coding advanced coding and modulation schemes since the vast
MCS Modulation
Rate (kbps) Rate majority of currently deployed GSM/EDGE equipment
DBS-12 32QAM 118.4 0.98 provides support for those features.
DBS-11 32QAM 108.8 0.91 Figure 2 depicts the gain that individual EDGE
DBS-10 32QAM 88.8 0.72 evolution enhancement can bring in terms of bit rate per
DBS-9 16QAM 67.2 0.71 timeslot vs. CIR. It can be denoted that a dual antenna
DBS-8 16QAM 59.2 0.60 terminal using 16QAM with turbo codes can achieve
DBS-7 16QAM 44.8 0.47 maximal bit rate at CIR around 15 dB, which is 15 dB
DBS-6 QPSK 29.6 0.63 lower compared to legacy EDGE handsets.
DBS-5 QPSK 22.4 0.49
MCS-4 GMSK 17.6 1.00
MCS-3 GMSK 14.8 0.85 70000
MCS-2 GMSK 11.2 0.66
60000
MCS-1 GMSK 8.8 0.53
50000
Throughput [bit/s]
40000
F. Turbo codes
30000
Single antenna EGPRS
Turbo Codes, already used in 3G WCDMA networks,
Dual carrier EGPRS
20000
Single antenna 16QAM / TC
are part of EDGE evolution. Turbo Codes outperform Single antenna 16QAM
legacy convolutional codes in term of error correction,
10000 Dual antenna EGPRS
Dual antenna 16QAM / TC
improving channel robustness and further diminishing the 0
drawback of higher BER for HOM. At the same time, -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
CIR [dB]
16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34
Turbo Codes are more complex than convolutional ones
but existing implementation in WCDMA assure a feasible
Fig. 2. Throughput per timeslot vs. CIR for different modulation
introduction also in GSM/EDGE terminals.
and receiver combinations [1]
III. EDGE EVOLUTION CAPABILITIES AND
IMPACTS Predictions show that by combining EGPRS2-A
downlink enhancements, MSRD and dual carrier on
downlink with 5 timeslots each for a total of 10 timeslots,
The leading idea behind evolved EDGE is that its data rates up to 1 Mbps on downlink can be achieved in
deployment should have minimal impact on currently the serving cell vicinity. This is illustrated in Figure 3.
installed network hardware and handsets. To further This throughput is comparable to what user get from
facilitate introduction of EDGE Evolution improvements, ADSL connections and not so far from HSPA data rates.
the majority of the proposed features are mutually This performances represents the fundament to guarantee
independent, allowing operators to bundle and deploy seamless network operations between GSM/EDGE and
enhancements accordingly to the installed hardware WCDMA/HSPA networks. It is worth to remark that this
capabilities. prediction is based on EGPRS2-A enhancements which
Latency reduction improvements are the ones that are should not require any hardware modification in the base
expected to hit the market first. The updates regard station. Eventual hardware constraints from terminal side
modification of procedures that are extensively used today, can be easily surmounted due to simplicity of
4. implementation, lower cost and shorter terminal lifetime. receive diversity can be reused also for MSRD. Multi RAT
Even without MSRD same peak rates can be expected, terminals will be able to more readily incorporate features
although at much higher CIR levels than with MSRD. of evolved EDGE with less impact on cost and size as they
Considering that by using 32QAM together with HSR, leverage reuse of 3G elements, thus making them ideal
data rate per timeslot can be elevated up to 118.4 kbps and fabric for a feasible implementation of EDGE Evolution
for state-of-the-art handsets supporting 5 timeslots together features. It is expected that Multi-RAT terminal's market
with dual downlink carrier the theoretical peak throughput share will grow to reach same levels as GSM/EDGE only
can be further boosted to the maximum value of 1.184 handsets in the next couple of years, allowing a large
Mbps on downlink. portion of subscriber to avail from the benefits of evolved
EDGE in the very near future.
Dual carrier downlink
Mbps
1
HOM and turbo codes
IV. CONCLUSION
MSRD
0,8
EDGE today
This paper presents the performance concept for
evolved EDGE. The key aspects of used techniques and
0.50.5 Mbps
Mbps
0,6 expected performances are described together with the
EDGE Evolution impact that introduction of this standard will have on
0,4
mobile terminals and base station’s hardware. The
0,2
evolution of EDGE will continue also in 3GPP Release 8.
EDGE
Huge subscriber base and widespread coverage makes
0
EDGE still an attractive technology for delivering data
15 20 25 30 35
C/I (dB)
30 25 20 15
services which operators don't want to give up on.
Features included in evolved EDGE allow peak data rates
of 1.2 Mbps and round-trip-times down to 80 ms, keeping
the pace with performances achieved by 3rd generation
cellular networks. Data rates offered by EDGE Evolution
Fig. 3. Predicted user throughput with EGPRS2-A downlink and provide much better complement to HSPA speeds allowing
dual downlink carrier [8] users to seamlessly roam between 2G and 3G networks
without affecting service continuity. All EDGE Evolution
improvements can be implemented with software upgrades
Downlink dual carrier and mobile station receive only or with minimum impact on installed hardware
diversity (MSRD) both requires double antennas and guaranteeing a cost-efficient implementation which will
receivers included in the handset. Implementation of further prolong the life time of this mature technology.
MSRD and downlink dual carrier capability on 2G only
phones will require and additional receive chain and an
additional local oscillator as shown in Figure 4. REFERENCES
[1] 3GPP TR 45.912 V7.2.0 (2007-02), Technical Report,
“Feasibility study for evolved GSM/EDGE Radio Access
Network (GERAN)”, Release 7
[2] P. Chitrapu, B. Aghili, “Evolution of GSM into the Next
Generation Wireless World”, IEEE Systems, Applications
and Technology Conference, Long Island, 2007
[3] K. Ivanov, C.F. Ball, R. Müllner, H. Winkler, “Paving the
Path for High Data Rates by GERAN Evolution EDGE2
with Dual-Carrier”, IEEE International Symposium on
Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications,
Cannes, 2008.
[4] M. Säily, J. Hulkkonen, O. Piirainen, K. Niemelä, E.B.
Zacarías, “EGPRS2 Uplink Performance for GERAN
Evolution”, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference,
Singapore, 2008.
Fig. 4. Chipset view of additional EDGE Evolution requirements [5] M.L. Roberts, M.A. Temple, R.F. Mills, R.A. Raines,
for 2G only terminals [7] “Evolution of the Air Interface of Cellular communications
Systems Toward 4G Realization”, IEEE Communications
Surveys & Tutorials journal, Vol. 8, No.1, p.2-23, 2006
EDGE Evolution functions will increase the processing [6] T. Halonen, J. Romero, J. Melero “GSM, GPRS and EDGE
power requirements while the D/A interface should be Performance: Evolution Towards 3G/UMTS”, 2nd Edition,
upgraded to fully support all the EDGE Evolution features John Wiley, 2003.
combined. On the other side, Multi-RAT handsets (i.e. [7] “The Case for Evolved EDGE”, 3G Americas White Paper,
supporting GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA) offer more 2008
processing power while dual receive chain for 3G mobile [8] “The Evolution of EDGE”, Ericsson White Paper, 2007.