Edema
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Edema is well known as swelling of interstitial space of human body. All medical science students has importance to know about edema. This slide for all medical science students that provides you causes, treatment. categories of edema & i can say, you get information from this slide about edema.
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Edema
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the body that can occur for various reasons. It is classified as either generalized, affecting multiple body areas, or localized affecting a single area. Edema can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, increased vessel permeability, obstruction of lymphatic fluid clearance, or changes in tissue water retention. Common symptoms include weight gain, swollen limbs, distended veins, and crackles in the lungs. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, restricting sodium intake, using diuretics, elevating limbs, and preventing complications. Nurses monitor for worsening symptoms, ensure treatment adherence, and provide skin care to prevent issues.
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of excessive body fluid in interstitial spaces or serous cavities due to diseases rather than being a disease itself. It can be classified based on its range (generalized vs local) or cause (renal, hepatic, cardiac, etc.). Edema develops due to an imbalance in fluid exchange between plasma and tissues or due to renal sodium and water retention. Causes include increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, obstructed lymphatics, increased capillary permeability, and renal issues. Edema fluid characteristics depend on capillary permeability and it can be pitting or recessive with distribution influenced by factors like gravity. Edema generally harms tissues but may help dilute toxins in
Edema
PATHOGENESIS OF EDEMA, TYPES OF EDEMA: Renal edema, Cardiac edema, Pulmonary edema, Cerebral edema, Hepatic edema, Nutritional edema, Myxoedema.
3 hemorrhage
This document discusses hemorrhage, or extravasation of blood due to rupture of blood vessels. Hemorrhage can occur through capillaries due to chronic congestion or hemorrhagic diatheses, or through rupture of a large artery or vein due to vascular injury, trauma, atherosclerosis, or neoplastic erosion of the vessel wall. Manifestations of hemorrhage depend on the size, extent, and location of bleeding and can include hematomas, petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, and accumulations of blood in body cavities. The clinical significance of hemorrhage depends on the volume and rate of blood loss, with losses over 20% potentially resulting in hemorrh
Hemodynamic disorders
Hemodynamics deals with the dynamics of blood flow through the circulatory system. It explains how physical laws govern blood flow and ensures transportation of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide throughout the body to maintain homeostasis. Disorders of hemodynamics can result in issues like edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. These disorders are caused by problems affecting blood vessels, blood flow, coagulation, or the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Understanding hemodynamics is important for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases and conditions.
Hemodynamic disturbance
This document discusses hemodynamic disturbances including edema, hyperemia and congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, infarction, and shock. It provides detailed information on edema, including the pathogenesis of different types such as cardiac, renal, pulmonary, hepatic, and cerebral edema. It also discusses hyperemia and congestion, explaining the differences between active and passive hyperemia. The effects of hemorrhage are outlined. Chronic venous congestion is described along with examples of congestion of the lungs and liver.
Thrombosis
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel. A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains attached. Thrombi develop at sites of endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, or hypercoagulability. Arterial thrombi typically arise at sites of atherosclerosis or turbulence, while venous thrombi occur where blood flow is slow. Treatment involves anticoagulants to prevent thrombi from growing or new clots forming.
Hemolytic anemia and post hemorrhagic syndrome
Hemolytic anemia is a condition where red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them, leading to anemia. It can be caused by intrinsic issues with red blood cells themselves or extrinsic factors like infections, medications, autoimmune disorders, or enlarged organs destroying healthy cells. Symptoms include paleness, fatigue, fever, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests measuring red blood cell counts and liver function. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include blood transfusions, immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, or spleen removal. Posthemorrhagic anemia develops after acute blood loss and is treated by addressing the cause of bleeding with fluids, transfusions, or surgery along
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Edema
Edema is an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the body that can occur for various reasons. It is classified as either generalized, affecting multiple body areas, or localized affecting a single area. Edema can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, increased vessel permeability, obstruction of lymphatic fluid clearance, or changes in tissue water retention. Common symptoms include weight gain, swollen limbs, distended veins, and crackles in the lungs. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, restricting sodium intake, using diuretics, elevating limbs, and preventing complications. Nurses monitor for worsening symptoms, ensure treatment adherence, and provide skin care to prevent issues.
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of excessive body fluid in interstitial spaces or serous cavities due to diseases rather than being a disease itself. It can be classified based on its range (generalized vs local) or cause (renal, hepatic, cardiac, etc.). Edema develops due to an imbalance in fluid exchange between plasma and tissues or due to renal sodium and water retention. Causes include increased capillary pressure, decreased plasma proteins, obstructed lymphatics, increased capillary permeability, and renal issues. Edema fluid characteristics depend on capillary permeability and it can be pitting or recessive with distribution influenced by factors like gravity. Edema generally harms tissues but may help dilute toxins in
Edema
PATHOGENESIS OF EDEMA, TYPES OF EDEMA: Renal edema, Cardiac edema, Pulmonary edema, Cerebral edema, Hepatic edema, Nutritional edema, Myxoedema.
3 hemorrhage
This document discusses hemorrhage, or extravasation of blood due to rupture of blood vessels. Hemorrhage can occur through capillaries due to chronic congestion or hemorrhagic diatheses, or through rupture of a large artery or vein due to vascular injury, trauma, atherosclerosis, or neoplastic erosion of the vessel wall. Manifestations of hemorrhage depend on the size, extent, and location of bleeding and can include hematomas, petechiae, purpura, ecchymoses, and accumulations of blood in body cavities. The clinical significance of hemorrhage depends on the volume and rate of blood loss, with losses over 20% potentially resulting in hemorrh
Hemodynamic disorders
Hemodynamics deals with the dynamics of blood flow through the circulatory system. It explains how physical laws govern blood flow and ensures transportation of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide throughout the body to maintain homeostasis. Disorders of hemodynamics can result in issues like edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, and infarction. These disorders are caused by problems affecting blood vessels, blood flow, coagulation, or the balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Understanding hemodynamics is important for diagnosing and treating cardiovascular diseases and conditions.
Hemodynamic disturbance
This document discusses hemodynamic disturbances including edema, hyperemia and congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, infarction, and shock. It provides detailed information on edema, including the pathogenesis of different types such as cardiac, renal, pulmonary, hepatic, and cerebral edema. It also discusses hyperemia and congestion, explaining the differences between active and passive hyperemia. The effects of hemorrhage are outlined. Chronic venous congestion is described along with examples of congestion of the lungs and liver.
Thrombosis
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel. A thrombus is a blood clot that forms in a vessel and remains attached. Thrombi develop at sites of endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, or hypercoagulability. Arterial thrombi typically arise at sites of atherosclerosis or turbulence, while venous thrombi occur where blood flow is slow. Treatment involves anticoagulants to prevent thrombi from growing or new clots forming.
Hemolytic anemia and post hemorrhagic syndrome
Hemolytic anemia is a condition where red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them, leading to anemia. It can be caused by intrinsic issues with red blood cells themselves or extrinsic factors like infections, medications, autoimmune disorders, or enlarged organs destroying healthy cells. Symptoms include paleness, fatigue, fever, and abdominal pain. Diagnosis involves blood tests measuring red blood cell counts and liver function. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause but may include blood transfusions, immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, or spleen removal. Posthemorrhagic anemia develops after acute blood loss and is treated by addressing the cause of bleeding with fluids, transfusions, or surgery along
SHOCK
Subject: Medical Surgical Nursing / Adult Health Nursing
Title: Shock
Prepared by: Misfa Khatun, Nursing tutor
Content:
- Introduction
- Definition of Shock
- Classify Shock
- Stages of Shock
- Enumerate the Causes of shock
- Pathophysiology of Shock
- Identify the Signs and symptoms of Shock
- First ais management of Shock
- Treatment of Shock
- Management of Shock
- Nursing management of Shock
Hyperaemia, congestion and haemorrhage
Hyperaemia and congestion both refer to an increased volume of blood in vessels. Hyperaemia is an active process involving arteriolar dilation that brings more blood to an area, while congestion is passive with impaired drainage causing blood accumulation. There are physiological and pathological forms. Pathological hyperaemia can be acute or chronic, localized or generalized, and active via increased arterial flow or passive due to impaired venous drainage. Chronic passive hyperaemia develops slowly over time from obstructions like tumors or abscesses blocking venous drainage. Congestive heart failure is an example of chronic generalized passive hyperaemia. Hyperaemia is identifiable by tissue color changes and swelling due to increased blood volume.
Types of Shock
Shock is a life-threatening condition defined by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. It can be caused by hypovolemia, cardiac dysfunction, or vasodilation. The main symptoms include low blood pressure, fast heart rate, fast breathing, and decreased urine output. Untreated shock can lead to organ failure and death. Treatment focuses on restoring circulating volume and oxygen delivery through fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, and treating the underlying cause. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential for recovery.
Hemodynamics congestion & hyperemia
This document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, and hemorrhage. It defines each term and describes the microscopic findings associated with congestion in different organs. Edema is an increase in fluid in the interstitial space, while hyperemia and congestion both refer to increased blood volume in a tissue. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation, while congestion is passive due to impaired venous outflow. Congestion of the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys can result in centrilobular necrosis, thickening of alveolar septa, enlargement and fibrosis of the spleen, and mild changes to the kidneys respectively. Hem
Etiology, pathogenesis & Morphology of thrombosis.pptx
This document discusses thrombosis, including its etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and fate. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. The three main factors that lead to thrombosis are endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi form initially at the site of injury and then can propagate or embolize. Over time thrombi may dissolve, organize through recanalization, or remain as fibrous tissue within the blood vessel wall.
Shock
This document discusses shock, including its definition, stages, types, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic evaluation. Shock is defined as inadequate tissue perfusion resulting from low blood pressure and cardiac output. It discusses the initial, compensatory, progressive and irreversible stages of shock. The main types covered are hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, neurogenic and anaphylactic shock. For each type the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations are outlined. The diagnostic evaluation of shock involves medical history, physical exam, lab tests and imaging to identify the underlying cause and guide treatment.
Haemodynamic disorders , thromboembolism and shock by Dr Nadeem (RMC)
The document discusses various haemodynamic disorders including thrombosis, embolism, shock, hyperemia, congestion, and edema. It provides details on the pathophysiology and morphological changes seen in these conditions.
Hyperemia is an active process resulting from increased blood flow due to arteriolar dilation, causing engorged tissue that appears red. Congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired outflow, causing tissue to appear bluish-red due to accumulation of deoxygenated blood.
Pulmonary congestion microscopically shows engorged alveolar capillaries and edema, while chronic pulmonary congestion shows thickened fibrotic septa and hemosiderin
Pathology of hemodynamic disorders Part 1 nov 2017 Sufia Husain
This document provides an overview of hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, and infarction. It begins by defining edema and its various types. It then discusses hyperemia and congestion, distinguishing between the active process of hyperemia and the passive process of congestion. The document outlines the causes, pathogenesis and morphology of thrombosis. It also discusses endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulable states as they relate to the development of thrombosis. Specific conditions that can lead to endothelial dysfunction and abnormal blood flow are highlighted.
HYPERAEMIA & CONGESTION
This document discusses chronic venous congestion (CVC) and its effects on various organs. It describes how CVC results in localized blood volume increase within dilated vessels. It then summarizes the gross and microscopic findings of CVC in the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys. The lungs show brown induration and thickened alveolar septa. The liver has a nutmeg appearance and centrilobular necrosis. The spleen exhibits congestion and fibrosis. The kidneys demonstrate mild degenerative changes. Hemorrhage and its causes, effects based on amount/speed of blood loss are also outlined.
Hemodynamics 1
This document summarizes hemodynamic disorders and edema. It defines edema as abnormal excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues and serous cavities. Edema can be localized or generalized depending on its cause and distribution. The key mechanisms of edema formation are increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium and water retention. Specific types of edema like pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, hepatic edema, and renal edema are also discussed. The document compares the characteristics of transudate and exudate fluids and provides diagrams to illustrate the pathogenesis of different types of edema.
CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES OF OBSTRUCTIVE NATURE - THROMBOSIS
This document discusses thrombosis and thrombus formation. It defines thrombosis as the formation of a solid mass or thrombus in the circulation from blood components. It notes that thrombi can cause harmful effects like ischemic injury by decreasing blood flow or thromboembolism by breaking off and lodging in distant vessels. It describes the pathophysiology of thrombus formation including endothelial injury, altered blood flow, hypercoagulability, platelet activation, and coagulation system activation. It discusses different types of thrombi, their morphology, composition and distinguishing features. It also covers hypercoagulable states, causes of thrombosis, and the potential fates of thrombi.
Circulatory disorders
This document discusses several circulatory disorders including hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, and thrombosis. Hyperemia and congestion both involve increased blood volume in tissues but have different mechanisms. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation while congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired venous outflow. Hemorrhage is defined as blood escaping from vessels, and can be classified by site, size, vessel type, and timing relative to trauma. Thrombosis is the formation of blood clots and can result from endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow like stasis or turbulence, or a hypercoagulable state of the blood.
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. It occurs when there is increased hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid out of blood vessels or decreased plasma oncotic pressure pulling fluid back into blood vessels. The two main types of edema fluid are transudate, which is low in protein, and exudate, which is high in protein due to increased vascular permeability. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from conditions like heart failure or DVT, reduced plasma proteins from liver or kidney disease, lymphatic obstruction, sodium and water retention by the kidneys, and increased vascular permeability during inflammation.
Thrombosis
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow. It can cause serious complications in organs like the brain and lungs. A thrombus forms through platelet adhesion and aggregation at the site of injury, followed by coagulation and fibrin formation around the platelet plug. Virchow's triad outlines the factors of abnormal blood flow, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability that contribute to thrombosis. Venous thrombosis typically occurs in the leg veins, while arterial thrombosis is often associated with atherosclerosis and causes such events as myocardial infarction.
Edema ppt
This document discusses edema, including its causes, pathology, classification, and characteristics. It summarizes:
1) Edema can be caused by vascular factors like increased capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased plasma osmotic pressure, or by tissue factors like acute inflammation or sodium retention.
2) Edema is classified as either generalized, affecting multiple body regions, or localized to a specific site. Generalized edema includes cardiac, renal, and nutritional edema, while localized includes inflammatory, venous obstruction, and lymphatic obstruction edema.
3) The characteristics of edema depend on its cause, such as cardiac edema appearing as pitting edema due to right-sided heart failure, while renal edema is generalized and non
5. bleeding disorder
This document discusses hemostasis, bleeding disorders, and platelet disorders. It begins by explaining normal hemostasis and the mechanisms involved in maintaining a fluid blood state and forming clots at sites of injury. It then defines bleeding disorders as problems with blood clotting that result in abnormal bleeding. Common causes discussed include defects in blood vessels or blood itself, clotting factor deficiencies, platelet abnormalities, and liver disease. Finally, it examines several specific platelet disorders like thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and those resulting from bone marrow infiltration or disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Shock
Shock is defined as inadequate tissue perfusion resulting in decreased oxygen delivery and buildup of waste, and can progress from early compensated stages to intermediate stages involving organ damage and late irreversible stages involving multiple organ failure. The document outlines the pathophysiology and stages of shock including effects on body systems, clinical markers, causes, and treatment focusing on restoring tissue perfusion through fluid resuscitation and management of the underlying cause.
Embolism
An embolism is the obstruction of blood vessels by a mass or clot that has detached from its origin and traveled through the bloodstream. Embolisms can be classified based on the material causing the obstruction and the source and direction of blood flow. Common types of embolisms include pulmonary, fat, air, amniotic fluid, and tumor embolisms. Pulmonary embolisms originate in the lower leg veins and are caused by stasis, hypercoagulability, or a saddle embolism. Fat embolisms result from trauma or medical conditions and obstruct arterioles and capillaries. Decompression sickness is a form of gas embolism that affects scuba divers or caisson workers
Hyperemia and congestion edema
1. Hyperemia and congestion refer to localized increases in blood volume within dilated vessels and are associated with edema.
2. Edema occurs when hydrostatic pressure is increased or oncotic pressure is decreased, overwhelming the lymphatic system and causing fluid accumulation in tissues.
3. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from heart failure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation.
OEDEMA.pptx
Edema is the excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces or serous cavities of the body. There are several main causes of edema including increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium retention. Increased hydrostatic pressure can be caused by conditions like heart failure or liver cirrhosis. Reduced plasma oncotic pressure occurs when albumin levels are low due to issues like nephrotic syndrome or malnutrition. Lymphatic obstruction results from inflammation, malignancy, or parasites blocking lymphatic drainage. Sodium retention leads to water retention when the kidneys cannot excrete excess salt. Management of edema focuses on increasing circulation, raising the affected area, massage
1 edema
The document discusses edema and fluid balance in the body. It describes the normal circulation of fluid between blood and tissues, mediated by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Edema occurs when there is increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or impaired lymphatic drainage. Specific types of edema discussed include cardiac, hepatic, pulmonary, cerebral, and lymphatic edema. Sites of common edema and clinical significance are also reviewed.
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SHOCK
Subject: Medical Surgical Nursing / Adult Health Nursing
Title: Shock
Prepared by: Misfa Khatun, Nursing tutor
Content:
- Introduction
- Definition of Shock
- Classify Shock
- Stages of Shock
- Enumerate the Causes of shock
- Pathophysiology of Shock
- Identify the Signs and symptoms of Shock
- First ais management of Shock
- Treatment of Shock
- Management of Shock
- Nursing management of Shock
Hyperaemia, congestion and haemorrhage
Hyperaemia and congestion both refer to an increased volume of blood in vessels. Hyperaemia is an active process involving arteriolar dilation that brings more blood to an area, while congestion is passive with impaired drainage causing blood accumulation. There are physiological and pathological forms. Pathological hyperaemia can be acute or chronic, localized or generalized, and active via increased arterial flow or passive due to impaired venous drainage. Chronic passive hyperaemia develops slowly over time from obstructions like tumors or abscesses blocking venous drainage. Congestive heart failure is an example of chronic generalized passive hyperaemia. Hyperaemia is identifiable by tissue color changes and swelling due to increased blood volume.
Types of Shock
Shock is a life-threatening condition defined by inadequate tissue perfusion and oxygen delivery. It can be caused by hypovolemia, cardiac dysfunction, or vasodilation. The main symptoms include low blood pressure, fast heart rate, fast breathing, and decreased urine output. Untreated shock can lead to organ failure and death. Treatment focuses on restoring circulating volume and oxygen delivery through fluid resuscitation, vasopressors, and treating the underlying cause. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential for recovery.
Hemodynamics congestion & hyperemia
This document discusses various hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, and hemorrhage. It defines each term and describes the microscopic findings associated with congestion in different organs. Edema is an increase in fluid in the interstitial space, while hyperemia and congestion both refer to increased blood volume in a tissue. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation, while congestion is passive due to impaired venous outflow. Congestion of the liver, lungs, spleen, and kidneys can result in centrilobular necrosis, thickening of alveolar septa, enlargement and fibrosis of the spleen, and mild changes to the kidneys respectively. Hem
Etiology, pathogenesis & Morphology of thrombosis.pptx
This document discusses thrombosis, including its etiology, pathogenesis, morphology, and fate. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel. The three main factors that lead to thrombosis are endothelial injury, changes in blood flow, and hypercoagulability. Thrombi form initially at the site of injury and then can propagate or embolize. Over time thrombi may dissolve, organize through recanalization, or remain as fibrous tissue within the blood vessel wall.
Shock
This document discusses shock, including its definition, stages, types, signs and symptoms, and diagnostic evaluation. Shock is defined as inadequate tissue perfusion resulting from low blood pressure and cardiac output. It discusses the initial, compensatory, progressive and irreversible stages of shock. The main types covered are hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, neurogenic and anaphylactic shock. For each type the causes, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations are outlined. The diagnostic evaluation of shock involves medical history, physical exam, lab tests and imaging to identify the underlying cause and guide treatment.
Haemodynamic disorders , thromboembolism and shock by Dr Nadeem (RMC)
The document discusses various haemodynamic disorders including thrombosis, embolism, shock, hyperemia, congestion, and edema. It provides details on the pathophysiology and morphological changes seen in these conditions.
Hyperemia is an active process resulting from increased blood flow due to arteriolar dilation, causing engorged tissue that appears red. Congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired outflow, causing tissue to appear bluish-red due to accumulation of deoxygenated blood.
Pulmonary congestion microscopically shows engorged alveolar capillaries and edema, while chronic pulmonary congestion shows thickened fibrotic septa and hemosiderin
Pathology of hemodynamic disorders Part 1 nov 2017 Sufia Husain
This document provides an overview of hemodynamic disorders including edema, hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, thrombosis, and infarction. It begins by defining edema and its various types. It then discusses hyperemia and congestion, distinguishing between the active process of hyperemia and the passive process of congestion. The document outlines the causes, pathogenesis and morphology of thrombosis. It also discusses endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow, and hypercoagulable states as they relate to the development of thrombosis. Specific conditions that can lead to endothelial dysfunction and abnormal blood flow are highlighted.
HYPERAEMIA & CONGESTION
This document discusses chronic venous congestion (CVC) and its effects on various organs. It describes how CVC results in localized blood volume increase within dilated vessels. It then summarizes the gross and microscopic findings of CVC in the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys. The lungs show brown induration and thickened alveolar septa. The liver has a nutmeg appearance and centrilobular necrosis. The spleen exhibits congestion and fibrosis. The kidneys demonstrate mild degenerative changes. Hemorrhage and its causes, effects based on amount/speed of blood loss are also outlined.
Hemodynamics 1
This document summarizes hemodynamic disorders and edema. It defines edema as abnormal excessive accumulation of fluid in tissues and serous cavities. Edema can be localized or generalized depending on its cause and distribution. The key mechanisms of edema formation are increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium and water retention. Specific types of edema like pulmonary edema, cerebral edema, hepatic edema, and renal edema are also discussed. The document compares the characteristics of transudate and exudate fluids and provides diagrams to illustrate the pathogenesis of different types of edema.
CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES OF OBSTRUCTIVE NATURE - THROMBOSIS
This document discusses thrombosis and thrombus formation. It defines thrombosis as the formation of a solid mass or thrombus in the circulation from blood components. It notes that thrombi can cause harmful effects like ischemic injury by decreasing blood flow or thromboembolism by breaking off and lodging in distant vessels. It describes the pathophysiology of thrombus formation including endothelial injury, altered blood flow, hypercoagulability, platelet activation, and coagulation system activation. It discusses different types of thrombi, their morphology, composition and distinguishing features. It also covers hypercoagulable states, causes of thrombosis, and the potential fates of thrombi.
Circulatory disorders
This document discusses several circulatory disorders including hyperemia, congestion, hemorrhage, and thrombosis. Hyperemia and congestion both involve increased blood volume in tissues but have different mechanisms. Hyperemia is an active process of arteriolar dilation while congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired venous outflow. Hemorrhage is defined as blood escaping from vessels, and can be classified by site, size, vessel type, and timing relative to trauma. Thrombosis is the formation of blood clots and can result from endothelial injury, abnormal blood flow like stasis or turbulence, or a hypercoagulable state of the blood.
Edema
Edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. It occurs when there is increased hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid out of blood vessels or decreased plasma oncotic pressure pulling fluid back into blood vessels. The two main types of edema fluid are transudate, which is low in protein, and exudate, which is high in protein due to increased vascular permeability. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from conditions like heart failure or DVT, reduced plasma proteins from liver or kidney disease, lymphatic obstruction, sodium and water retention by the kidneys, and increased vascular permeability during inflammation.
Thrombosis
Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) inside a blood vessel, obstructing blood flow. It can cause serious complications in organs like the brain and lungs. A thrombus forms through platelet adhesion and aggregation at the site of injury, followed by coagulation and fibrin formation around the platelet plug. Virchow's triad outlines the factors of abnormal blood flow, endothelial dysfunction, and hypercoagulability that contribute to thrombosis. Venous thrombosis typically occurs in the leg veins, while arterial thrombosis is often associated with atherosclerosis and causes such events as myocardial infarction.
Edema ppt
This document discusses edema, including its causes, pathology, classification, and characteristics. It summarizes:
1) Edema can be caused by vascular factors like increased capillary hydrostatic pressure or decreased plasma osmotic pressure, or by tissue factors like acute inflammation or sodium retention.
2) Edema is classified as either generalized, affecting multiple body regions, or localized to a specific site. Generalized edema includes cardiac, renal, and nutritional edema, while localized includes inflammatory, venous obstruction, and lymphatic obstruction edema.
3) The characteristics of edema depend on its cause, such as cardiac edema appearing as pitting edema due to right-sided heart failure, while renal edema is generalized and non
5. bleeding disorder
This document discusses hemostasis, bleeding disorders, and platelet disorders. It begins by explaining normal hemostasis and the mechanisms involved in maintaining a fluid blood state and forming clots at sites of injury. It then defines bleeding disorders as problems with blood clotting that result in abnormal bleeding. Common causes discussed include defects in blood vessels or blood itself, clotting factor deficiencies, platelet abnormalities, and liver disease. Finally, it examines several specific platelet disorders like thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and those resulting from bone marrow infiltration or disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Shock
Shock is defined as inadequate tissue perfusion resulting in decreased oxygen delivery and buildup of waste, and can progress from early compensated stages to intermediate stages involving organ damage and late irreversible stages involving multiple organ failure. The document outlines the pathophysiology and stages of shock including effects on body systems, clinical markers, causes, and treatment focusing on restoring tissue perfusion through fluid resuscitation and management of the underlying cause.
Embolism
An embolism is the obstruction of blood vessels by a mass or clot that has detached from its origin and traveled through the bloodstream. Embolisms can be classified based on the material causing the obstruction and the source and direction of blood flow. Common types of embolisms include pulmonary, fat, air, amniotic fluid, and tumor embolisms. Pulmonary embolisms originate in the lower leg veins and are caused by stasis, hypercoagulability, or a saddle embolism. Fat embolisms result from trauma or medical conditions and obstruct arterioles and capillaries. Decompression sickness is a form of gas embolism that affects scuba divers or caisson workers
Hyperemia and congestion edema
1. Hyperemia and congestion refer to localized increases in blood volume within dilated vessels and are associated with edema.
2. Edema occurs when hydrostatic pressure is increased or oncotic pressure is decreased, overwhelming the lymphatic system and causing fluid accumulation in tissues.
3. Common causes of edema include increased venous pressure from heart failure, decreased plasma proteins, lymphatic obstruction, sodium retention, and inflammation.
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Pathology of hemodynamic disorders Part 1 nov 2017 Sufia Husain
Pathology of hemodynamic disorders Part 1 nov 2017 Sufia Husain
CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES OF OBSTRUCTIVE NATURE - THROMBOSIS
CIRCULATORY DISTURBANCES OF OBSTRUCTIVE NATURE - THROMBOSIS
Similar to Edema
OEDEMA.pptx
Edema is the excessive accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces or serous cavities of the body. There are several main causes of edema including increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium retention. Increased hydrostatic pressure can be caused by conditions like heart failure or liver cirrhosis. Reduced plasma oncotic pressure occurs when albumin levels are low due to issues like nephrotic syndrome or malnutrition. Lymphatic obstruction results from inflammation, malignancy, or parasites blocking lymphatic drainage. Sodium retention leads to water retention when the kidneys cannot excrete excess salt. Management of edema focuses on increasing circulation, raising the affected area, massage
1 edema
The document discusses edema and fluid balance in the body. It describes the normal circulation of fluid between blood and tissues, mediated by hydrostatic and oncotic pressures. Edema occurs when there is increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, or impaired lymphatic drainage. Specific types of edema discussed include cardiac, hepatic, pulmonary, cerebral, and lymphatic edema. Sites of common edema and clinical significance are also reviewed.
Edema
Edema can be caused by increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, or lymphatic obstruction. Increased hydrostatic pressure can result from heart failure, liver cirrhosis, or venous obstruction. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure occurs when albumin is lost, such as in nephrotic syndrome, or not produced sufficiently, as in liver disease or malnutrition. Lymphatic obstruction leads to localized edema and can be caused by infection, cancer, or surgery. Edema fluid accumulation in tissues can impair function and be life-threatening in the lungs or brain.
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Edema
Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the interstitial spaces of tissues. It can occur locally or systemically. There are several mechanisms that can cause edema, including increased hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, and sodium/water retention. Localized edema can be caused by inflammation, venous obstruction, or decreased plasma proteins. Systemic edema is often seen in conditions like congestive heart failure and nephrotic syndrome. Symptoms of edema include swelling, skin indentation, and weight gain.
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Edema..ppt
It is a ppt about on Edema. This ppt helps you to know about Edema disease.Edema is a common disease with various impacts on our daily life.
Edema by ijaz alam
Edema is the abnormal accumulation of fluid in body tissues. It can occur intracellularly or extracellularly. Intracellular edema is caused by fluid accumulation inside cells due to issues like low sodium levels or metabolic problems. Extracellular edema has multiple causes, including increased capillary permeability from infections or burns; increased capillary pressure from kidney issues or high venous pressure; decreased plasma proteins from kidney damage or burns; or blockages in lymph vessels from cancer, infections, or surgery. The lymphatic system plays an important role in fluid balance, and lymphedema occurs when lymph vessels fail to return fluid and proteins to the bloodstream.
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2. It explains thrombosis as the pathologic formation of an intravascular blood clot, which most commonly occurs in the deep veins of the leg. The pathogenesis of thrombosis involves endothelial injury, turbulence or stasis of blood flow, and hypercoagulability.
3. Locations of thrombus formation are discussed, noting the most common sites for arterial thrombi like the coronary and cerebral arteries, and venous thrombi which most often affect the lower extremities.
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4. Treatment principles for different types of shock including fluid resuscitation and management of underlying causes like bleeding control or cardiac dysfunction. Outcomes can include
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This document discusses shock, which is a profound hemodynamic and metabolic disturbance characterized by failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate organ perfusion. There are four main types of shock: cardiogenic, hypovolemic, distributive, and obstructive. The document outlines the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management of each type of shock. It emphasizes the importance of early goal-directed therapy and treatment of the underlying cause of shock to increase cardiac output and tissue perfusion in order to prevent multiple organ dysfunction.
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Edema
- 1. Presentation on Edema Submitted by: Md. Kabir Hasan Kaium Department of Pharmacy Jagannath University, Dhaka
- 2. An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid within tissue is called edema
- 3. Symptoms Mosquito bite Food allergies Leg edema can make feel heavy
- 4. . . .. . . . . . .. .. CapillaryArteriol End Venous End To Thoracic Duct Lymphatics Albumin Interstitial space
- 5. Pathophysiological Categories & Causes of edema A. Increased Hydrostatic pressure of capillary 1.Congestive heart failure 2.Constrictive pericarditis 3.Venous Obstruction B. Reduced plasma osmotic pressure 1.Malnutrition 2.Liver cirrhosis 3.Nephrotic syndrome
- 6. C. Lymphatic obstruction (edema known as Lymphedema) 1.Surgery 2.Tumor & Inflammation D. Sodium retention 1.Increased tubular reabsorption of sodium 2.Increased renin-angiotensin-aldosterone E. Inflammation 1.Acute inflammation 2.Chronic inflammation 3.Anglogensis
- 7. Heart Failure Renal Blood Flow Activation of renin- angiotensin system Retention of sodium & water Blood volume Capillary hydrostatic pressure Malnutrition Hepatic synthesis Nephrotic syndrome Plasma Albumin Plasma osmotic pressure Edema Pathway leading to systemic edema from primary heart failure, primary renal failure, reduced plasma osmotic pressure: Renal Failure
- 8. Treatment of Edema 1. Leg edema related to congestive heart failure or liver disease can be treated with a diuretic. When you can pee more, fluid from the legs can flow back into the blood 2. A tumor that blocks blood or lymph can sometimes be shrunk or removed with surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation 3. Take allergy medications to treat swelling from allergies.
- 9. Thank You