• In the field of administration and supervision, principle is accepted as a
fundamental truth. Principle is considered as a law, a doctrine, a policy, or deep-
seated beliefs which governs the conduct of various type of human activities. For
the administration and supervisor, it is very important to have good principles
because these will serve as his guide reflective thinking and his choice of program
of activities.
• Administration and supervision must be evaluated in the light of their results. The
team evaluation implies a purpose to ascertain the values of an enterprise. To
evaluate something, then is to determine the adequacy of some parts of elements
of the constituency with reference to some other parts of the inclusive whole.
• Responsibility and control in matters of school administration and supervision
must ran parallel throughout the system. The principle of parallelism of duties is
the particular sphere to which the school administrator or supervisor is assigned
and for which is responsible. This principle is the foundation stone for anyform of
democratic practice.

Uses Of Principle In School Administration And Supervision
1. Principles are means by which the administrator and supervisor proceed from
one situation to another. It means that in the operation or in
administering/supervising functions, there is an organized step by step
schedule or program of activities to be followed.
2. Principles are instrumental in improving teaching- learning process. Since
every administrator or supervisor as well as teachers want the best learning
outcomes on instruction and all other learning activities.
3. Principle makes for enormous economy of time and effort in choosing
techniques to be used. The meaning principle directs us on what is the
appropriate techniques to be used effectively in the operation of administrative
and supervisory functions.

Uses Of Principle In School Administration And Supervision
4. Principle eliminate much of the trial and error practices. Through it, we can avoid
waste of time on what to do, but instead they give us direction or point of
destination.
5. Principle greatly aid in the discovery of new techniques. They are hypothesis that
direct search for new techniques in school administration and supervision.
6. Principles are needed to guide the choice and sequence of techniques at hand.
7. Principles aid in the evaluation of techniques, for they furnish a broader basis by
which to judge the techniques used in the school administration and supervision, it
is not only used to determine on what appropriate techniques to be used, but it can
also serve measurement/basis as to how effective is the technique or procedure.

Uses Of Principle In School Administration And Supervision
8. Principle define the items, which must be scrutinized in evaluating the results.
This implies the better understanding of the fundamental principles and
functions of school administration and supervision.
9. Principles are used to evaluate the success of administrative and supervisory
programs. Administration and supervision are also directed and evaluated in
terms of principles.
10. Principles lead the administrators and supervisors to further for they are
dynamic and not static. Being a teacher, we are also an administrator and
supervisors in the real classroom situations; we must see to it that our
principles and techniques used are open for any changes.

General Principles In School Administration And Supervision
1. School administrator and supervisor must be democratic; It
means that we have to recognize individual diffirences, respect
one’s personality, and extend consideration to all. It aimed to
give the fullest measure of freedom to the individual to develop
his maximum capacities so as long as the development does not
interface or create conflicts with the welfare rights of others.
There is a cooperative interaction so that the best minds among
members will emerge.

Characteristics Of Autocratic And Democratic
Administrator/Supervisor Presented By Koopman, Mial And Minser
AUTOCRATIC
1. Think he can sit by himself and
see all angles of the problem
2. Does not know how to use the
experience of others.
3. Cannot bear to let any of the
strings of management slip
duties from his fingers.
DEMOCRATIC
1. Realizes the potential power in
thirty or fifty brains.
2. Knows how to utilize that power.
3. Knows how to delegate duties.
4. Free himself from details in order
to run his energy to creative
leadership.

Characteristics Of Autocratic And Democratic
Administrator/Supervisor Presented By Koopman, Mial And Minser
AUTOCRATIC
4. Is so tied to routine details that
the seldom tackles his target job.
5. Is jealous of ideas; reacts in one
of the several ways when
someone makes a proposal.
6. Makes decisions that should
have concern been made by
group
DEMOCRATIC
5. Is quick to recognize and praise
an idea comes from someone else
or others.
6. Refers to the group all matters.
7. Maintains the adviser both on
personal and professional
matters.
8. Wishes to be respected as an
individual as he respects ohers.

Characteristics Of Autocratic And Democratic
Administrator/Supervisor Presented By Koopman, Mial And Minser
AUTOCRATIC
7. Adopts paternalistic attitude position of “
I friendly, helpful towards the group”.
8. Expects hero-worship, giggles with fair
and just with delight at his attempts at
humour and so forth.
9. Does not admit even to himself that he
is autocramtic.
10. Sacrifices everything teachers, students
involved than with freedom.
11. Gives other to a few opportunities for
leadership.
12. Is greedy for publicity.
DEMOCRATIC
9. Consciously practices democratic
practices.
10. Is more concerned with the growth of
progress to the end of a smooth-
running individuals from annoyances.
11. Believes that as many individuals as
possible should have opportunities to
take responsibility and exercise
leadership.
12. Pushes others into the foreground so
that they taste success.

General Principles In School Administration And
Supervision
2. School administration and supervision must be cooperative. This implies
group action. There’s strength in cooperation and progress results from
combined efforts of all.
3. School administration and supervision to be effective it must be scientific.
Emphasizes that the use of scientific principle and that the solution of
problems should be based on facts.
4. School administration and supervision must be based on accepted
educational philosophy. Philosophy is a background of the theory of
knowledge and beliefs which explains and justifies a selected way of life.
Educational philosophy affects the thinking and resultant actions of the
leaders who control public school’s administration and supervision.

General Principles In School Administration And Supervision
4. Example is the Dewey’s educational philosophy that “ education is life, growth is a social
process and a reconstruction of human experiences” which becomes now the guiding
philosophy of the Philippine Educational System. The outstanding point here is the
integration of personality which possesses a well-developed standard of values, giving
consistency and unity to all thinking, feeling and acting. This guiding philosophy of our
educational system is well-outlined in the Philippine Consititution in terms of objectives
namely;
• Development Of Moral And Personal Discipline
• Civic Conscience
• Vocational Efficiency
• Citizenship Training

General Principles In School Administration And
Supervision
5. School administration and supervision must be creative. This means
initiating, suggesting, devising, inventing, experimenting or producing
something new. Creative administration and supervision encourage growth.
This provides opportunity for the teachers and pupils to grow through the
exercise of their talents and abilities under expert and professional guidance
and encouragement.
6. Administration and Supervision must be evaluated in the lights of their
results. It has been pointed out that only by knowing as accurate possible
the result of administration and provision for example may be determined
either through application of criteria designed to judge of the activities
performed or through the measurement of the immediate outsomes of the
program.

General Principles In School Administration And
Supervision
7. Responsibility and control matters of school administration and supervision must
run parallel throughout the system. This principle of parallelism of duties is the
particular sphere to which the school administrator or supervisor is assigned and
for which he is responsible. In the distribution of function between the School
Principal and Division Superintendent for example this principle governs. The
principal is the in charge of the school in all phases of activities as instructions.
However, it is also the duties of the superintendent to hire or appoint teachers,
opening classes, or any other related function outside the school. More often,
division and district supervisors come into conflicts with the boundary line of their
respective function. To avoid this, there be a deeper understanding and clear
definition of duties.
8. School Administration must be distinguished from Supervision. As we know that
more misunderstanding and possibly more neglect of duties, there must be a
clear and complete specifications of functions.

General Principles In School Administration And
Supervision
9. School administration and Supervision must be preventive and
constructive. Any help that an administrator or supervisor can
give to the teachers so that they may avoid mistakes is
commendable. This kind of assistance is especially valuable to
the beginners in the school or to the new comers to the teaching
position.
10.School administration and supervision must be flexible. Flexibility
here is characterized by its being adopted and readily adjust to
meet the requirement of changing conditions.

General Principles In School Administration And
Supervision
This also covers the following:
• Flexibility of school building- the adaptability of the school subjects as to the
needs and interest of the pupils.
• Flexibility of objectives and teaching procedures- the adaptability of aims
and methods to meet the conditions of different schools, teaching personnel,
student population and communities.
• Flexibility of instructional materials and devices- the adaptability
differences of the pupils varied training and experiences of the teaching
personnel.
• Flexibility of the school requirement and standard norm- the adaptability
of procedures to fit the individualities of the pupils, teachers, supervisors and
administrators.

Other Principles Of Administration And Supervision
1. The teacher’s participation should be stimulated in the kind of education that
will provide good citizenship training.
2. There should be developed and put into practice the kind of curriculum that
guarantees continuous pupil- growth.
3. The educational program of the school should embody the cooperative efforts
of faculty and students alike,
4. The building and equipment should be used to maximum capacity.
5. All school facilities should be utilized that every child is given an opportunity
to participate in the educational offerings of the school.

Other Principles Of Administration And Supervision
6. The various members of the school personnel should be assigned in such a
way that everyone can utilize his energies towards the achievement of
maximum capacity.
7. The formulation of school policies should follow democratic principles of
faculty and pupil’s participation and cooperation.
8. The authority that delegated by the principal to the members of his staff
should be used wisely.
9. Well- trained teachers and other personnel should be secured and then
should be given the freedom of activity that is commensurate with the ability
to use it effectively.
10.All educational responsibilities should be defined carefully and specifically,
and they should be understood by all concern.

Other Principles Of Administration And Supervision
11.The best interest of the entire school should be basic to any
decision that is relative to the welfae of the pupils, teachers, or
the school in general.
12.The leadership of the principal should be such as to inspire all
pupils and teachers alike toward better and more complete
accomplishment.
13.An attitude of constructive rather than destructive criticism
should be the characteristic of all members of the staff and of the
staff and of the student body.

10 Major Principles To Cover The Field Of Supervision
Of Peckham Are The Following:
1. Cooperation
2. Leadership
3. Planning
4. Integration
5. Creativity
6. Flexibility
7. Considerateness
8. Community Orientation
9. Objective
10. Evaluation

The Need for Democratic Administration and
Efficient Supervision
• If public education is to be cornerstone of the democratic order, it is
essential that the public system be administered and supervised on a
democratic basis.
• The acceptance of democratic theories of administration and
supervision is widespread.
• As a democratic theories of administration and supervision are being
implemented, it is important that we do not insist on democratic
procedures just because we think we should be democratic.

The Need for Democratic Administration and
Efficient Supervision
• A democratic type of administration and supervision is consistent
with the democratic philosophy of life which the Philippines has
adopted.
• Democracy in school administration and supervision can be
achieved only as the personnel understand and practice democratic
methods.
• It can be said; therefore that democratic administration and
supervision must be based on human dignity and human worth and
must give priority to humanfactor.

The Need for Democratic Administration and
Efficient Supervision
The success of any school system depend upon democratic and efficient supervision.
The complexity of school organization arising from changing social condition, increase
in school population and teaching personnel, changes in theories and methods of
techniques in teaching brought about by recent scientific researches and changes in
curricular because of the needs and demands of time, the CALL FOR DEMOCRATIC
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION which can create valid and perhaps, makes
efficient method of securing educational end in democracy.
The school can become a powerful force in maintaining and improving administrative
and supervisory personnel that is thoroughly democratic and consequently efficient;
hence, administration and supervision must be established on democratic basis.