2. CONTENT STANDARD
• 2.1 Energy Flow In Ecosystem
• 2.2 Nutrient Cycle In The Ecosystem
• 2.3 Interdependence And Interaction Among Organisms
And, Between Organisms And The Environment.
• 2.4 The Role Of Human In Maintaining A Balanced Nature
3. 1. Producers are all green plants that make food through
photosynthesis.
2. Consumer are animals that eat plants or animals.
3. Decomposers are organisms that decompose dead
organisms (animals or plants) and change them into
simple substances.
4. Example decomposer are bacteria and fungi
2.1 ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM
4. 5.Primary consumer: herbivores and omnivores
6. Secondary consumer:omnivore and carnivore
7.Tertiary consumer: carnivores
2.1 ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEM
7. Rat Snake Hawk
Bacteria and
fungi
(decomposers)
Paddy
plants
(producer)
(primary
consumer)
(secondary
consumer)
(tertiary
consumer)
FOOD CHAIN
A food chain can be used to show the feeding relationship
between organisms.
8. WHAT IS A FOOD WEB?
grass
beatle
grasshopper
caterpillar
bird
eagle
chicken
A food web consists of several food chain that are
interlinked.
10. USE THE LIST OF ORGANISMS BELOW TO FORM A FOOD
WEB
Paddy plant Grasshopper Bacteria and
fungi
Rat Frog
Snake Bird Caterpillar
Bacteria and fungi
Paddy plant
Rat
Grasshopper
Caterpillar
Frog
Bird
Snake
11. ENERGY FLOW IN A FOOD WEB
• as seen in the food chain, energy is also transferred from
one organism to another organism in the food web.
• some of energy is lost because it is used by the organism
to move and carry out life process of respiration.
• energy is also lost in the form of heat.
12. 2.2 NUTRIENT CYCLE IN
ECOSYSTEM
• Definition: A nutrient cycle is a repeated pathway of a
particular nutrient or element from the environment
through one or more organisms and back to the
environment.
• Example: water cycle, carbon cycle and oxygen cycle.
13. WATER CYCLE
• The water cycle is the journey water takes as it moves from
the land to the sky and back again. It follows a cycle of
evaporation, condensation and precipitation.
14. ROLE OF ORGANISMS IN WATER
CYCLE
• The sun's energy causes water to evaporate from oceans
and lakes into the atmosphere.
• Plants and animals also release water vapour into the
atmosphere as they carry out respiration.
• When the atmosphere cools, water vapour condenses;
making clouds that might produce rain.
15. CARBON CYCLE AND OXYGEN CYCLE
• The process by which oxygen released into the
atmosphere while the carbon dioxide released as
a product of respiration is taken up for
photosynthesis.
17. Role of organism in carbon and oxygen cycle
• Decomposers, such as microbes and fungi, play an
important role in the carbon cycle.
• They break down the remains of dead plants and
animals, release carbon dioxide through respiration.
• During photosynthesis, plants give off oxygen and
absorbs carbon dioxide.
18. STEPS TO SOLVE PROBLEMS WHEN THERE IS AN
INTERFERENCE TO THE NUTRIENT CYCLE.
Human activities that
disrupt the nutrient
cycle
Steps to solve
interferences to the
nutrient cycle
20. a species of
water plant
a species
of fish
A SPECIES
OF FROG
1. Species is a group of organisms that have the same shape,
structure and breed together.
2. In the figure above, fish, frog and water plant are three
different species.
21. 1. A population is a number or group of
organisms of the same species that live
together in a habitat.
of fishes
ApopulationApopulation of
water plants
Apopulation
of frogs
22. 1. A community is made up of many
populations living together in a particular
place.
All the fishes, frogs, tadpoles, water plants, snails, grass and
butterflies made up the community.
23. 1. A habitat is a natural living place of certain plants
and animals.
2. Figure above is a pond community.
28. 1.An ecosystem refers to the community of organisms living in
the same habitat, together with the non-living environment.
2. All the living organism and the non-living environment such as
water, soil and air made up an ecosystem.
air
water
soil
30. 1. Prey-predator is a relationship where an
animal captures and eat other animals.
2. A predator is an organism that kill and eats another
organism.
3. A prey is the organism that is eaten.
33. 1. Symbiosis happen between two or more different
species which live close together and interact with
each other. There are three types of symbiosis:
• Commensalism
• Mutualism
• Parasitism
34. A. Commensalism is a relationship between two
organisms which only benefits one organism
without harming the other.
35. -Remora fish is the commensal, it feeds on the
scraps of food left by the shark. The shark is
unharmed.
36. -The staghorn fern grows on a tree. This helps it
easily obtain sunlight to process photosyntesis.
-Examples of plants that live on tress to obtain
sunlight are:
(i) the money plant
(ii) the pigeon orchid
(iii) the bird’s nest fern
37. a. Mutualism is an interaction between two
different organisms that live together in which
both organisms benefits.
b. They obtain nutrition and shelter from each
other.
38. -The Egyptian Plover bird and crocodiles.
the Egyptian Plover eats fleas and ticks crocodile
as well as food particles stuck between
crocodile's teeth.
39. - Lichen consists of fungi and algae living together. The
algae produce food and the fungi provide shelter.
40. a.Parasitism is an interaction between two organisms that
benefits one organism only and harms the other.
41. e. Example
-Tapeworm is a parasite, it
lives in human intestine.
Tapeworm obtains food and
shelter from humans.
Human loses weight and
becomes weak.
42. 1. Competition is a relationship where organisms compete
with each other for food, light, water, shelter, mate or
minerals.
43. 2. Stronger organisms are successful in controlling their
territory. Weaker and smaller organisms are driven out of
the area.
3. Examples:
a. flowering plants compete with weeds to obtain water
and mineral salt.
b. lions in a pride compete for food
c. plants in a tropical rainforest compete for basic needs.
Taller trees obtain sunlight more easily.
45. Examples
a. flowering plants compete with weeds to obtain
water and mineral salt.
b. lions in a pride compete for food
c. plants in a tropical rainforest compete for
basic needs. Taller trees obtain sunlight
more easily.
48. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Biological control is a method in which a
predator, the natural enemy to a certain
pest, is used to control the population of
the pest in an area.
The aphid is a pest to the
gardeners, damaging his plants.
The ladybirds helps the gardener
by ridding him of these pests
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49. Biological control has many advantages as compared with
using pesticides.
Advantages disadvantages
It does not pollute
the environment.
Takes a long time
before any effect is
seen
It does not kill other
organism except the
pests
The balance of the
ecosystem might be
disrupted
It is cheap and safe
to use.
50. (Owls is a natural
predator of rats in
Oil Palm)
(When the eggs
hatch, the
ichneumon larvae
feed on the body of
the host.)
(Rearing guppies in
a pond to eat
mosquito larvae.)
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
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51. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
• MEANING :…………………………………………………………….
• EXAMPLES A)……………………………
• B)……………………………..
• C)…………………………..
54. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
POPULATION SIZE IN AN
ECOSYSTEM
1. Factors that cause population size
to change:
DISEASE, THE PRESENCE OF
PREDATORS, SOURCES OF FOOD, AND
CHANGE OF WEATHER.
A) DISEASE – The population of
animals and plant decreases when a
disease strikes.
• Example poultry affected by a
disease
55. B) PRESENCE OF
PREDATORS – when the
number of predators
increases, the number of
prey decreases.
C) SOURCES OF FOOD –if
the sources of food
decreases, animal can
threatened by extinction
56. D) CHANGE OF
WEATHER – Droughts
cause soil to become
dry and infertile and
increase the risk of
forest fires.
57. CHANGES IN ECOSYSTEM
1. Changes in ecosystem
such as limited water
supply, animal
migration and
increase or decrease
in population size can
upset the balance
between population.
58. 2.4 ROLE OF HUMANS IN
MAINTAINING A BALANCED
NATURE
Activity Effects
59. STEPS TO SOLVE THE EFFECTS OF HUMAN
ACTIVITIES ON THE ENVIRONMENT
• 1. Enforce laws
• 2. Increase public awareness
• 3.Practice refuse, reduce, recycle,
repurpose, and reuses (5r)
