This white paper discusses latency considerations for LTE and LTE-Advanced networks. Latency requirements are becoming more stringent over time. LTE-A targets latency of 10ms or less, with 1ms or less required for the X2 interface to support new optimization techniques. Higher latency can negatively impact user experience through slower page loads and reduced throughput. It can also result in lost revenue for online businesses. Any network element must minimize its contribution to overall latency in order to meet budgets. Low-latency solutions like the Stoke Security eXchange are important for meeting stringent LTE-A requirements.
Minimizing network delay or latency is a critical factor in delivering mobile broadband services; businesses and users expect network response will be close to instantaneous. Excess latency can have a profound effect on user experience—from excess delay during a simple phone conversation, reducing throughput at edge of cell coverage areas by reducing effectiveness of RAN optimization techniques, to slow- loading webpages and delays with streaming video. Response delays negatively impact revenue. In financial institutions, low latency networks have become a competitive advantage where even a few extra microseconds, can enable trades to execute ahead of the competition.
The direct correlation between delay and revenue in the web browsing experience is well documented. Amazon famously claimed that every 100 millisecond reduction in delay led to a one percent increase in sales. Google also stated that for every half second delay, it saw a 20 percent reduction in traffic.
For LTE network operators, control of latency is growing in importance as both an operational and business issue. Low latency is not only critical to maintaining the quality user experience (and therefore, the operator competitive advantage) of growing social, M2M, and real-time services, but latency reduction is fundamental to meeting the capacity expectations of LTE-A, where latency budgets will be cut in half and X2 will need to perform at microsecond speed.
Total network latency is the sum of delay from all the network components, including air interface, the processing, switching, and queuing of all network elements (core and RAN) along the path, and the propagation delay in the links. With ever tightening latency expectations, the relative contribution of any individual network element, such as a security gateway, must be minimized. For example, when latency budgets were targeting 150ms, a network node providing packet processing at 250μs was only adding 0.17% to the budget. However, in LTE-A, with latency targets slashed to 10ms, that same network node will consume almost 15x more of the budget. More important, when placed on the S1 with a target of only 1ms, 250 μs is 25% of the entire S1 latency allocation, and endangers meeting the microsecond latency needed at the X2. Clearly, operators need to apply stringent latency requirements for all network nodes, when designing LTE and LTE-A networks.
4 lte access transport network dimensioning issue 1.02saeed_sh65
The document discusses several key aspects of an LTE access transport network:
1. It describes the five major interfaces of an eNodeB including S1, X2, OM, clock, and co-transmission interfaces.
2. It explains the protocols used on the S1 and X2 interfaces including SCTP, GTP-U, and X2AP.
3. It provides an overview of the different layers - layers 1, 2, and 3 - that can be used as transport bearer networks for an LTE system and their characteristics.
The document discusses how to characterize and dimension user traffic in 4G networks. It describes how to define data traffic in terms of data speed and data tonnage. Data speed is the rate at which data is transferred, while data tonnage refers to the total amount of data exchanged. The document provides examples of data speed metrics used in 3GPP standards and outlines factors to consider when calculating expected data usage per subscriber based on typical mobile application usage patterns and available data plans. Dimensioning user traffic accurately is important for designing 4G networks to meet capacity demands.
This document discusses how the theoretical peak throughput of 300 Mbps for LTE systems is calculated. It provides background information on key aspects of the LTE physical layer that influence throughput calculations, including bandwidth, modulation schemes, coding rates, and duplexing methods. The document then examines the calculations for theoretical throughput for both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) LTE systems.
The document provides an overview of LTE technology in 10 minutes by answering frequently asked interview questions about LTE. It begins by stating the purpose is to provide essential LTE knowledge quickly. It then lists 20 questions about LTE topics like bandwidths, resource blocks, throughput, UE states, handover types, measurements and control channels. For each question it provides a concise 1-2 sentence answer. It concludes by introducing the author and encouraging the reader to contact them with any additional questions.
The document provides guidance on optimizing key performance indicators (KPIs) such as call setup success rate (CSSR). It discusses analyzing CSSR by examining its components like SDCCH drop rate. A high SDCCH drop rate can be caused by hardware issues, interference, or transmission problems. The document recommends checking specific counters and alarms to determine the root cause, and describes potential fixes like moving SDCCH channels or adjusting parameters. Overall, the document outlines a process for identifying underperforming cells, analyzing relevant KPIs and counters, and addressing issues to improve network optimization.
The important goal of this thesis is represented as demonstrating a self-organising based process for current versions of heterogeneous LTE-Advanced networks to simultaneously improve both quality of service and ability. The main index terms of this research could be exhibited as: SON; LTE-A, HetNets; Femtocell; Interference, Multi-Layer; Handover, Access Control; Power Control, eICIC. The self-organizing method of this research is described as the primary goal, to be got through the following targets: ThesisScientist.com
Minimizing network delay or latency is a critical factor in delivering mobile broadband services; businesses and users expect network response will be close to instantaneous. Excess latency can have a profound effect on user experience—from excess delay during a simple phone conversation, reducing throughput at edge of cell coverage areas by reducing effectiveness of RAN optimization techniques, to slow- loading webpages and delays with streaming video. Response delays negatively impact revenue. In financial institutions, low latency networks have become a competitive advantage where even a few extra microseconds, can enable trades to execute ahead of the competition.
The direct correlation between delay and revenue in the web browsing experience is well documented. Amazon famously claimed that every 100 millisecond reduction in delay led to a one percent increase in sales. Google also stated that for every half second delay, it saw a 20 percent reduction in traffic.
For LTE network operators, control of latency is growing in importance as both an operational and business issue. Low latency is not only critical to maintaining the quality user experience (and therefore, the operator competitive advantage) of growing social, M2M, and real-time services, but latency reduction is fundamental to meeting the capacity expectations of LTE-A, where latency budgets will be cut in half and X2 will need to perform at microsecond speed.
Total network latency is the sum of delay from all the network components, including air interface, the processing, switching, and queuing of all network elements (core and RAN) along the path, and the propagation delay in the links. With ever tightening latency expectations, the relative contribution of any individual network element, such as a security gateway, must be minimized. For example, when latency budgets were targeting 150ms, a network node providing packet processing at 250μs was only adding 0.17% to the budget. However, in LTE-A, with latency targets slashed to 10ms, that same network node will consume almost 15x more of the budget. More important, when placed on the S1 with a target of only 1ms, 250 μs is 25% of the entire S1 latency allocation, and endangers meeting the microsecond latency needed at the X2. Clearly, operators need to apply stringent latency requirements for all network nodes, when designing LTE and LTE-A networks.
4 lte access transport network dimensioning issue 1.02saeed_sh65
The document discusses several key aspects of an LTE access transport network:
1. It describes the five major interfaces of an eNodeB including S1, X2, OM, clock, and co-transmission interfaces.
2. It explains the protocols used on the S1 and X2 interfaces including SCTP, GTP-U, and X2AP.
3. It provides an overview of the different layers - layers 1, 2, and 3 - that can be used as transport bearer networks for an LTE system and their characteristics.
The document discusses how to characterize and dimension user traffic in 4G networks. It describes how to define data traffic in terms of data speed and data tonnage. Data speed is the rate at which data is transferred, while data tonnage refers to the total amount of data exchanged. The document provides examples of data speed metrics used in 3GPP standards and outlines factors to consider when calculating expected data usage per subscriber based on typical mobile application usage patterns and available data plans. Dimensioning user traffic accurately is important for designing 4G networks to meet capacity demands.
This document discusses how the theoretical peak throughput of 300 Mbps for LTE systems is calculated. It provides background information on key aspects of the LTE physical layer that influence throughput calculations, including bandwidth, modulation schemes, coding rates, and duplexing methods. The document then examines the calculations for theoretical throughput for both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) LTE systems.
The document provides an overview of LTE technology in 10 minutes by answering frequently asked interview questions about LTE. It begins by stating the purpose is to provide essential LTE knowledge quickly. It then lists 20 questions about LTE topics like bandwidths, resource blocks, throughput, UE states, handover types, measurements and control channels. For each question it provides a concise 1-2 sentence answer. It concludes by introducing the author and encouraging the reader to contact them with any additional questions.
The document provides guidance on optimizing key performance indicators (KPIs) such as call setup success rate (CSSR). It discusses analyzing CSSR by examining its components like SDCCH drop rate. A high SDCCH drop rate can be caused by hardware issues, interference, or transmission problems. The document recommends checking specific counters and alarms to determine the root cause, and describes potential fixes like moving SDCCH channels or adjusting parameters. Overall, the document outlines a process for identifying underperforming cells, analyzing relevant KPIs and counters, and addressing issues to improve network optimization.
The important goal of this thesis is represented as demonstrating a self-organising based process for current versions of heterogeneous LTE-Advanced networks to simultaneously improve both quality of service and ability. The main index terms of this research could be exhibited as: SON; LTE-A, HetNets; Femtocell; Interference, Multi-Layer; Handover, Access Control; Power Control, eICIC. The self-organizing method of this research is described as the primary goal, to be got through the following targets: ThesisScientist.com
The document discusses handover procedures in 4G networks. It describes handover basics and procedures in IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks. Advanced handover features in IEEE 802.16m like seamless handover and EBB handover are presented, along with legacy supported handover between IEEE 802.16m and 802.16e networks. Interworking handover procedures between IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks using layer 2 and layer 3 protocols are also summarized. The document concludes that advanced handover mechanisms in IMT-Advanced systems aim to reduce service interruption time and enhance user experience during handovers.
The document introduces LTE network planning and RNP solutions. It discusses the flat LTE network architecture and protocols including OFDM and MIMO. LTE network planning includes coverage and capacity planning using link budget and capacity estimation. The RNP solution introduces tools for performance enhancement like interference avoidance and co-antenna analysis.
Determine the required delivery characteristics of a packet stream and how a Traffic Management (TM) module can offload compute-intensive tasks. Hear more about the latest innovations in both DPI & TM solutions.
This document provides an overview of a webinar comparing GSM, UMTS, and LTE mobile networks. It introduces the presenters and their backgrounds. The webinar will cover topics such as base station identification codes, frequency reuse, modulation schemes, and data rates for each network standard. It also provides information on Aircom's LTE training and accreditation courses.
This document discusses diagnosing LTE traffic faults through drive testing. It provides probes and indicators for issues related to insufficient resources for scheduling, coding with low values, poor coverage, abnormal receive power, and other potential problems. Diagnosis involves checking for operations and external events that could affect service rates. Specific alarms and their impacts are also listed. The document is marked as confidential information that requires permission before spreading.
This document provides a troubleshooting guide for UMTS access KPI issues. It includes:
1. An overview of the UMTS access signaling flow and definitions of related performance statistics and KPIs.
2. A classification of RRC access failure root causes such as resource congestion, RF problems, and equipment alarms.
3. Guidance on analyzing access failure data and counters to diagnose issues related to causes like CE congestion, power limitations, or code shortages.
4. Recommended solutions for optimizing access performance issues related to resource congestion.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
This third webinar discusses the fundamentals of LTE Carriers and how LTE mobiles communicate with the network including what factors affect performance.
Wcdma Radio Network Planning And OptimizationPengpeng Song
The document discusses WCDMA radio network planning and optimization, including key topics such as:
1) Fundamentals of WCDMA link budget analysis and radio interface protocol architecture.
2) Radio resource utilization techniques like power control, handover control, and congestion control.
3) Issues of coverage and capacity planning as well as enhancement methods.
4) The process of WCDMA radio network planning including dimensioning, detailed planning, and optimization aspects to address interference.
UMTS/W-CDMA was initially designed for circuit-switched traffic and was not well-suited for growing IP data traffic. 3GPP made improvements through releases 5-8 to enhance HSDPA, HSUPA, and introduce LTE, providing higher data rates and capacity. LTE aims to meet increasing user demands for broadband connectivity by providing peak data rates up to 300 Mbps downlink and 75 Mbps uplink through improved radio interface features and reduced latency below 10ms. LTE can be deployed in existing UMTS bands and supports seamless handover between legacy networks to provide coverage.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for GSM base station subsystem (BSS) networks, including the paging success rate KPI. It defines paging success rate, describes factors that affect it such as coverage, interference, and traffic volume. The document also discusses network parameters that impact paging success rate, such as paging times/intervals, paging based on location area versus all cells, and mobility management parameters like T3212. The goal is to understand KPI measurement points and constraints in order to optimize network performance.
This document discusses key factors impacting LTE network performance including expected performance metrics, dependencies, and challenges. It provides an overview of call setup times and throughputs expected under ideal conditions, then discusses how factors like deployment issues, RF interference, backhaul limitations, scheduler configuration, and mobility parameters can negatively influence performance and result in increased call setup times, lower throughputs, and handover failures. The document aims to help network operators identify areas to focus on for optimizing LTE network performance at launch.
The document discusses drive test analysis for mobile networks. It describes the key elements of an effective drive test program including understanding network performance using call and data metrics. The drive test process involves defining test routes and clusters, collecting data, analyzing key performance indicators (KPIs) like call setup success rate and throughput, and troubleshooting issues. Defining test cases, KPIs, and categorizing failures is important for understanding genuine network problems versus measurement errors.
1) The document discusses quality of service (QoS) in LTE networks and the challenges of delivering effective QoS across network elements as mobile broadband subscriptions and demand for differentiated services increases.
2) It explains that the traditional view of end-to-end QoS in networks no longer applies, and effective QoS requires considering questions around upstream traffic, applications, guarantees vs probabilities, and more.
3) Policy management is identified as critical for network congestion management, optimizing service quality, and enhancing monetization through service differentiation according to QoS policies.
This document discusses jitter, latency, and delay in network communications. It provides definitions and explanations of these terms:
1. Jitter is the variation in the delay of received packets caused by network congestion, queuing, or errors, rather than packets being transmitted at an even pace. This can cause gaps in audio if packets are missing.
2. Delay and latency refer to the time it takes a bit to be transmitted from source to destination. Jitter is a type of delay that varies over time.
3. Solutions to reduce jitter include increasing the receive jitter buffer size and delay, using larger RTP packets, and lowering audio quality.
1) The document describes key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring the performance of an LTE radio network. It discusses KPIs related to accessibility, retainability, mobility, and latency.
2) Accessibility KPIs measure aspects like call setup success rate, RRC setup success rate, and E-RAB setup success rate. Retainability KPIs measure call drop rate and call setup completion rate. Mobility KPIs measure handover success rates within LTE and between LTE and other technologies.
3) For each KPI, the document provides a definition, calculation formula, and description of which network events and counters are needed to measure the KPI. Baseline
The document discusses radio frequency (RF) network planning and optimization. It describes the responsibilities of RF planners, which include designing site plans and frequency plans. It also describes the responsibilities of RF optimization personnel, which include maintaining network performance metrics and studying new features. The document outlines training courses on RF network planning and optimization, covering topics like coverage, capacity, frequency planning, optimization features and parameters, and key performance indicator monitoring.
This Workshop is a fast track Course to cover the basic architecture and functionalities of the LTE-EPC from the Packet Core Perspective.
The course is a little bit advanced and the target Audience is requested to have a basic PS Foundations and Mobility Knowledge as a prerequisite.
The course will cover the LTE-EPC Architecture, Call flows, Mobility and session management in addition to introductory slides for the EPS Security and LTE-DNS.
This document provides an overview and technical details regarding beamforming and sounding reference signal optimization for LTE. It discusses sector beamforming for common channels using weighted factors. It compares RL15 single-stream beamforming (TM7) to RL25 dual-stream beamforming (TM8), describing their implementations. The document also covers sounding reference signal configurations, including hopping patterns and parameters. Performance results and configuration parameters for beamforming are presented.
The document discusses several topics related to LTE cell planning including:
1. The general LTE cell planning process includes information collection, pre-planning, detailed planning, and cell planning which focuses on frequency, tracking area (TA), physical cell ID (PCI), and physical random access channel (PRACH) planning.
2. There are several new frequency bands for LTE including 700MHz, AWS, 2.6GHz, and reusing existing GSM bands.
3. Topics like interference coordination (ICIC), TA planning to reduce signaling, PCI planning requirements, cyclic prefix impact on symbol energy, and PRACH parameters and configurations are covered.
Ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) is a key capability of 5G networks that enables applications with stringent requirements for latency of 1ms or less and high reliability. URLLC can support mission-critical applications in industries like autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and factory robotics. 5G aims to provide both low latency and high reliability simultaneously through technologies like edge computing and new radio specifications. Later 5G releases continue enhancing URLLC through features such as redundant transmission paths and physical layer optimizations.
This document summarizes key points from a blog about strategies for rehabilitating a national ICT infrastructure after civil conflict. It recommends conducting a needs analysis and infrastructure audit, then prioritizing initiatives like aligning with e-government objectives, refreshing the IP core through vendor collaboration, securing the network, extending fiber backbones, and conducting a thorough technical and business analysis. The goal is to leverage ICT to drive economic and social progress through initiatives like education, healthcare, and sustainable development.
The document discusses handover procedures in 4G networks. It describes handover basics and procedures in IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks. Advanced handover features in IEEE 802.16m like seamless handover and EBB handover are presented, along with legacy supported handover between IEEE 802.16m and 802.16e networks. Interworking handover procedures between IEEE 802.16m and 3GPP LTE-Advanced networks using layer 2 and layer 3 protocols are also summarized. The document concludes that advanced handover mechanisms in IMT-Advanced systems aim to reduce service interruption time and enhance user experience during handovers.
The document introduces LTE network planning and RNP solutions. It discusses the flat LTE network architecture and protocols including OFDM and MIMO. LTE network planning includes coverage and capacity planning using link budget and capacity estimation. The RNP solution introduces tools for performance enhancement like interference avoidance and co-antenna analysis.
Determine the required delivery characteristics of a packet stream and how a Traffic Management (TM) module can offload compute-intensive tasks. Hear more about the latest innovations in both DPI & TM solutions.
This document provides an overview of a webinar comparing GSM, UMTS, and LTE mobile networks. It introduces the presenters and their backgrounds. The webinar will cover topics such as base station identification codes, frequency reuse, modulation schemes, and data rates for each network standard. It also provides information on Aircom's LTE training and accreditation courses.
This document discusses diagnosing LTE traffic faults through drive testing. It provides probes and indicators for issues related to insufficient resources for scheduling, coding with low values, poor coverage, abnormal receive power, and other potential problems. Diagnosis involves checking for operations and external events that could affect service rates. Specific alarms and their impacts are also listed. The document is marked as confidential information that requires permission before spreading.
This document provides a troubleshooting guide for UMTS access KPI issues. It includes:
1. An overview of the UMTS access signaling flow and definitions of related performance statistics and KPIs.
2. A classification of RRC access failure root causes such as resource congestion, RF problems, and equipment alarms.
3. Guidance on analyzing access failure data and counters to diagnose issues related to causes like CE congestion, power limitations, or code shortages.
4. Recommended solutions for optimizing access performance issues related to resource congestion.
This document provides guidelines for LTE radio frequency (RF) network optimization. It describes the network optimization process including single site verification and RF optimization. Key aspects of RF optimization covered include preparing for optimization by collecting data, analyzing problems related to coverage, signal quality and handover success rate, and adjusting parameters like transmit power, antenna tilts and neighboring cell configurations. Common issues addressed are weak coverage, coverage holes, lack of a dominant cell, and cross coverage between cells. Optimization methods and specific cases are presented to resolve different problems.
This third webinar discusses the fundamentals of LTE Carriers and how LTE mobiles communicate with the network including what factors affect performance.
Wcdma Radio Network Planning And OptimizationPengpeng Song
The document discusses WCDMA radio network planning and optimization, including key topics such as:
1) Fundamentals of WCDMA link budget analysis and radio interface protocol architecture.
2) Radio resource utilization techniques like power control, handover control, and congestion control.
3) Issues of coverage and capacity planning as well as enhancement methods.
4) The process of WCDMA radio network planning including dimensioning, detailed planning, and optimization aspects to address interference.
UMTS/W-CDMA was initially designed for circuit-switched traffic and was not well-suited for growing IP data traffic. 3GPP made improvements through releases 5-8 to enhance HSDPA, HSUPA, and introduce LTE, providing higher data rates and capacity. LTE aims to meet increasing user demands for broadband connectivity by providing peak data rates up to 300 Mbps downlink and 75 Mbps uplink through improved radio interface features and reduced latency below 10ms. LTE can be deployed in existing UMTS bands and supports seamless handover between legacy networks to provide coverage.
The document discusses key performance indicators (KPIs) for GSM base station subsystem (BSS) networks, including the paging success rate KPI. It defines paging success rate, describes factors that affect it such as coverage, interference, and traffic volume. The document also discusses network parameters that impact paging success rate, such as paging times/intervals, paging based on location area versus all cells, and mobility management parameters like T3212. The goal is to understand KPI measurement points and constraints in order to optimize network performance.
This document discusses key factors impacting LTE network performance including expected performance metrics, dependencies, and challenges. It provides an overview of call setup times and throughputs expected under ideal conditions, then discusses how factors like deployment issues, RF interference, backhaul limitations, scheduler configuration, and mobility parameters can negatively influence performance and result in increased call setup times, lower throughputs, and handover failures. The document aims to help network operators identify areas to focus on for optimizing LTE network performance at launch.
The document discusses drive test analysis for mobile networks. It describes the key elements of an effective drive test program including understanding network performance using call and data metrics. The drive test process involves defining test routes and clusters, collecting data, analyzing key performance indicators (KPIs) like call setup success rate and throughput, and troubleshooting issues. Defining test cases, KPIs, and categorizing failures is important for understanding genuine network problems versus measurement errors.
1) The document discusses quality of service (QoS) in LTE networks and the challenges of delivering effective QoS across network elements as mobile broadband subscriptions and demand for differentiated services increases.
2) It explains that the traditional view of end-to-end QoS in networks no longer applies, and effective QoS requires considering questions around upstream traffic, applications, guarantees vs probabilities, and more.
3) Policy management is identified as critical for network congestion management, optimizing service quality, and enhancing monetization through service differentiation according to QoS policies.
This document discusses jitter, latency, and delay in network communications. It provides definitions and explanations of these terms:
1. Jitter is the variation in the delay of received packets caused by network congestion, queuing, or errors, rather than packets being transmitted at an even pace. This can cause gaps in audio if packets are missing.
2. Delay and latency refer to the time it takes a bit to be transmitted from source to destination. Jitter is a type of delay that varies over time.
3. Solutions to reduce jitter include increasing the receive jitter buffer size and delay, using larger RTP packets, and lowering audio quality.
1) The document describes key performance indicators (KPIs) for measuring the performance of an LTE radio network. It discusses KPIs related to accessibility, retainability, mobility, and latency.
2) Accessibility KPIs measure aspects like call setup success rate, RRC setup success rate, and E-RAB setup success rate. Retainability KPIs measure call drop rate and call setup completion rate. Mobility KPIs measure handover success rates within LTE and between LTE and other technologies.
3) For each KPI, the document provides a definition, calculation formula, and description of which network events and counters are needed to measure the KPI. Baseline
The document discusses radio frequency (RF) network planning and optimization. It describes the responsibilities of RF planners, which include designing site plans and frequency plans. It also describes the responsibilities of RF optimization personnel, which include maintaining network performance metrics and studying new features. The document outlines training courses on RF network planning and optimization, covering topics like coverage, capacity, frequency planning, optimization features and parameters, and key performance indicator monitoring.
This Workshop is a fast track Course to cover the basic architecture and functionalities of the LTE-EPC from the Packet Core Perspective.
The course is a little bit advanced and the target Audience is requested to have a basic PS Foundations and Mobility Knowledge as a prerequisite.
The course will cover the LTE-EPC Architecture, Call flows, Mobility and session management in addition to introductory slides for the EPS Security and LTE-DNS.
This document provides an overview and technical details regarding beamforming and sounding reference signal optimization for LTE. It discusses sector beamforming for common channels using weighted factors. It compares RL15 single-stream beamforming (TM7) to RL25 dual-stream beamforming (TM8), describing their implementations. The document also covers sounding reference signal configurations, including hopping patterns and parameters. Performance results and configuration parameters for beamforming are presented.
The document discusses several topics related to LTE cell planning including:
1. The general LTE cell planning process includes information collection, pre-planning, detailed planning, and cell planning which focuses on frequency, tracking area (TA), physical cell ID (PCI), and physical random access channel (PRACH) planning.
2. There are several new frequency bands for LTE including 700MHz, AWS, 2.6GHz, and reusing existing GSM bands.
3. Topics like interference coordination (ICIC), TA planning to reduce signaling, PCI planning requirements, cyclic prefix impact on symbol energy, and PRACH parameters and configurations are covered.
Ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) is a key capability of 5G networks that enables applications with stringent requirements for latency of 1ms or less and high reliability. URLLC can support mission-critical applications in industries like autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and factory robotics. 5G aims to provide both low latency and high reliability simultaneously through technologies like edge computing and new radio specifications. Later 5G releases continue enhancing URLLC through features such as redundant transmission paths and physical layer optimizations.
This document summarizes key points from a blog about strategies for rehabilitating a national ICT infrastructure after civil conflict. It recommends conducting a needs analysis and infrastructure audit, then prioritizing initiatives like aligning with e-government objectives, refreshing the IP core through vendor collaboration, securing the network, extending fiber backbones, and conducting a thorough technical and business analysis. The goal is to leverage ICT to drive economic and social progress through initiatives like education, healthcare, and sustainable development.
Innovations for Better Performing NetworksAviat Networks
This document discusses how Aviat Networks provides solutions to help mobile network operators build smarter, smaller, simpler networks with lower total cost of ownership. It describes how Aviat's portfolio of intelligent packet nodes, compact microwave routers and radios, and network management software enable operators to cost-effectively support new IP and mobile services with greater network capacity, reliability, security and simplified operations. The document also emphasizes that Aviat's solutions combine hardware and software innovations to future-proof operators' networks and help maximize performance as network demands increase.
UMTS/W-CDMA was initially designed for circuit-switched traffic and was not well-suited for growing IP data traffic. 3GPP made improvements through releases 5-8 to enhance HSDPA, HSUPA, and introduce LTE, providing higher data rates and capacity. LTE aims to meet increasing user demands for broadband connectivity by providing peak data rates up to 300 Mbps downlink and 75 Mbps uplink through improved radio interface features and reduced latency below 10ms. LTE can be deployed in both urban and rural areas using various spectrum bands to enable a step-wise upgrade path from UMTS networks.
The document discusses LAN switching as a technology to increase the efficiency of local area networks and solve bandwidth problems. It covers key features of switches like full duplex operation, flow control, static and dynamic switching, cut-through versus store-and-forward switching, and address resolution. It also discusses switch architectures, topologies, virtual LAN capabilities, shopping guidelines, and compares switching to other solutions like upgrading to faster networking technologies or using bridges and routers.
This document discusses introducing IP transport capabilities into the Cello Packet Platform (CPP) telecommunications technology. It notes that voice traffic is being replaced by data traffic, putting new demands on networks to handle both delay-sensitive and packet-oriented traffic. While ATM was considered the solution for quality of service, issues around scalability, administration and cost have emerged. The document outlines six basic principles for IP services in CPP, including embedding an IP router across the main processor cluster and device boards, and fully distributing IPv4/IPv6 forwarding in hardware or software. Introducing IP support in CPP provides benefits to network operators by offering a consistent solution for TDM, ATM and IP transport.
TECHNICAL WHITE PAPER: NetBackup Appliances WAN OptimizationSymantec
In a world of ever increasing data flow as well as globalization of data centers the effectiveness and utilization of the networks connecting sites is of the highest importance to end users. Even with network enhancement and improvement, the ability of the infrastructure to keep pace with the flow of data has proved not to be in lockstep. To optimize the flow of data verses increasing the pipe that is flows along is seen as critical to keeping operations running and costs minimal. This paper discusses the new WAN Optimization technology that has been introduced in the NetBackup 5220 and 5020 appliances.
This document outlines the WAN Optimization feature enhancements introduced on the NetBackup 5220 and NetBackup 5020 and applies to:
• NetBackup 5220 & 5230 appliances with version N2.5 and above installed
• NetBackup 5020 & 5030 appliances with version D1.4.2 and above installed
Advanced Security Management in Metro Ethernet NetworksIJNSA Journal
With the rapid increase in bandwidth and the introduction of advanced IP services including voice, high-speed internet access, and video/IPTV, consumers are more vulnerable to malicious users than ever. In recent years, roviding safe and sound networks and services have been the zenith priority for service providers and network carriers alike. Users are hesitant to subscribe to new services unless service providers guarantee secure connections. More importantly, government agencies of many countries have introduced legislations requiring service providers to keep track and records of owners of IP and MAC addresses at all time. In this paper, we first present an overview of Metro Ethernet (or Ethernet-To-The-Home/Business (ETTx)) and compare with various IP broadband access technologies including DSL, wireless and cable. We then outline major security concerns for Metro Ethernet networks including network and subscriber/end user security. Next we introduce state-of-the-art algorithms to prevent attackers from stealing any IP or MAC addresses. Our proposal is to use network management in conjunction with hardware features for security management to provide a secure and spoofing-free ETTx network. The key idea behind our proposal is to utilize network management to enforce strict (port, MAC, IP) binding in the access network to provide subscriber security. The paper then proposes an adaptive policy-based security controller to quickly identify suspected malicious users, temporarily isolate them without disconnecting them from the network or validating their contracts, and then carry the required analysis. The proposed controller identifies malicious users without compromising between accurate but lengthy traffic analysis and premature decision. It also provides the ability to make granular corrective actions that are adaptive to any defined network condition.
Towards achieving-high-performance-in-5g-mobile-packet-cores-user-plane-functionEiko Seidel
White Paper Intel SK Telekom
This paper presents the architecture for a user plane function (UPF) in the mobile packet core (MPC) targeting 5G deployments.
Network Virtualization using Shortest Path Bridging Motty Ben Atia
SPB is a networking protocol that provides several benefits over traditional networking technologies:
1) It simplifies network design by reducing the core network to a single Ethernet link state protocol that provides virtualization services for bridging, routing, and multicasting.
2) By relying only on end-point provisioning and automatic provisioning through its link state protocol, it allows "build it once and don't touch it" functionality, greatly reducing time to deploy new services.
3) It improves network robustness through sub-second failover times and eliminating spanning tree protocols.
Since the photonic layer is the cheapest on a per-bit, per-function basis, and since
the key imperative before operator's today is to bridge the yawning gap between
exponentially increasing data traffic on the one-hand, and flat-to-declining revenues
on the other, a tighter coupling between the packet and optical layers to derive
operational, management, and deployment efficiencies, has...
This document evaluates the performance of IPTV video streaming over WiMAX networks under different terrain environments, including free space, outdoor to indoor, and pedestrian environments. It uses OPNET simulations to analyze network statistics such as packet loss, path loss, delay, and throughput. The results show that free space terrain has the lowest path loss and packet delay, while outdoor to indoor and pedestrian environments have higher path loss and delay. Specifically, free space path loss was around 100dB while outdoor environments was around 145dB. Additionally, packet loss was highest for outdoor scenarios due to lower signal to noise ratios in those environments. In general, more obstructed environments led to worse performance for IPTV video streaming over WiMAX networks.
5G aims to enable new services through high bandwidth, low latency connectivity. However, some claimed 5G requirements like 100% coverage and five 9's reliability are not actually specified by standards bodies. Realizing 5G's full capabilities will require deploying new cellular infrastructure and upgrading backhaul networks. While 5G introduces innovations in areas like network slicing and mobile edge computing, integrating with web and application communities will depend on 3GPP defining interfaces and networks being upgraded, which can take significant time.
According to a new Gartner report1, “Around 10% of enterprise-generated data is created and processed outside a traditional centralized data center or cloud. By 2022, Gartner predicts this
figure will reach 75%”. In addition to hosting new 5G era services, the other major network operator driver for edge compute and edge clouds is deploying virtualized network infrastructure, replacing many dedicated hardware-based elements with virtual network functions (VNFs) running on general purpose edge compute. Even portions of access networks are being virtualized, and many of these functions need to be deployed close to end users. The combination of these infrastructure and applications drivers is a major reason that so much of 5G era network transformation resolves around edge cloud distribution.
This paper presents a brief overview of today’s mobile backhaul market, outlines the unique challenges facing mobile operators and backhaul transport providers, and suggests strategies for improving network performance and coverage. Key emphasis is on the OAM, resiliency, Quality of Service (QoS) and timing technologies required for cost-efficient backhaul of 2G/3G/4G/LTE and small cells traffic.
The document discusses key technology enablers for 5G networks, including 5G radio, ultra dense heterogeneous networks, mobile edge computing, network function virtualization, software defined networking, network slicing, and internet of things. The objectives of 5G include supporting peak data rates of 10Gbps, guaranteed rates of 50Mbps, latency of 1ms for radio access and 5ms end-to-end, high mobility up to 500km/hr, location accuracy of less than a meter, and connectivity for over 1 million devices per square kilometer. 5G aims to enable a wide range of new applications through these advanced capabilities.
Interesting Whitepaper from #HCLTECH, though a bit old (2016) but good for beginners on 5G and introductory know-how about 5G start with IMT2020. Informative insights.
The document outlines Nokia's vision for mobile networks in 2020, which is to deliver 1 gigabyte of personalized data per user per day profitably through networks that support up to 1000 times more capacity, reinvent telcos for the cloud, flatten total energy consumption, and reduce latency to milliseconds. To achieve this vision, the document discusses key technology advances needed in areas such as radio access, core networks, silicon, software engineering, and network architecture. The goal is for networks to undergo fundamental transformation and remain profitable to support growing data demand and enable real-time experiences.
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