This document provides rules for adding the "-ed" ending to verbs and adjectives in English. It discusses: - Regular past tense verbs and past participle adjectives simply add "-ed" (played, worked, bored). - For verbs ending in a consonant + "e", just add "-d" (lived, danced, smiled). - For verbs ending in a consonant-vowel-consonant pattern where the final syllable is stressed, double the final consonant (stopped, planned, admitted). - For verbs with two or more syllables where the final syllable is unstressed, do not double the final consonant (happened, opened, visited

1. -ED SPELLING
RULES
C E P E R H E R M A N O S M A C H A D O , U T R E R A
PA Z D E L A R O S A

2. THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF WORDS THAT END
IN -ED
Regular Past
TenseVerbs
Regular Past
Participle Adjectives
• played
• lived
• rained
• played
• worked
• snowed
• bored
• tired
• relaxed

3. GENERAL RULE
In general we just add –ED to the end of a regular
verb or word
rain rained
cook cooked
Wait waited
Rain + ed  rained

4. VERBS ENDING IN CONSONANT + E
Just add -D to the end
live lived
dance danced
Smile smiled
love loved
live + d  lived

5. CONSONANT + VOWEL + CONSONANT
Ends in C+V+C one syllable or the final syllable is
stressed, we double the final consonant.
stop stopped
plan planned
admit admitted
stop p + ed  stopped
Exception: when the Word ends in –W, –X, or -Y

6. LAST SYLLABLE IS NOT STRESSED
Two or more syllables and final syllable is NOT
stressed, do NOT double final consonant.
happen happened
open opened
visit visited
open+ ed  opened

7. VOWEL + -L
Double the final -L.
Do NOT double the final –L unless stressed
equal equalled equaled
travel travelled traveled
control controlled controlled
Travel + ed  travelled

8. PRONUNCIATION OF -ED
/id/ /t/ /d/
T wanted
D needed
P helped
K looked
F sniffed
GH laughed
SH washed
CH watched
SS kissed
C danced
X fixed
L called
N cleaned
R offered
G damaged
V loved
S used
Z amazed
B rubbed
M claimed
The pronunciation of the
words ending in –ED depends
on the final consonant sound.
There are three ways to
pronounce –ED at the end
of a word in English: /id/ /t/
/d/
Words that end in a vowel
sound use the /d/