The Afghan economy has improved since 2002 due to international assistance and investments, as well as remittances. However, it remains one of the least developed countries globally. Agriculture is the main industry, accounting for 20% of GDP, with opium production being a major crop. The country has significant untapped mineral resources worth trillions of dollars, including copper, iron ore, lithium, and rare earth metals. However, development has been hampered by decades of conflict and lack of infrastructure.
Assalam o Alaikum Everyone!
This Presentation Was Prepared and Presented by Me in Class and it Was Appreciated by Everyone.
So I Would Like to Share it With You All for Knowledge Increment Perpose.Hope You All Will Like.
Thanks...
Regards (M.Noman Waleed)
Assalam o Alaikum Everyone!
This Presentation Was Prepared and Presented by Me in Class and it Was Appreciated by Everyone.
So I Would Like to Share it With You All for Knowledge Increment Perpose.Hope You All Will Like.
Thanks...
Regards (M.Noman Waleed)
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
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Part 6 of the series on the politica economy of Pakistan which examines the global and domestic environment at the time of General Zia's take over,the economic policies pursued by his team during the 1977-88 decade and how these policies affected the process of economic development of Pakistan
A ppt prepared by mehrabudin wakman ..Helmand AFghanistan ......
this is the true Afghanistan after 2001 till 2012...... hope for more developments and changes
The topic of this slides import and export in Pakistan we take a date form previou 20 years. We are try to made a simple and easy .I hope yours like and give benefits in our student
Historians have found early human settlement.
One of the first areas to have farming.
This area was a crossroad between Mesopotamia and other civilizations.
Aryan tribes invade and settle.
The city of Kabul was created in this period.
Rig Veda created here. It was a collection of over 1,000 hymns, which contain the mythology of the Hindu gods and the origins of Hinduism.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Part 6 of the series on the politica economy of Pakistan which examines the global and domestic environment at the time of General Zia's take over,the economic policies pursued by his team during the 1977-88 decade and how these policies affected the process of economic development of Pakistan
A ppt prepared by mehrabudin wakman ..Helmand AFghanistan ......
this is the true Afghanistan after 2001 till 2012...... hope for more developments and changes
The topic of this slides import and export in Pakistan we take a date form previou 20 years. We are try to made a simple and easy .I hope yours like and give benefits in our student
Historians have found early human settlement.
One of the first areas to have farming.
This area was a crossroad between Mesopotamia and other civilizations.
Aryan tribes invade and settle.
The city of Kabul was created in this period.
Rig Veda created here. It was a collection of over 1,000 hymns, which contain the mythology of the Hindu gods and the origins of Hinduism.
A presentation I helped prepare discussing how we can win the peace in southern Afghanistan. "CFW" stands for "Cash for Work," a system in which employment is created for local laborers building light infrasturcture projects. Properly selected, these projects have a long-term benefit for their communities.
Practicing proper Dari business etiquette is essential when you are ready to establish and grow a presence in new Afghan markets. Being familiar with and mastering Dari business etiquette will ensure successful cooperation with your Afghan colleagues. Honor and shame are important values in Afghanistan, be sure to keep this in mind while traveling abroad. When doing business, avoid any comments that may come across as disrespectful of an Afghan colleague. By exemplifying your knowledge in Dari business etiquette, you will impress your colleagues and demonstrate your ability in the business world.
http://www.foreignstaffing.com/about/international-business-etiquette/dari-business-etiquette/
This pptx. files contains probably all of the important facts about the economy of Bangladesh. To have a perfect overview, or to give a perfect overview to your audience about the economic condition of Bangladesh, this slide is best.
India- Afghanistan trade- Opportunity and challenges by zabihullah baharzabihbahar1
this seminar is a bout India and Afghanistan trade : opportunity and challenges will help the students to know the bilateral trade and their importance
Kunar province private sector development, thematic paper drafted by Ghulamul...Ghulamullah Afghanyar
The report describe in details the current status, recent developments, main challenges and barries and the potential opportunities in the private sector in Kunar Province, Afghanistan.
India holds the second largest agricultural land (179.9 million hectares) in the world. India is the largest producer of pulses, milk, tea, cashew and jute; and the second largest producer of wheat, rice, fruits and vegetables, sugarcane, cotton and oilseeds. Total food grains production in India reached an all-time high of 259.32 million tonnes (MT) in FY12. Rice and wheat production in the country stood at 105.3 MT and 94.9 MT respectively.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of agriculture and allied sectors in India reached US$ 151.8 billion in FY12. India is among the 10 leading exporters of agricultural products in the world; the country accounted for 2.07 per cent of global agricultural trade in 2012. Total agricultural exports from India registered 24.1 per cent compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach US$ 39 billion during FY07-12.
Domestic demand for agricultural and allied products has not only been rising due to rising population, but also as a result of greater consumption by a wealthier population. Indian agriculture has also benefitted from rising external demand and the sector’s wider participation in the global economy.
The Government of India has launched National Food Security Mission (NFSM) to increase production of rice, wheat and pulses. It has also implemented schemes like Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) which incentivises states to increase private investment in agriculture and allied sectors
Cattle Rearing and its Contribution to the Nigerian Economy: An Econometric A...Triple A Research Journal
ABSTRACT
Scholars in their quest to study the fortunes or otherwise of the agricultural sector has dwell so much on crop farming to the neglect of livestock production. By the early 1970s, as the general standard of living improved, the demand for meat in Nigeria exceeded the domestic supply. Thus, 30 to 40 percent of the beef consumed in Nigeria was imported from Niger, Chad, and other neighboring countries. In the mid-1970s, Nigeria began importing frozen beef in response to export restrictions initiated by its neighbors. This study therefore is targeted at empirically examining the impact of cattle rearing and its contribution to the Nigerian economy. Using various econometric tools of analysis, the variables for study were tested for stationarity and all variables became stationary at first difference. In the same vein, evidence reveals that series in the model (GDP, Cattle-Prod and Agric-Exp) exhibit long-run equilibrium relationship judging from the Johansen cointegration result. Major findings from the OLS regression output reveals that cattle rearing have no significant contribution to the Nigerian economy during the period under reference. The study therefore recommends that in view of the importance of cattle rearing to the Nigerian economy, the government should first and foremost bring the age-long clashes between herdsmen and farmers to a peaceful end for improve output in the livestock sub-sector. Ranching – a method of raising livestock under range conditions – has been suggested as the best solution to the incessant Fulani herdsmen / farmers crises. Secondly, the Federal Government must as a matter of urgent importance do all that is within its reach to contain the menace of cattle rustling prevalent in the country. Finally, government should create well-equipped special reserves across the country with irrigation, dams, educational, health and recreational facilities where these herdsmen can be stationed with their cows to avoid the incessant farmers-herdsmen clashes. We must come to terms with the reality that these herdsmen also need decent living and care from government.
Keywords: Nigerian Economy, Cattle rearing, Ranching, OLS
Economic Environment of India and Jordan & Overview of European Free Trade As...Pranav Veerani
About India About Indian economy Economic Profile of Jharkhand Economic Profile of JORDAN Comparative Study of Economic Environment of India and Jordan Impact of Culture & Trade Agreement European Free Trade Association Facts Reference
In order to maximise the benefits of regional integration and look for new opportunities for competitiveness, policymakers, the private sector and development partners need access to accurate and comprehensive data on intra and inter-regional trade in Africa with respect to agricultural goods. It is in this context that CTA and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) are launching the “African Agricultural Trade Status Report”, which examines the current status, trends and outlook in African trade performance, making an important contribution towards data and analysis of developments both at regional and at continental levels. The Report, which is released in conjunction with the Briefing, builds on the work by the Regional Strategic Analysis and Knowledge Support System (ReSAKSS) of CAADP and the African Growth and Development Policy Modeling Consortium (AGRODEP) trade and also reflects the CTA’s commitment to advancing knowledge and sharing of best practices relating to agricultural trade.
The Brussels Development Briefing n.47 on the subject of “Regional Trade in Africa: Drivers, Trends and Opportunities” took place on 3rd February 2017 in Brussels at the ACP Secretariat (Avenue Georges Henri 451, 1200 Brussels) from 09:00 to 13:00. This Briefing was organised by the ACP-EU Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation (CTA), in collaboration with IFPRI, the European Commission / DEVCO, the ACP Secretariat, and CONCORD .
The Historical Lack of Capital Accumulation in Iran's Agricultural PartIOSR Journals
The increasing amount of income due to the discovery of oil in Iran has caused a gap between the production and need of agricultural products, causing the increase in the import of agricultural products in Iran's economy. The existing gap caused a drastic increase in the prices, and since the growth of agricultural products needed Infrastructure investment, it has been tried to control the increase in the prices with an increase in the import rate. So capital accumulation has not been done to the required rate and the production in agriculture has not increased to the expected rate. The share of workers in the agricultural sector of Iran has faced a decrease since 1980. This is while in the international level, agriculture for the growth of economy, decrease of poverty, food security, and the stability of environment is of high importance. A general investment can reduce risks in the agriculture and increase efficiency in private sectors, so the motives of farmers for investment will be increased.
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Remote sensing and monitoring are changing the mining industry for the better. These are providing innovative solutions to long-standing challenges. Those related to exploration, extraction, and overall environmental management by mining technology companies Odisha. These technologies make use of satellite imaging, aerial photography and sensors to collect data that might be inaccessible or from hazardous locations. With the use of this technology, mining operations are becoming increasingly efficient. Let us gain more insight into the key aspects associated with remote sensing and monitoring when it comes to mining.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
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Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
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As a business owner in Delaware, staying on top of your tax obligations is paramount, especially with the annual deadline for Delaware Franchise Tax looming on March 1. One such obligation is the annual Delaware Franchise Tax, which serves as a crucial requirement for maintaining your company’s legal standing within the state. While the prospect of handling tax matters may seem daunting, rest assured that the process can be straightforward with the right guidance. In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through the steps of filing your Delaware Franchise Tax and provide insights to help you navigate the process effectively.
Explore our most comprehensive guide on lookback analysis at SafePaaS, covering access governance and how it can transform modern ERP audits. Browse now!
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
3.0 Project 2_ Developing My Brand Identity Kit.pptxtanyjahb
A personal brand exploration presentation summarizes an individual's unique qualities and goals, covering strengths, values, passions, and target audience. It helps individuals understand what makes them stand out, their desired image, and how they aim to achieve it.
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Sustainability has become an increasingly critical topic as the world recognizes the need to protect our planet and its resources for future generations. Sustainability means meeting our current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. It involves long-term planning and consideration of the consequences of our actions. The goal is to create strategies that ensure the long-term viability of People, Planet, and Profit.
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To download the complete presentation, visit: https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations
2. Rank 91st
Currency Afghani (AFN)
Fiscal Year 21 March - 20 March
Trade organizations
SAARC, ECO, negotiating SCO and WTO
accession
Statistics
GDP $33.55 billion (2012 est.)
GDP growth 11% (2012 est.)
GDP per capita $1,000 (2011)[1]
GDP by sector
agriculture: 20% industry: 25.6% services:
54.4% (2011 est.)
Inflation (CPI) 13.8% (2011 est.)
3. Population below poverty line 36% (2009)
Labor force 15 million (2004)
Labor force by occupation
agriculture 78.6%, industry 5.7%, services
15.7% (2009)
Unemployment 38% (2008)
Main industries
small-scale production of textiles, soap,
furniture, shoes, fertilizer, apparel, food-
products, non-alcoholic beverages, mineral
water, cement; handwoven carpets; natural
gas, coal, copper
Ease-of-doing-business rank 160th[2]
4. External
Exports $376 million (2012 est.)
Export goods
opium, fruits and nuts, Afghan rugs, wool,
cotton, hides and pelts, and gemstone
Main export partners
Pakistan 33.1%
India 24.9%
Tajikistan 8.7%
United States 5.8% (2012 est.) [3]
Imports $6.39 billion (2012 est.)
5. Import goods
machinery and other capital goods, food, textiles
and petroleum products
Main import partners
Pakistan 25.8%
United States 17.4%
Russia 8.4%
India 5.5%
China 5.4%
Kazakhstan 4.5%
Germany 4.3% (2012 est.)[4]
Public finances
Public debt $1.28 billion (FY10/11)
Revenues $1.58 billion
Expenses $50.000 billion
6. The economy of Afghanistan has improved significantly
since 2002 due to the infusion of billions of dollars in
international assistance and investments, as well as
remittances from Afghan expats. The recent
improvement is also due to dramatic improvements in
agricultural production and the end of a four-year
drought in most of the country.
7. The government of Afghanistan claims that the country holds
up to $3 trillion in proven untapped mineral deposits, which
could make it one of the richest mining regions on earth.
However, due to the conflicts, it remains one of the least
developed countries in the world, ranking 175th on the United
Nations' Human Development Index. The nation's GDP stands
at about $34 billion with an exchange rate of $19.85 billion, and
the GDP per capita is about $1,150.
8. About 35% of its population is unemployed and 36% live below
the national poverty line, suffering from shortages of housing,
clean drinking water, and electricity. The Karzai administration
along with international donors have remained committed to
improving access to these basic necessities by prioritizing
infrastructure development, education, housing development,
jobs programs, medical care, and economic reform.
9. Contents
Economic History
Agriculture & Livestock
Fishing
Forestry
Trade & Industry
Economic Development & Recovery
Tourism
National Accounts
10. Economic History
Historically, there has been a lack of information and reliable statistics about
Afghanistan's economy. In the early modern period under the rule of kings Abdur
Rahman Khan (1880–1901) and Habibullah Khan (1901–1919), a great deal of Afghan
commerce was centrally controlled by the Afghan government. The Afghan monarchs
were eager to develop the stature of government and the country's military capability,
and so attempted to raise money by the imposition of state monopolies on the sale of
commodoties and high taxes. This slowed the long-term development of Afghanistan
during that period. Western techonogies and manufacturing methods were slowly
introduced during these eras at the command of the Afghan ruler, but in general only
according to the logistical requirements of the growing army.
11. An emphasis was placed on the manufacture of weapons and other
military materiel. This process was in the hands of a small number of
western experts invited to Kabul by the Afghan kings. Otherwise, it was
not possible for outsiders, particularly westerners, to set up large-scale
enterprises in Afghanistan during that period.
12. The first prominent plan to develop Afghanistan's economy in modern
times was the Helmand Valley Authority project, modelled on the
Tennessee Valley Authority in the United States, which was expected to be
of primary economic importance.[14] The country began facing severe
economic hardships during the 1970s when neighboring Pakistan, under
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, began closing the Pakistan-Afghanistan border
crossings. This move resulted in Afghanistan increasing political and
economic ties with its northern neighbor, the powerful Soviet Union of
that time.
13. The 1979 Soviet invasion and ensuing civil war destroyed much of the
country's limited infrastructure, and disrupted normal patterns of
economic activity (See Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Economy).
Eventually, Afghanistan went from a traditional economy to a centrally
planned economy up until 2002 when it was replaced by a free market
economy. Gross domestic product has fallen substantially since the 1980s
due to disruption of trade and transport as well as loss of labor and
capital. Continuing internal strife severely hampered domestic efforts to
rebuild the nation or provide ways for the international community to
help.
14. According to the International Monetary Fund, the Afghan
economy grew 20% in the fiscal year ending in March 2004,
after expanding 30% in the previous 12 months. The growth is
attributed to international aid and to the end of droughts. An
estimated $4.4 billion of aid entered the nation from 2002 to
2004. A GDP of $4 billion in fiscal year 2003 was recalculated by
the IMF to $6.1
15. Agriculture and livestock
The Afghan economy has always been agricultural, despite the fact that
only 12% of its total land is arable and about 6% is currently cultivated.
Agriculture production is constrained by an almost total dependence on
erratic winter snows and spring rains for water. As of 2007, the country's
fruit and nut exports were at $113 million per year, but according to an
estimate could grow to more than $800 million per year in 10 years given
sufficient investment. Afghanistan is known for producing some of the
finest fruits, veggies, turtles, and especially pomegranates, apricots,
grapes, melons, and mulberries.
16. Several provinces in the north of the country (i.e. Badghis and Samangan)
are famous for pistachio cultivation but the area currently lacks proper
marketing and processing plants. It is claimed that some Indian
companies buy Afghan pistachios for a very low price, process them in
India and sell to western countries as Indian products. However, the
Afghan government is planning to build storage facilities for pistachios
since receiving bumper crops in 2010. The Bamyan Province in central
Afghanistan is known for growing superior potatoes, which on an average
produces 140,000 to 170,000 tones.
17. Wheat and cereal production is Afghanistan's traditional
agricultural mainstay. National wheat production in 2010 was
4,532 MT. The overall agricultural production dramatically
declined following four years of drought as well as the
sustained fighting and instability in rural areas. Soviet efforts to
disrupt production in resistance-dominated areas also
contributed to this decline. Furthermore, since 2002 more than
4 million refugees returned to Afghanistan.
18. Many of these former refugees are now involved in the farming
industry. Some studies indicate that agricultural production and
livestock numbers may only be sufficient to feed about half of
the country's population. Shortages are exacerbated by the
country's limited transportation network, which is currently
being rebuilt. A report by the Food and Agriculture
Organization (FAO) states that Afghanistan was nearing self-
sufficiency in grain production.
19. Shrikant Jagtap (center), the senior agriculture adviser for the Bamyan
Provincial Reconstruction Team, and his interpreter, Hamidullah, discuss
agricultural programs with Sayed Khadin, a potato farmer, in front of one
of his fields. Potatoes have become the main cash crop for the province,
contributing millions of dollars to its economy every year.
20. The availability of land suitable for grazing has traditionally made animal
husbandry an important part of the economy. There are two main types of
animal husbandry: sedentary, practiced by farmers who raise both animals
and crops; and nomadic, practiced by animal herders known as Kuchis.
Natural pastures cover some 7,500,000 acres (30,000 km2) but are being
overgrazed. The northern regions around Mazar-i-Sharif and Maymanah
were the home range for about six million karakul sheep in the late 1990s.
Most flocks move to the highlands in the summer to pastures in the north.
Oxen are the primary draft power and farmers often share animals for
plowing. Poultry are traditionally kept in many houses, mostly in rural
households.
21. Much of Afghanistan's livestock was removed from the country by early waves of refugees who fled
to neighboring Pakistan and Iran. In 2001, the livestock population in Afghanistan had declined by
about 40% since 1998. In 2002, this figure was estimated to have declined further to 60%. An FAO
survey done in the northern regions in spring 2002 showed that in four provinces (Balkh, Jowzjan,
Sar-e Pol, and Faryab), there was a loss of about 84% of cattle from 1997 to 2002 and around 80%
of sheep and goat. The majority of Afghans traditionally raise sheep instead of goats because goat
meat is not popular in Afghanistan. After 2002, the Afghan ministry of agriculture and livestock with
assistance from USAID have been helping to regrow livestock numbers throughout the country.
This was done by providing Afghan villagers training and animals to start with.[20] The Agriculture
Minister Mohammad Asef Rahimi stated that over the past decade arable land had increased from
2.1 million hectares to 8.1 million hectares, wheat production from 5.1 million tonnes to 2.3 million
tonnes, nurseries from 75,000 hectares to 119,000 hectares and grape production from 364,000
tonnes to 615,000 tonnes. Almond production jumped from 19,000 to 56,000 tonnes and cotton
from 20,000 to 45,000 tonnes, with the saffron yield reaching 2,000 kilograms.[21]
22. Fishing
The country has plenty of water reserves and suitable climate for fish farming. Fishing
takes place in the lakes and rivers, particularly in the Kabul River around the Jalalabad
area. Fish constitute a smaller part of the Afghan diet today because fish farmers are
unable to produce enough fish to keep up with the demands of customers. Using
explosives for fishing, called dynamite fishing, became popular in the 1980s and is still
practiced by some even though it is illegal today. The annual catch was about 900 tons in
2003. Most fish and seafood is imported from neighboring Pakistan, Iran, the United Arab
Emirates and other countries. In recent years, USAID has helped many Afghans in
establishing fish farms across the country. There are about 300 fish farms throughout the
country and the largest one is at the Qargha, which supplies fish eggs to the other fish
farms.
23. Forestry
Afghanistan's timber has been greatly depleted, and since the mid-1980s, only about 3% of the land area has
been forested, mainly in the east. Significant stands of trees have been destroyed by the ravages of the war.
Exploitation has been hampered by lack of power and access roads. Moreover, the distribution of the forest is
uneven, and most of the remaining woodland is only found in the Kunar, Nuristan and the Paktia regions in the
east of the country.
The natural forests in Afghanistan are mainly of two types: dense forests of oak trees, walnuttrees, and many
other species of nuts that grow in the southeast, and on the northern and northeastern slopes of the Sulaiman
ranges; and sparsely distributed short trees and shrubs on all other slopes of the Hindu Kush. The dense forests
of the southeast cover only 2.7% of the country. Roundwood production in 2003 was 3,148,000 cubic metres,
with 44% used for fuel.
The destruction of the forests to create agricultural land, logging, forest fires, plant diseases, and insect pests
are all causes of the reduction in forest coverage. Illegal logging and clear-cutting by timber smugglers have
exacerbated this destructive process. There is currently a ban on cutting new timber in Afghanistan. Prior to
2001 and under Taliban rule, massive deforestation of the country side was permitted and Afghans moved large
quantities of logs into storage centers for profit, where the trees wait for processing on an individual tree by
tree request.
24. Trade and Industry
Marble factory in Herat. Current marble exports are estimated at $15 million per year.
With improved extraction, processing, infrastructure, and investment, the industry has the
potential to grow into a $450 million per year business.
The current trade between Afghanistan and other countries is at US$5 billion a year. In
1996, legal exports (excluding opium) were estimated at $80 million and imports
estimated at $150 million per year. Since the collapse of the Taliban government in 2001,
new trade relations are emerging with the United States, Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, the
EU, Japan, Uzbekistan, India and other countries. Trade between Afghanistan and the U.S.
is beginning to grow at a fast pace, reaching up to approximately $500 million per year.
Afghan handwooven rugs are one of the most popular products exported from the
country. Other products include hand crafted antique replicas as well as leather and furs.
25. Afghanistan is endowed with a wealth of natural resources, including
extensive deposits of natural gas, petroleum, coal, marble, gold, copper,
chromite, talc, barites, sulfur, lead, zinc, iron ore, salt, precious and semi-
precious stones, and many rare earth elements. In 2006, a U.S. Geological
Survey estimated that Afghanistan has as much as 36 trillion cubic feet
(1.0×1012 m3) of natural gas, 3.6 billion barrels (570×106 m3) of oil and
condensate reserves. According to a 2007 assessment, Afghanistan has
significant amounts of undiscovered non-fuel mineral resources.
Geologists also found indications of abundant deposits of colored stones
and gemstones, including emerald, ruby, sapphire, garnet, lapis, kunzite,
spinel, tourmaline and peridot.
26. In 2010, U.S. Pentagon officials along with American geologists have revealed the
discovery of nearly $1 trillion in untapped mineral deposits in Afghanistan. A memo from
the Pentagon stated that Afghanistan could become the "Saudi Arabia of lithium". Some
believe, including Afghan President Hamid Karzai, that the untapped minerals are worth
at least $3 trillion. Another US Geological Survey estimate from September 2011 showed
that the Khanashin carbonatites in the Helmand Province of the country have an
estimated 1 million metric tonnes of rare earth elements. Regina Dubey, Acting Director
for the Department of Defence Task Force for Business and Stability Operations (TFBSO)
stated that "this is just one more piece of evidence that Afghanistan's mineral sector has
a bright future.
27. Afghanistan signed a copper deal with China (Metallurgical Corp. of China Ltd.) in 2008, which is to
a large scale project that involves the investment of $2.8 billion by China and an annual income of
about $400 million to the Afghan government. The country's Ainak copper mine, located in Logar
province, is one of the biggest in the world and is expected to provide jobs to 20,000 Afghans. It is
estimated to hold at least 11 million tonnes or US$33 billion worth of copper. Experts believe that
the production of copper could begin within two to three years and the iron ore in five to seven
years as of 2010. The country's other recently announced treasure is the Hajigak iron ore mine,
located 130 miles west of Kabul and is believed to hold an estimated 1.8 billion to 2 billion metric
tons of the mineral used to make steel. AFISCO, an Indian consortium of seven companies, led by
the Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), and Canada's Kilo Goldmines Ltd are expected to jointly
invest $14.6 billion in developing the Hajigak iron mine. The country has several coal mines but
need to be modernized.
28. Afghanistan's important resource in the past has been natural gas, which was first tapped in 1967.
During the 1980s, gas sales accounted for $300 million a year in export revenues (56% of the total).
90% of these exports went to the Soviet Union to pay for imports and debts. However, during the
withdrawal of Soviet troops in 1989, Afghanistan's natural gas fields were capped to prevent
sabotage by the Mujahideen. Gas production has dropped from a high of 8.2 million cubic metres
(2.9 × 108 cu ft) per day in the 1980s to a low of about 600,000 cubic meters (2.2 × 107 cu ft) in
2001. After the formation of the new Karzai administration, production of natural gas has been
restored again. A locally owned company, Azizi Hotak General Trading Group, is currently the main
supplier of diesel fuel, gasoline, jet fuel and LPG in Afghanistan.[39] In December 2011, Afghanistan
signed an oil exploration contract with China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) for the
development of three oil fields along the Amu Darya river.[40] The state will have its first oil refineries
within the next three years, after which it will receive very little of the profits from the sale of the oil
and natural gas. CNPC began Afghan oil production in late October 2012, with extracting 1.5
million barrels of oil annually.
29. Trade in goods smuggled into Pakistan once constituted a major source of revenue for
Afghanistan. Many of the goods that were smuggled into Pakistan have originally
entered Afghanistan from Pakistan, where they fell under the Afghan Trade and Transit
Agreement (ATTA). This permitted goods bound for Afghanistan to transit through
Pakistan free of duty. This resulted in considerable problems for the Pakistani
government, particularly its customs bureau who realized that many of the items being
resold on the black market in Pakistan were the very same items being allowed duty-free
exemption from Pakistani ports (mainly Karachi) on their way to Afghanistan. When
Pakistan clamped down in 2003 on the types of goods permitted duty-free transit, and
introducing stringent measures and labels to prevent such practices, re-routing of goods
through Iran from the Persian Gulf increased significantly.
30. The pre-2003 smuggling trade provided undocumented jobs to tens of thousands of
Afghans and Pakistanis, but also helped fuel the black economy, often intertwined with
the drug cartels, of both countries. Afghanistan and Pakistan recently signed into law a
new Afghan-Pak Trade and Transit Agreement (APTTA), which allows their shipping
trucks to transit goods within both nations. This revised US-sponsored APTTA agreement
also allows Afghan trucks to transport exports to India via Pakistan through the Wagah
crossing point. According to Afghanistan's Chamber of Commerce and Industries deputy
head, Khan Jan Alokozai, about 500 shipping containers of trade goods enter
Afghanistan via the Torkham and Wesh-Chaman border crossings on a daily basis. Other
major trade routes in Afghanistan are via the crossing borders in Zaranj, Islam Qala,
Hairatan, Shir Khan Bandar, and Towraghondi.
31. Economic Development & Recovery
Afghanistan embarked on a modest economic development program in
the 1930s. The government founded banks; introduced paper money;
established a university; expanded primary, secondary, and technical
schools; and sent students abroad for education. In 1952 it created the
Helmand Valley Authority to manage the economic development of the
Helmand and Arghandab valleys through irrigation and land
development, a scheme which remains one of the country's most
important capital resources.
32. In 1956, the government promulgated the first in a
long series of ambitious development plans. By the late
1970s, these had achieved only mixed results due to
flaws in the planning process as well as inadequate
funding and a shortage of the skilled managers and
technicians needed for implementation.
33. Da Afghanistan Bank serves as the central bank of the nation and the "Afghani" (AFN) is
the national currency, with an exchange rate of about 53 Afghanis to 1 US dollar. There
are over 16 different banks operating in the country, including Afghanistan International
Bank, Kabul Bank, Azizi Bank, Pashtany Bank, Standard Chartered Bank, First Micro
Finance Bank, and others. A new law on private investment provides three to seven-year
tax holidays to eligible companies and a four-year exemption from exports tariffs and
duties. According to a UN report in 2007, Afghanistan has received over $3.3 billion from
its expatriate community in 2006. UN officials familiar with the issue said remittances to
Afghanistan could have been more if the banking regulations are more convenient.
Additionally, improvements to the business-enabling environment have resulted in more
than $1.5 billion in telecom investment and created more than 100,000 jobs since 2003.
34. The $35 billion New Kabul master plan, in which the city is expected to expand north
towards Bagram Air Base.
Afghanistan is a member of SAARC, ECO, OIC, and has an observer status in the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation (SCO). It seeks to complete the so-called New Silk Road trade
project, which is aimed to connecting South Asia with Central Asia and the Middle East.
This way Afghanistan will be able to collect large fees from trade passing through the
country, including from the Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline. Foreign Minister Zalmai Rassoul
stated that his nation's "goal is to achieve an Afghan economy whose growth is based on
trade, private enterprise and investment". Experts believe that this will revolutionize the
economy of the region.
35. The capital of Kabul symbolizes the spirits of all Afghans and international
cooperation, sets at the heart of this highly resourceful region, with great
potential to turn into a business hub. After 2002, the new geo-political
dynamics and its subsequent business opportunities, rapid urban
population growth and emergence of high unemployment, triggered the
planning of urban extension towards the immediate north of Kabul, in the
form of a new city.
36. In 2006, President Hamid Karzai established an independent board for the
development of Kabul New City. The board brought together key
stakeholders, including relevant government agencies, representation
from private sector, urban specialists and economists, with cooperation
from the government of Japan and French private sector, to prepare a
master plan for the city in the context of Greater Kabul. The master plan
and its implementation strategy for 2025 were endorsed by the Afghan
Cabinet in early 2009. The initiative turned into one of the biggest
commercially viable national development project of the country,
expected to be led by the private sector.
37. As part of an attempt to modernize the city and boost the economy, a number of new
high rise buildings are under construction by various developers. An initial concept
design called the City of Light Development, envisioned by Hisham N. Ashkouri, for the
development and the implementation of a privately based investment enterprise was
proposed for a multi-function commercial, historic and cultural development within the
limits of the Old City of Kabul, along the southern side of the Kabul River and along Jade
Meywand Avenue. Some of the national development projects include the $35 bn New
Kabul City next to the capital, the Ghazi Amanullah Khan City east of Jalalabad, and the
Aino Mena in Kandahar. Similar development projects are also taking place in Herat in
the west, Mazar-e-Sharif in the north and in other cities.
38. In the last decade, companies such as Coca Cola Company and PepsiCo
launched or re-launched operations in Kabul. In addition, a number of
local mineral water and juice plants, including factories of other products,
were built. This not only promotes foreign investment but also makes the
country less dependant on imports from neighboring countries and helps
provide employment opportunity to many Afghans. Watan Group is a
company based in Afghanistan that provides telecommunications,
logistics and security services.
39. Tourism
Tourism in Afghanistan was at its peak in 1977. Many tourists from around
the world came to visit Afghanistan, including from India, neighboring Iran
and Pakistan, the Soviet Union, Europe, North America and other places.
All this ended with the start of the April 1978 Saur Revolution. It is
expected that once the security situation is normal, Afghanistan will
become a major tourist destination. Most westerners feel that Afghanistan
is too dangerous for them to tour but the Afghan expatriates and those
particularly from the Muslim world do not see it that dangerous.
40. The country has three international airports, including the Kabul
International Airport, Kandahar International Airport and Herat
International Airport. Mazar-i-Sharif Airport and Ghazni Airport are also
being upgraded to become international in the coming years. The city of
Kabul has many guest houses and hotels, including the Hotel Inter-
Continental Kabul, Safi Landmark Hotel, and at least one 5-star Serena
Hotel. A Marriott is under construction next to the U.S. Embassy.
41. Nature Landscapes Of Afghanistan
Tourist Sites within Country:
The Ancient City of Kabul
Gardens of Babur
National Museum of Afghanistan
Paghman Gardens
Qargha and many other places
Band-e Amir National Park in Bamyan
The ancient city of Herat
Herat Citadel
42. Minaret of Jam in the Shahrak District of Ghor Province
Shrine of Hazrat Ali in Mazar-i-Sharif
Shrine of the Cloak in Kandahar
Mausoleums of Ghaznavid rulers in Ghazni
Mausoleum of Amanullah Khan, Bacha Khan, and other sites in Jalalabad
Sightseeing at Parwan Province, (i.e. ancient town of Bagram), Panjshir
Province (mausoleum of Ahmad Shah Massoud in Bazarak), Badakhshan
Province, and other places.
43. National Accounts
GDP: purchasing power parity $33.55 billion, with an exchange rate at
$19.85 billion (2011 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
11% (2012 est.)
GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2011 est.)[1]
GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 20%
industry: 25.6%
44. services: 54.4%
note: data excludes opium production
Population below poverty line:
36% (2009)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3.8%
highest 10%: 24%
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 13.8% (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 19
Labor force: 15 million (2004)
country comparison to the world: 39
45. Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 78.6%, industry 5.7%, services 15.7% (2009)
Unemployment rate: 35% (2009)
country comparison to the world: 180
Budget:
revenues: $1.58 billion
expenditures: $3.3 billion
Industries: small-scale production of textiles, soap, furniture, shoes, fertilizer, apparel, food-
products, non-alcoholic beverages, mineral water, cement; handwoven carpets; natural gas, coal,
copper
Electricity - production: 913.1 million kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 150
Electricity - production by source:
46. Electricity - consumption: 2.226 billion kWh (2009 est.)
country comparison to the world: 137
Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2010 est.)
Electricity - imports: 1.377 billion kWh (2009 est.)
Oil - production: 1,950 barrels per day (310 m3/d) (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 210
Oil - consumption: 4,229 barrels per day (672.4 m3/d) (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 165
Oil - proved reserves: 1,600,000,000 barrels (250,000,000 m3) (2006)[26]
47. Natural gas - production: 220 million m³ (2001)
Natural gas - consumption: 220 million m³ (2001)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 15.7 trillion cubic feet (2006 est.)[26]
Agriculture - products: opium poppies, wheat, fruits, nuts, karakul pelts
Exports: $376 million (2012 est.)
country comparison to the world: 164
Exports - commodities: opium, fruits and nuts, handwoven carpets, wool, cotton, hides
and pelts, and gemstone
Exports - partners: Pakistan 48%, India 19%, Russia 9%, Iran 5% (FY11/12 est.)
48. Imports: $6.39 billion (2012 est.)
Imports - commodities: machinery and other capital goods,
food, textiles, petroleum products
Imports - partners: Pakistan 13.7%, Russia 12.6%, Uzbekistan
11.5%, Iran 9.1% (FY11/12 est.)
Debt - external: $1.28 to $2.3 billion total (2011)[57]
Russia - $987 million
49. Asian Development Bank - $ 596 million
World Bank - $435 million
International Monetary Fund - $114 million
Germany - $18 million
Saudi Development Fund - $47 million
Islamic Development Bank - $11 million
Bulgaria - $51 million
Kuwait Development Fund - $22 million
50. Iran - $10 million
Opec - $1.8 million
Current account balance: -$743.9 million (2011 est.)
country comparison to the world: 132
Currency: Afghani (AFN)
Exchange rates: afghanis (AFA) per US dollar - 50 = $1
46.75 (2011)
46.45 (2010)
Fiscal year: 21 March - 21 March