This document analyzes the determinants of poverty in Pakistan using time series data from 31 annual observations. It finds that agriculture, remittances, inflation, GDP, trade openness, and employment all have significant effects on poverty levels in Pakistan. Agriculture is an important sector for Pakistan's economy, contributing 21% to GDP and providing 45% of employment, but it also exposes farmers to risks that can increase poverty. Remittances from overseas Pakistani workers, which reached $9 billion in 2010, have helped reduce poverty and boost foreign exchange reserves. High inflation, especially in the 1990s and 2000s, has increased poverty, while economic growth, trade, and employment opportunities tend to decrease poverty. The study concludes that agriculture growth,
The document provides information on the economic developments of several countries including Japan, India, the United States, and Bangladesh. It discusses key details like GDP, economic growth rates, important industries and sectors, trade relationships, and other economic indicators. For Japan, it notes it has the third largest economy in the world and focuses on high-tech manufacturing. For India, it describes its transition from socialist policies to economic liberalization and average growth rates of 7-10%. The US is highlighted as the world's largest economy and second largest manufacturer, and Bangladesh has seen growth led by its textile and seafood industries.
Effects of foreign direct investment inflows into agriculture on food securit...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into agriculture on food security in Ghana. The study found that:
1) Daily energy and protein consumption (indicators of hunger and nutrition) were negatively related to agricultural FDI inflows and statistically significant in both the short and long run, indicating that agricultural FDI had a detrimental effect on food security.
2) While increased FDI inflows and economic growth in Ghana did not necessarily promote food security, directed government expenditures and interventions are needed to support smallholders and ensure appropriate technologies are available.
3) The study contributes relevant information on the relationship between agricultural FDI and food security for Ghana, which can
11.effects of foreign direct investment inflows into agriculture on food secu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on food security in Ghana. The study found that daily energy and protein consumption, which are indicators of food security, were negatively related to agricultural FDI in both the short and long run. This suggests that agricultural FDI has had a detrimental impact on food security in Ghana. However, FDI can also potentially promote economic growth, job creation, and technology transfer in host countries. The document reviews both the potential positive and negative effects of FDI on development and food security.
- Global income inequality has increased substantially since the 1980s according to measures of the gap between the richest and poorest countries. While absolute poverty has declined in some Asian countries, it has increased in others.
- The "winners" of globalization have been middle-income groups in emerging Asian economies like China and India whose incomes multiplied rapidly, while the "losers" were lower-income groups in rich countries whose growth was modest.
- Liberal views argue that open markets and policies like free trade reduce poverty through growth, but critics argue they often increase inequality and unemployment in developing nations. The impacts of globalization on inequality are complex and depend on local and global factors.
This document provides information on the economic development, agriculture sector, and employment sector of India, Bangladesh, Japan, and the United States. It notes that India's economy has grown at an average of 7.5% annually since liberalization in the 1990s. Agriculture accounts for 18.6% of India's GDP but employs 60% of the workforce. Bangladesh has experienced strong export-led growth of 6% annually since 2004, led by its textile industry. Japan has the third largest economy in the world and a highly productive agricultural sector due to terraced farming. The US has a mixed economy and the largest total GDP, with government and small businesses being the largest employment sectors.
This document summarizes resource management and food insecurity in Nigeria. It discusses how Nigeria has become highly dependent on oil exports, with oil accounting for over 90% of export earnings and 99.6% in 2000. Despite huge oil wealth, Nigeria remains one of the most food insecure countries in the world. The overdependence on oil resulted in neglect of the agricultural sector, declining food production, and high food imports. Policies are needed to enhance domestic food production and reduce dependence on oil to address Nigeria's food insecurity issues.
The document provides an overview of the United States, including its:
1) Geographical location in North America between Canada and Mexico, with coastlines on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
2) Historical background beginning with native peoples and European colonization in the 17th century, leading to the American Revolutionary War and independence from Britain in 1776.
3) Diverse population represented by various racial and ethnic groups, with English as the common language though no official designation.
This document discusses various topics related to global poverty, including:
- Definitions of key economic terms like GDP, GNI, and economic growth rates.
- Issues with only using income-based metrics to measure well-being.
- Theories on the causes of inequality between rich and poor nations.
- Characteristics and challenges faced by low, middle, and high income countries.
- Strategies for reducing poverty through agricultural development, education, healthcare, and empowering women.
The document provides information on the economic developments of several countries including Japan, India, the United States, and Bangladesh. It discusses key details like GDP, economic growth rates, important industries and sectors, trade relationships, and other economic indicators. For Japan, it notes it has the third largest economy in the world and focuses on high-tech manufacturing. For India, it describes its transition from socialist policies to economic liberalization and average growth rates of 7-10%. The US is highlighted as the world's largest economy and second largest manufacturer, and Bangladesh has seen growth led by its textile and seafood industries.
Effects of foreign direct investment inflows into agriculture on food securit...Alexander Decker
This document discusses a study that investigated the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into agriculture on food security in Ghana. The study found that:
1) Daily energy and protein consumption (indicators of hunger and nutrition) were negatively related to agricultural FDI inflows and statistically significant in both the short and long run, indicating that agricultural FDI had a detrimental effect on food security.
2) While increased FDI inflows and economic growth in Ghana did not necessarily promote food security, directed government expenditures and interventions are needed to support smallholders and ensure appropriate technologies are available.
3) The study contributes relevant information on the relationship between agricultural FDI and food security for Ghana, which can
11.effects of foreign direct investment inflows into agriculture on food secu...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) on food security in Ghana. The study found that daily energy and protein consumption, which are indicators of food security, were negatively related to agricultural FDI in both the short and long run. This suggests that agricultural FDI has had a detrimental impact on food security in Ghana. However, FDI can also potentially promote economic growth, job creation, and technology transfer in host countries. The document reviews both the potential positive and negative effects of FDI on development and food security.
- Global income inequality has increased substantially since the 1980s according to measures of the gap between the richest and poorest countries. While absolute poverty has declined in some Asian countries, it has increased in others.
- The "winners" of globalization have been middle-income groups in emerging Asian economies like China and India whose incomes multiplied rapidly, while the "losers" were lower-income groups in rich countries whose growth was modest.
- Liberal views argue that open markets and policies like free trade reduce poverty through growth, but critics argue they often increase inequality and unemployment in developing nations. The impacts of globalization on inequality are complex and depend on local and global factors.
This document provides information on the economic development, agriculture sector, and employment sector of India, Bangladesh, Japan, and the United States. It notes that India's economy has grown at an average of 7.5% annually since liberalization in the 1990s. Agriculture accounts for 18.6% of India's GDP but employs 60% of the workforce. Bangladesh has experienced strong export-led growth of 6% annually since 2004, led by its textile industry. Japan has the third largest economy in the world and a highly productive agricultural sector due to terraced farming. The US has a mixed economy and the largest total GDP, with government and small businesses being the largest employment sectors.
This document summarizes resource management and food insecurity in Nigeria. It discusses how Nigeria has become highly dependent on oil exports, with oil accounting for over 90% of export earnings and 99.6% in 2000. Despite huge oil wealth, Nigeria remains one of the most food insecure countries in the world. The overdependence on oil resulted in neglect of the agricultural sector, declining food production, and high food imports. Policies are needed to enhance domestic food production and reduce dependence on oil to address Nigeria's food insecurity issues.
The document provides an overview of the United States, including its:
1) Geographical location in North America between Canada and Mexico, with coastlines on the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
2) Historical background beginning with native peoples and European colonization in the 17th century, leading to the American Revolutionary War and independence from Britain in 1776.
3) Diverse population represented by various racial and ethnic groups, with English as the common language though no official designation.
This document discusses various topics related to global poverty, including:
- Definitions of key economic terms like GDP, GNI, and economic growth rates.
- Issues with only using income-based metrics to measure well-being.
- Theories on the causes of inequality between rich and poor nations.
- Characteristics and challenges faced by low, middle, and high income countries.
- Strategies for reducing poverty through agricultural development, education, healthcare, and empowering women.
Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 Sta...ijtsrd
In this work, we examine that the poverty rate is being influenced by the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate using data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics 2003 04, 2009 10 and 2019. Using SPSS 23, the results show that corruption, conflict and unemployment rates are statistically significant with an F Statistics value of 1.706 0.185 critical value .Hence, both significantly influence the rate of poverty in Nigeria. The Coefficient Output Summary difference of the variables suggest a model which is fitted as where is poverty rate and the variations in the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment. The results also show that the poverty rate in Nigeria increases with increases inthe level of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate across the 36 States in Nigeria. Owan, Raphael Asu | Dr. Willie, Clement Etti | Asu Isaac Asu "Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 States in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46460.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/46460/multivariate-analysis-of-head-count-per-capita-poverty-rate-across-the-36-states-in-nigeria/owan-raphael-asu
A Critical Assessment of Zimbabwe’s Economic developmentSimba Mavurudza
As a colony of the United Kingdom, Zimbabwe once enjoyed a flourishing economy. However since the country gained independence in 1980, Zimbabwe has seen a gradual decline in its economic development. Between 1980 and 1995 Zimbabwe’s post colonial economic development was moving at a progressive rate with policies such as the Economic Structural Adjustment Program (ESAP) being implemented. After 1995, despite stable infrastructure and financial systems, Zimbabwe’s economy declined. Today Zimbabwe finds itself in an economic and political crisis.
This PPT focuses on topic of human migration, Internal And International Migration, Effect of Immigration and Emigration on economy, covering cases of India and Unites states.
This document outlines several key issues facing the Indian economy:
1) Low levels of national and per capita income, with over 60% of the population sharing only 1/3 of national income.
2) Tremendous population pressure from high birth rates and increasing population, which puts strain on economic growth.
3) Unemployment remains a major problem despite some job growth, as employment has not kept pace with the growing labor force.
The project main ambition is to empower small farmers in Eritrea through micro-financing and micro-ensurance project, associated with business technical cooperation. It main goal is to help reduce poverty in the country, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Being agriculture the principal economic activity in Eritrea, and giving the low resources from domestic funding,the proposal is developed through a serie of strategies that could ally Private Sector Window to demands. Considering risks, IDA is necessary for mitigation and secure markets and investments. Target audience are MDBs, Private Sector and Public Sector.
Special Edition: Africa Renewal; Agriculture is Africa’s next frontier, 2014Africa Cheetah Run
This special edition looks at the many challenges and opportunities facing Africa’s agriculture – from land issues, to investments and innovations inspired by information technology, to the important role played by women in fighting hunger and malnutrition. It mixes new and updated stories that have been previously published in Africa Renewal over the past few years.
ToR for the policy dialogue relative to the IYFFFatimata Kone
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE POLICY DIALOGUE RELATED TO THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF FAMILY FARMING (IYFF) IN BAMAKO
THEME : BUILDING RESILIENCE TO FEED WEST AFRICA: PROPOSALS FROM FAMILY FARMERS
This document summarizes poverty globally, with a focus on Africa and India. It states that in 2015, 702.1 million people lived in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $1.90 per day, with Africa home to 383 million extremely poor people. India had the most at 218 million. While poverty rates have declined significantly in Asia due to growth, Africa still struggles with high rates and the largest number of poor. Causes discussed include colonialism, lack of development and infrastructure, and poor governance.
We have extensively researched on the economy of India and came up with PPT summary of 22 slides which includes relevant data and analysis that will help students of B.com, BMS, BBA or any other stream as Economics is a subject that everyone should understand . We hope the PPT will deliver exclusive knowledge about Growing Economy of India
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between population growth and economic growth in Nigeria from 1960 to 2008. The study used Augmented Dickey-Fuller testing, Granger causality testing, and cointegration testing of annual population and economic growth data. The results found that population growth has a significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. There is also evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship and unidirectional causality from population growth to economic growth. The study aims to help inform Nigerian government policy on managing population growth and economic development.
Peace and Security A Veritable Instrument for the Achievement of Sustainable ...ijtsrd
This study examined peace and security as a veritable instrument for the achievement of sustainable development goals in Nigeria using qualitative method of data analysis and content analysis. The study relied on data from extant literature to posit that sustainable development is attainable only when peace and security of the nation is assured. The study argued that tenable and sustainable development is possible. This assertion is evident in sustained growth and development of most developed and emerging economies of the world. Examples are the developed and emerging economies of America, Europe and Asia. In Nigeria, the near absence of relative peace and the consequent threat to security of lives and properties have affected every aspect of growth and development in the country. This situation has flourished in the light of the dynamics of political instability and its concomitant outcomes. The threat to peace and security of the nation have taken several dimensions of urban violence including ethno religious violence, electoral violence, youth militancy, and civil unrest, Boko Haram, farmers herders crisis, banditry, kidnapping etc. thus, undermining the attainment of significant achievement of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs in Nigeria. A situation that leaves great negative consequences for the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs . The study concludes that the Federal Government should seriously address all security challenges in the nation. Both carrot and stick are required in addressing the various issues that threaten peace and security in the nation. Where force is seen as the best option to address a particular issue, force should be applied. However, where negotiation and ceding of necessary grounds is adjudged the best option, they should be applied. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Peace and Security: A Veritable Instrument for the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30942.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30942/peace-and-security-a-veritable-instrument-for-the-achievement-of-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
The document summarizes key features of Indian economy as a developing country over the past several decades. It notes that India has seen significant increases in national income, agricultural and industrial production, infrastructure development, and standards of living. However, population growth remains heavy. National income has risen from Rs. 9,719 crore in 1950-51 to Rs. 71,57,412 crore in 2010-11. Agricultural production has increased from 50.8 million tonnes to 242 million tonnes over this same period. India has become more industrialized and urbanized and has made advances in technology and financial sectors.
The Global Economy, Emerging Markets and Geopolitical Risk: Where We Are and ...Alvaro Uribe V.
The document discusses the emerging markets revolution and its implications. It notes that emerging economies now account for close to half of global GDP, up from 33% in 1980. By 2050, 19 of the top 30 economies will be emerging countries. The growth of emerging markets is driving increased global demand for resources. Latin America is well-positioned due to its natural resources and population, though it faces challenges in maintaining economic growth, reducing inequality, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Colombia in particular has transformed through strengthening democracy, fiscal prudence, and private sector development.
This document discusses opportunities for resilient agricultural growth in sub-Saharan Africa. It recommends focusing on building resilient markets, agriculture, and people. Specifically, it suggests reducing food price volatility, facilitating private investment, enabling climate-smart and sustainable intensification, scaling up nutrition programs, and empowering women and youth. Achieving agricultural growth with resilience could significantly improve food security and economic development across Africa.
The relationship between unemployment and poverty has been of interest to many a scholar with interest in development economics and social sciences. This paper is an addition to the empirical attempts to re-examine the relationship between unemployment rate and poverty incidence in Nigeria using secondary data sourced from relevant institutions to obtain major Social and Economic indicators spanning within 1980-2015. The study used Trend graph analysis, Correlation coefficient analysis and Granger causality tests in its analyses. As shown from the results, there is a positive-significant correlation between unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. More so, this was corroborated by the Trend graph analysis. It also established that unemployment granger causes poverty in Nigeria as suggests from the Granger causality tests. The economic implication of this result is that poverty is an increasing function of unemployment; and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) pointed that short run disequilibrium in the economy can be returned to equilibrium in the long run with a poor speed of adjustment of 6 %. In the light of these findings, this study recommends that efforts should be intensified in Nigeria towards implementation of unemployment reduction policies as this will significantly reduce poverty incidence.
Costa Rica has a collectivistic and highly feminist society with strong social welfare programs. It has transitioned to a service and tourism-based economy from agriculture and focuses on environmental sustainability and renewable energy. Exports have grown significantly since the 1960s through trade agreements and foreign investment in sectors like medical devices and agriculture. The population is well-educated and urbanized with strong social values around environmental protection, education, and gender equality.
Bangladesh is located in South Asia between India and Myanmar. It has a population of over 161 million and is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The economy relies heavily on agriculture, apparel exports, and remittances from overseas Bangladeshi workers. Ready-made garments contribute over 11% to GDP, though this percentage has declined in recent years. Bangladesh also faces development challenges such as rapid urbanization, environmental degradation, low spending on healthcare, and reducing child marriage rates.
There has been widespread criticism that the reforms of the last 20 years have bypassed poor regions; have bypassed poor sections of the population like dalits (formerly called untouchables); that poor people have in desperation taken to Maoism, which now affects almost a quarter of all districts; and that social and poverty indicators have not improved fast enough. These criticisms are mostly exaggerations or falsehoods.
This document provides an overview of the economy of Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has a population of over 163 million people and Islam is the dominant religion. The economy relies heavily on agriculture and the garment industry, with agriculture accounting for about a quarter of GDP and garments over 11% in recent years. However, the garment industry's contribution to GDP has been declining. Bangladesh also has significant potential in the tourism industry. The document outlines some development challenges for Bangladesh, such as rapid urbanization, environmental degradation, and low spending on health care.
Considered both the future of society, the future of the people, the way of the future of education in a multi-stakeholder, the activities of the order to continue to create "Future Education Consortium" is, in fiscal 2015, such as consumers and companies · NPO / NGO · Students through the co-creation projects by various participants "21 Century Future Enterprise Project", we derive the "social and companies of the future scenario of 2030".
http://miraikk.jp/cat-03/2882
The document discusses the research methodology used in a study examining the role of
microfinance in poverty reduction. It describes adopting an interpretive research philosophy to
explain the relationship between microfinance and poverty reduction based on people's perceptions
and ideas rather than factual realities. The methodology section outlines sampling methods, data
collection using interviews and surveys, data analysis techniques, and ensuring validity and
reliability of the findings.
Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 Sta...ijtsrd
In this work, we examine that the poverty rate is being influenced by the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate using data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistics 2003 04, 2009 10 and 2019. Using SPSS 23, the results show that corruption, conflict and unemployment rates are statistically significant with an F Statistics value of 1.706 0.185 critical value .Hence, both significantly influence the rate of poverty in Nigeria. The Coefficient Output Summary difference of the variables suggest a model which is fitted as where is poverty rate and the variations in the rate of corruption, conflict and unemployment. The results also show that the poverty rate in Nigeria increases with increases inthe level of corruption, conflict and unemployment rate across the 36 States in Nigeria. Owan, Raphael Asu | Dr. Willie, Clement Etti | Asu Isaac Asu "Multivariate Analysis of Head Count Per Capita Poverty Rate across the 36 States in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46460.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/46460/multivariate-analysis-of-head-count-per-capita-poverty-rate-across-the-36-states-in-nigeria/owan-raphael-asu
A Critical Assessment of Zimbabwe’s Economic developmentSimba Mavurudza
As a colony of the United Kingdom, Zimbabwe once enjoyed a flourishing economy. However since the country gained independence in 1980, Zimbabwe has seen a gradual decline in its economic development. Between 1980 and 1995 Zimbabwe’s post colonial economic development was moving at a progressive rate with policies such as the Economic Structural Adjustment Program (ESAP) being implemented. After 1995, despite stable infrastructure and financial systems, Zimbabwe’s economy declined. Today Zimbabwe finds itself in an economic and political crisis.
This PPT focuses on topic of human migration, Internal And International Migration, Effect of Immigration and Emigration on economy, covering cases of India and Unites states.
This document outlines several key issues facing the Indian economy:
1) Low levels of national and per capita income, with over 60% of the population sharing only 1/3 of national income.
2) Tremendous population pressure from high birth rates and increasing population, which puts strain on economic growth.
3) Unemployment remains a major problem despite some job growth, as employment has not kept pace with the growing labor force.
The project main ambition is to empower small farmers in Eritrea through micro-financing and micro-ensurance project, associated with business technical cooperation. It main goal is to help reduce poverty in the country, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. Being agriculture the principal economic activity in Eritrea, and giving the low resources from domestic funding,the proposal is developed through a serie of strategies that could ally Private Sector Window to demands. Considering risks, IDA is necessary for mitigation and secure markets and investments. Target audience are MDBs, Private Sector and Public Sector.
Special Edition: Africa Renewal; Agriculture is Africa’s next frontier, 2014Africa Cheetah Run
This special edition looks at the many challenges and opportunities facing Africa’s agriculture – from land issues, to investments and innovations inspired by information technology, to the important role played by women in fighting hunger and malnutrition. It mixes new and updated stories that have been previously published in Africa Renewal over the past few years.
ToR for the policy dialogue relative to the IYFFFatimata Kone
TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE POLICY DIALOGUE RELATED TO THE INTERNATIONAL YEAR OF FAMILY FARMING (IYFF) IN BAMAKO
THEME : BUILDING RESILIENCE TO FEED WEST AFRICA: PROPOSALS FROM FAMILY FARMERS
This document summarizes poverty globally, with a focus on Africa and India. It states that in 2015, 702.1 million people lived in extreme poverty, defined as living on less than $1.90 per day, with Africa home to 383 million extremely poor people. India had the most at 218 million. While poverty rates have declined significantly in Asia due to growth, Africa still struggles with high rates and the largest number of poor. Causes discussed include colonialism, lack of development and infrastructure, and poor governance.
We have extensively researched on the economy of India and came up with PPT summary of 22 slides which includes relevant data and analysis that will help students of B.com, BMS, BBA or any other stream as Economics is a subject that everyone should understand . We hope the PPT will deliver exclusive knowledge about Growing Economy of India
This document summarizes a study that investigated the relationship between population growth and economic growth in Nigeria from 1960 to 2008. The study used Augmented Dickey-Fuller testing, Granger causality testing, and cointegration testing of annual population and economic growth data. The results found that population growth has a significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. There is also evidence of a long-run equilibrium relationship and unidirectional causality from population growth to economic growth. The study aims to help inform Nigerian government policy on managing population growth and economic development.
Peace and Security A Veritable Instrument for the Achievement of Sustainable ...ijtsrd
This study examined peace and security as a veritable instrument for the achievement of sustainable development goals in Nigeria using qualitative method of data analysis and content analysis. The study relied on data from extant literature to posit that sustainable development is attainable only when peace and security of the nation is assured. The study argued that tenable and sustainable development is possible. This assertion is evident in sustained growth and development of most developed and emerging economies of the world. Examples are the developed and emerging economies of America, Europe and Asia. In Nigeria, the near absence of relative peace and the consequent threat to security of lives and properties have affected every aspect of growth and development in the country. This situation has flourished in the light of the dynamics of political instability and its concomitant outcomes. The threat to peace and security of the nation have taken several dimensions of urban violence including ethno religious violence, electoral violence, youth militancy, and civil unrest, Boko Haram, farmers herders crisis, banditry, kidnapping etc. thus, undermining the attainment of significant achievement of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs in Nigeria. A situation that leaves great negative consequences for the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs . The study concludes that the Federal Government should seriously address all security challenges in the nation. Both carrot and stick are required in addressing the various issues that threaten peace and security in the nation. Where force is seen as the best option to address a particular issue, force should be applied. However, where negotiation and ceding of necessary grounds is adjudged the best option, they should be applied. Ezeozue, Chidozie "Peace and Security: A Veritable Instrument for the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30942.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/30942/peace-and-security-a-veritable-instrument-for-the-achievement-of-sustainable-development-goals-sdgs-in-nigeria/ezeozue-chidozie
The document summarizes key features of Indian economy as a developing country over the past several decades. It notes that India has seen significant increases in national income, agricultural and industrial production, infrastructure development, and standards of living. However, population growth remains heavy. National income has risen from Rs. 9,719 crore in 1950-51 to Rs. 71,57,412 crore in 2010-11. Agricultural production has increased from 50.8 million tonnes to 242 million tonnes over this same period. India has become more industrialized and urbanized and has made advances in technology and financial sectors.
The Global Economy, Emerging Markets and Geopolitical Risk: Where We Are and ...Alvaro Uribe V.
The document discusses the emerging markets revolution and its implications. It notes that emerging economies now account for close to half of global GDP, up from 33% in 1980. By 2050, 19 of the top 30 economies will be emerging countries. The growth of emerging markets is driving increased global demand for resources. Latin America is well-positioned due to its natural resources and population, though it faces challenges in maintaining economic growth, reducing inequality, and ensuring environmental sustainability. Colombia in particular has transformed through strengthening democracy, fiscal prudence, and private sector development.
This document discusses opportunities for resilient agricultural growth in sub-Saharan Africa. It recommends focusing on building resilient markets, agriculture, and people. Specifically, it suggests reducing food price volatility, facilitating private investment, enabling climate-smart and sustainable intensification, scaling up nutrition programs, and empowering women and youth. Achieving agricultural growth with resilience could significantly improve food security and economic development across Africa.
The relationship between unemployment and poverty has been of interest to many a scholar with interest in development economics and social sciences. This paper is an addition to the empirical attempts to re-examine the relationship between unemployment rate and poverty incidence in Nigeria using secondary data sourced from relevant institutions to obtain major Social and Economic indicators spanning within 1980-2015. The study used Trend graph analysis, Correlation coefficient analysis and Granger causality tests in its analyses. As shown from the results, there is a positive-significant correlation between unemployment and poverty in Nigeria. More so, this was corroborated by the Trend graph analysis. It also established that unemployment granger causes poverty in Nigeria as suggests from the Granger causality tests. The economic implication of this result is that poverty is an increasing function of unemployment; and the Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) pointed that short run disequilibrium in the economy can be returned to equilibrium in the long run with a poor speed of adjustment of 6 %. In the light of these findings, this study recommends that efforts should be intensified in Nigeria towards implementation of unemployment reduction policies as this will significantly reduce poverty incidence.
Costa Rica has a collectivistic and highly feminist society with strong social welfare programs. It has transitioned to a service and tourism-based economy from agriculture and focuses on environmental sustainability and renewable energy. Exports have grown significantly since the 1960s through trade agreements and foreign investment in sectors like medical devices and agriculture. The population is well-educated and urbanized with strong social values around environmental protection, education, and gender equality.
Bangladesh is located in South Asia between India and Myanmar. It has a population of over 161 million and is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The economy relies heavily on agriculture, apparel exports, and remittances from overseas Bangladeshi workers. Ready-made garments contribute over 11% to GDP, though this percentage has declined in recent years. Bangladesh also faces development challenges such as rapid urbanization, environmental degradation, low spending on healthcare, and reducing child marriage rates.
There has been widespread criticism that the reforms of the last 20 years have bypassed poor regions; have bypassed poor sections of the population like dalits (formerly called untouchables); that poor people have in desperation taken to Maoism, which now affects almost a quarter of all districts; and that social and poverty indicators have not improved fast enough. These criticisms are mostly exaggerations or falsehoods.
This document provides an overview of the economy of Bangladesh. It notes that Bangladesh has a population of over 163 million people and Islam is the dominant religion. The economy relies heavily on agriculture and the garment industry, with agriculture accounting for about a quarter of GDP and garments over 11% in recent years. However, the garment industry's contribution to GDP has been declining. Bangladesh also has significant potential in the tourism industry. The document outlines some development challenges for Bangladesh, such as rapid urbanization, environmental degradation, and low spending on health care.
Considered both the future of society, the future of the people, the way of the future of education in a multi-stakeholder, the activities of the order to continue to create "Future Education Consortium" is, in fiscal 2015, such as consumers and companies · NPO / NGO · Students through the co-creation projects by various participants "21 Century Future Enterprise Project", we derive the "social and companies of the future scenario of 2030".
http://miraikk.jp/cat-03/2882
The document discusses the research methodology used in a study examining the role of
microfinance in poverty reduction. It describes adopting an interpretive research philosophy to
explain the relationship between microfinance and poverty reduction based on people's perceptions
and ideas rather than factual realities. The methodology section outlines sampling methods, data
collection using interviews and surveys, data analysis techniques, and ensuring validity and
reliability of the findings.
Agripreneurship Alliance: A youth focused approach to food security Steven Carr
A presentation made by Steven Carr at the ‘’Youth, Agripreneurship and the Sustainable Development Goals’ workshop facilitated by SLU Global, SIANI and hosted by SIDA in Stockholm on 8 May 2017. More details about the event can be seen at http://www.siani.se/event/youth-agripreneurship-and-SDGs/2017
Prof. V. Okoruwa's presentation given the the Africa Agriculture Week.
The role of agriculture in an economy is a major factor in determining the economy‟s state of development (Hazell and Diano, 2005). Most African countries are mainly agrarian since agriculture contributes immensely to their economies. Agriculture‟s contribution to GDP in the Africa is between 30% and 40% on the average. The sector accounts for almost 60% of total export earnings in the continent, provides the dominant occupation for about 65% of Africa‟s population and has been growing on the average at about 3.3% each year since 2000 (IFPRI, 2009). Despite this impressive contribution of agriculture to Africa‟s economy, the sector remains largely under-developed. Most farmers are still at the subsistence level and small scale, having less than 2ha of land. The level of technology is also low, production remains weather-dependent and consequently, farmers‟ incomes are low. Poor market access, weak infrastructure and limited ability to influence government policy also characterize the sector (Quartey et al, 2012). Majority of Africa's agricultural population live in rural areas and the rural population comprises over 60% of the entire population. Further, over 600 million people in sub-Saharan Africa are youths under the age of 30 years and about 65% of this number, work in subsistence agriculture. Rural agricultural workers are among the poorest in Africa with poverty rate averaged at about 50% (UN/ECA, 2010).
Agriculture has the potential to serve as a strong
Poverty remains a significant problem in India, though it has decreased in recent decades. According to the document, around 42% of Indians lived below the international poverty line of $1.25 per day in 2005, reduced from 60% in 1981. However, poverty estimates vary and are debated. While absolute poverty may have decreased, many Indians still face issues of malnutrition, low human development, and lack of access to necessities. Alleviating poverty in India is an ongoing challenge but economic growth and government programs have helped reduce poverty levels.
Remittances and Household Welfare:
A Case Study of Pakistan
by
Vaqar Ahmed, Guntur Sugiyarto, and Shikha Jha
Sustainable Development Policy Institute
Asian Development Bank
This document summarizes the goals and progress of Ethiopia in eradicating extreme poverty and hunger as outlined in the Millennium Development Goals. It provides context on the definition and causes of poverty in Ethiopia and describes the country's development plans including Agricultural Development Led Industrialization, the PASDEP, and the GTP which aim to achieve rapid economic growth to reduce poverty. While Ethiopia has made progress in decreasing its poverty rate and expanding infrastructure, it still faces challenges from climate change, global price fluctuations, and rising urban poverty that threaten its ability to fully eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by 2015.
This document summarizes innovative financing and investment in agriculture across Africa. It notes that while agriculture contributes significantly to African economies, the sector remains underdeveloped with small-scale subsistence farming. Innovative financing beyond traditional sources is needed to boost investment in agriculture given constraints like population growth, climate change impacts, and low productivity. Examples of innovative financing mentioned include rural leasing programs, financial education, bundling credit with services, and index insurance. The document also discusses experiences of success, including direct government financing of agriculture as well as public-private partnerships in countries like Nigeria, Kenya, and Ethiopia aimed at job creation, revenue, and food security. Cooperative models are also helping farmers pool resources.
https://ijaast.com/index.html
Our journal has open-access nature of IJAAST fosters global collaboration. Researchers from diverse geographical locations can engage with and build upon each other's work, transcending borders to collectively address the challenges and opportunities in agricultural science and technology.
Improving poverty alleviation programmes in nigeria through small and medium ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a paper that discusses poverty in Nigeria and proposes improving poverty alleviation programs through small and medium scale agricultural development projects. Some key points:
- Nigeria has high unemployment and poverty rates, with over 70% of the population living below the poverty line. The government has implemented various poverty programs but they have had little success in reducing unemployment or poverty.
- The paper argues that agricultural development projects could help generate more employment and reduce poverty. Nigeria has abundant natural resources and arable land but much of its agricultural potential remains untapped.
- Small and medium agricultural projects could help address issues like low productivity, limited access to inputs and credit for farmers, and inadequate infrastructure and extension services currently hampering
This document summarizes Djibouti's National Initiative for Social Development (INDS), which serves as Djibouti's second generation poverty reduction strategy paper. The INDS aims to reduce poverty and promote social development from 2008-2012. It has four pillars: strengthening competitiveness and economic growth, optimizing human resource development, reducing poverty and assisting vulnerable groups, and improving governance. The total estimated cost of implementing the INDS is $1.65 billion USD over five years. Domestic funding is expected to cover about 12% of costs, with the remainder relying on external financing.
Botswana Public Sector: Growth, Trends, Prospectseightbloxx
Botswana has experienced strong economic growth since independence in 1966, transforming from one of the poorest countries to an upper middle income country due to stable politics, prudent economic management, and effective use of natural resources like diamonds. GDP per capita grew from $70 at independence to $6,500 in just three decades. The economy has been driven by mining, which contributes significantly to GDP, exports, and government revenues. Public sector employment is also large, with the government contributing 40% of jobs. Key challenges include high unemployment around 20% in the 1990s and maintaining spending discipline given heavy reliance on mining revenues.
2.1 k. habtegaber natural capital growth and developmentOECD Environment
This document discusses natural capital and economic development in Africa. It notes that Africa has significant natural resources like arable land, freshwater, minerals, forests, and biodiversity that support key sectors like agriculture, tourism, and fisheries. However, rapid population growth, urbanization, and resource extraction have degraded land and ecosystems. Key points:
- Agriculture is vulnerable to land degradation and desertification, costing an estimated $68 billion annually.
- Urbanization and population growth are putting pressure on natural resources and worsening problems like deforestation for fuel.
- Resource wealth has driven some economic growth but countries face challenges from price volatility and lack of diversification when prices fall.
- Illicit
Case study on India: Governance gap through Globalization, Neo-liberalism and...Apl Concepcion
This document discusses the impacts of globalization and neoliberal policies on poverty in India. It argues that while India has experienced significant economic growth through globalization and becoming more competitive internationally, this has come at the cost of neglecting the country's large agricultural sector and rural poor populations. As a result, poverty remains widespread and inequality between the rich and poor has increased. It also discusses the rise of new social movements in India that are challenging the government and globalization policies to better advocate for the needs and rights of marginalized groups.
This document discusses innovative financing and investment in agriculture across Africa. It begins by outlining the importance of agriculture to African economies and development, noting its contributions to GDP, exports, employment and poverty reduction. However, the sector remains underdeveloped with low productivity and incomes for smallholder farmers. Access to adequate financing is identified as a key impediment. The document then reviews global trends driving the need for increased agricultural production and Africa's particular challenges. It examines examples of innovative financing approaches around the world and within Africa, including mechanisms utilizing public, public-private and private partnerships. Overall it argues innovative financing is needed to boost investment in African agriculture to meet future food demands and address development challenges.
This Bangladesh case study analyzes the linkages between fisheries, poverty, and economic growth. It examines the current status and trends in Bangladesh's fishery system to understand the key role fisheries has played in reducing poverty. The study uses various published and unpublished literature sources. It provides background on Bangladesh's population, poverty levels, economic growth, fisheries production and management, and policies around fisheries. The fisheries sector accounts for over 5% of GDP and involves millions of people. Improved aquaculture techniques have increased fish farming productivity. The study aims to inform DFID's efforts to increase fisheries' contributions to poverty reduction in Bangladesh.
ENV GLOBAL FORUM OCT 2016 - Session 2 - K. Habtegaber OECD Environment
Natural capital is the bedrock of African economies, with agriculture, tourism, fisheries, and forests contributing significantly to GDP and employment. However, rapid population growth, urbanization, and resource extraction are degrading natural capital through issues like land degradation, deforestation, pollution, and overexploitation of resources. This undermines long-term economic development potential. African governments are now recognizing the need to account for natural capital in economic planning and decision making to promote more sustainable development.
This document discusses a study that aimed to assess the determinants of poverty in Mkinga District, Tanzania. The study found that nearly 93% of respondents in the area were poor. Using an ordinal regression model and data from 210 households, the study identified several factors associated with poverty in the area, including gender (with women more affected), smaller land size, smaller farm size, larger household size, and higher dependency ratio. The study recommends empowering people, especially women, to participate in economic activities using local resources to alleviate poverty in the district.
China has dramatically reduced rural poverty over the past 30 years. The rural poor population decreased from 250 million in 1978 to 14.78 million in 2007 according to government estimates. Agricultural growth has been the main driver of poverty reduction in China. Agricultural growth benefits the poor because land was initially distributed equally and inequality was low, and the poor rely more on agriculture for their livelihood. China has maintained long-term agricultural growth through institutional reforms, investments in physical and human capital, and increases in agricultural productivity from technology changes. Targeted poverty reduction investments have also contributed to higher agricultural and economic growth in poor areas.
Nexus of Agriculture & rural development.GOHAR.pptGoharSaeed6
This document discusses the nexus between agriculture and rural development in Pakistan. It provides statistics showing that agriculture is the leading economic sector, contributing over 20% to GDP and employing nearly half of the workforce. Rural populations are particularly dependent on agriculture for their livelihoods. The document outlines challenges facing the agriculture sector like population pressure, water scarcity, and climate change, and stresses the need for integrated, sustainable rural development approaches to ensure food security, reduce poverty, and promote environmental protection.
Similar to Determinants of poverty in case of pakistan (20)
Vocabulary words to improve English Writing SkillTelenor
This document contains a list of over 1,000 English words in alphabetical order from A to Z. It does not provide any additional context or information about the words.
Acknowledgement Paragraph for paying thanks on given oppertunityTelenor
Allah for giving me health and abilities to complete my work successfully. I thank my parents for their support, encouragement, and prayers for my success which made my work easier. I also thank Mr. Muhammad Saqlain Asad, the franchise owner of Telenor who provided me an internship opportunity, and M Imran Khan and Babar Shahzad Khan who guided me in different operational activities.
The document provides guidance on writing a successful research proposal. It outlines the key elements that should be included such as an introduction identifying a research gap, literature review, methodology, and research plan. A proposal should be 3-7 pages and justify the research by addressing its significance, improved methodology, and potential benefits. The proposal helps ensure a project is well-designed and organized before undertaking the full research.
The document provides information on mergers that occurred between 1995 and 2006, including the company names, dates of mergers, paid up capital, and share exchange ratios. A total of 83 merger transactions are summarized, occurring between 1995 and 2006 with the majority taking place in 1997, 2002, and 2004.
The document summarizes several financial crises that occurred between 2000-2010. It describes how the dot-com bubble burst in 2001 led to a recession in the US economy. In response, policies like low interest rates and loose lending standards were enacted under President Bush, but this contributed to over-leveraging and a housing bubble. The bubble eventually burst in 2008 with the bankruptcies of Lehman Brothers and AIG, plunging the global economy into crisis. President Obama signed a stimulus bill in 2009 that helped recover the US economy, but other countries like Iceland, Spain, and Greece continued facing financial instability through 2012 as they also implemented bailout policies.
The 2001 financial crisis in the United States was caused by several factors. The US government implemented policies that made housing loans easily available to all Americans without restrictions, resulting in many people taking out loans they could not repay. When interest rates fell and people defaulted on their loans, it destabilized the financial system. The 2001 terrorist attacks also negatively impacted the economy. To stabilize the system, the US government had to spend over $1 trillion to bail out banks and restore confidence in the markets. Experts believe the policies were poorly planned and implemented without consideration for how to handle loan defaults, contributing greatly to the crisis.
This document summarizes the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). It begins by outlining the logic and key assumptions of the CAPM, including that all investors hold the same market portfolio which must lie on the efficient frontier. It then states that the CAPM predicts the expected return of an asset is determined by its beta, or non-diversifiable risk relative to the market. However, the document notes that empirical tests have found the CAPM performs poorly in applications. It concludes the CAPM's failings indicate applications based on the model are invalid, challenging researchers to develop alternative models.
The document summarizes a presentation on the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). It includes an introduction to CAPM, objectives to understand the relationship between risk and return and validate the CAPM model through literature review. Research questions on whether risk and return are related and if CAPM is valid. The methodology section describes using Markowitz's model, the three-factor model, and regression analysis. While some studies have found issues, the conclusion is that CAPM remains the best option for measuring expected returns though could be improved. Recommendations include using daily data for betas and carefully selecting risk-free rates and market returns.
This document contains a collection of news headlines from various dates between January 2013 and December 2014 related to events in Pakistan. The headlines cover a wide range of topics including terrorist attacks, natural disasters, political protests, military actions, sports victories and clashes between Pakistani and Indian forces. Geographically, the headlines span many regions of Pakistan including Quetta, Lahore, Balochistan, Peshawar, Rawalpindi, Karachi and the Pakistani border with Afghanistan and India.
Mutual funds involve risk including the possible loss of principalTelenor
The fund involves various risks including potential loss of principal, greater volatility than traditional securities, risk of issuers defaulting on securities, risks associated with derivatives, falling prices when interest rates rise, currency risks, foreign investment risks, and risks of foreign government actions. The fund may use leverage which magnifies gains and losses, focus investments in a single sector, and involve short positions which are speculative in nature. Underlying funds involve additional expenses which increase costs for investors in this fund.
Business research involves using scientific methods to study and analyze factors related to problems in order to find solutions. There are two main types of research: basic research aims to gain general knowledge, while applied research specifically addresses current problems. Business research can study topics in accounting, finance, management, and marketing, and follows steps like identifying issues, reviewing context, evaluating alternatives, and exploring factors. Ethics in business research refer to codes of conduct followed while conducting studies.
The document is a letter from Lemuel Gulliver to his cousin Richard Sympson explaining his displeasure with Sympson publishing Gulliver's travel accounts without his full consent or oversight, as Sympson omitted and altered important details that misrepresented Gulliver's experiences and views. Gulliver renounces anything inserted without his permission, such as praise of Queen Anne, and feels his conversations with the Houyhnhnms were also abridged in an unfaithful manner by Sympson. Gulliver complains that seeing the political situation in England, with Yahoos governing, was a main reason for his retirement from society
The document provides guidance on key sections to include in a business plan, including a cover page, summary, description of the business/product, market research, marketing plan, management overview, financial forecasts, and break-even analysis. It emphasizes that the summary should briefly describe the business purpose, how it will be achieved, and why the proprietor is well-suited to make it successful. Financial forecasts including profit/loss, cash flow, and balance sheet projections must also demonstrate that the business will be profitable and have sufficient cash flow.
Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to a company from one country establishing business operations or acquiring assets in another country. FDI provides benefits like access to new markets, resources, and technologies. It plays a major role in global business and economic development. While FDI in Pakistan increased 17.9% in the first 8 months of the current fiscal year, overall foreign investment declined. The oil and gas sector received the most FDI. Key factors that influence FDI include trade policies, investment regulations, and economic stability.
This document discusses the concept of goodness and human nature's inclination towards goodness. It argues that goodness, defined as working for the benefit of others, is the greatest virtue. It notes that while humans have a natural tendency towards goodness directed at other people or beings, some have a disposition towards "malignity" and enjoying others' hardships. The document also examines what qualities and behaviors indicate that someone possesses goodness, such as compassion, forgiveness, and willingness to sacrifice for others.
Levi Strauss & Co. is a major American clothing company best known for inventing blue jeans. It was founded in 1853 in San Francisco by Levi Strauss to sell dry goods. In 1873, Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis received a patent for making riveted denim pants, which became the first blue jeans. Today, Levi's is headquartered in San Francisco and operates globally, manufacturing jeans, jackets, and other clothing items. It has over 470 stores worldwide.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
How Does CRISIL Evaluate Lenders in India for Credit RatingsShaheen Kumar
CRISIL evaluates lenders in India by analyzing financial performance, loan portfolio quality, risk management practices, capital adequacy, market position, and adherence to regulatory requirements. This comprehensive assessment ensures a thorough evaluation of creditworthiness and financial strength. Each criterion is meticulously examined to provide credible and reliable ratings.
Lecture slide titled Fraud Risk Mitigation, Webinar Lecture Delivered at the Society for West African Internal Audit Practitioners (SWAIAP) on Wednesday, November 8, 2023.
2. Elemental Economics - Mineral demand.pdfNeal Brewster
After this second you should be able to: Explain the main determinants of demand for any mineral product, and their relative importance; recognise and explain how demand for any product is likely to change with economic activity; recognise and explain the roles of technology and relative prices in influencing demand; be able to explain the differences between the rates of growth of demand for different products.
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Duba...mayaclinic18
Whatsapp (+971581248768) Buy Abortion Pills In Dubai/ Qatar/Kuwait/Doha/Abu Dhabi/Alain/RAK City/Satwa/Al Ain/Abortion Pills For Sale In Qatar, Doha. Abu az Zuluf. Abu Thaylah. Ad Dawhah al Jadidah. Al Arish, Al Bida ash Sharqiyah, Al Ghanim, Al Ghuwariyah, Qatari, Abu Dhabi, Dubai.. WHATSAPP +971)581248768 Abortion Pills / Cytotec Tablets Available in Dubai, Sharjah, Abudhabi, Ajman, Alain, Fujeira, Ras Al Khaima, Umm Al Quwain., UAE, buy cytotec in Dubai– Where I can buy abortion pills in Dubai,+971582071918where I can buy abortion pills in Abudhabi +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Sharjah,+97158207191 8where I can buy abortion pills in Ajman, +971)581248768 where I can buy abortion pills in Umm al Quwain +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Fujairah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Ras al Khaimah +971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in Alain+971)581248768 , where I can buy abortion pills in UAE +971)581248768 we are providing cytotec 200mg abortion pill in dubai, uae.Medication abortion offers an alternative to Surgical Abortion for women in the early weeks of pregnancy. Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman Fujairah Ras Al Khaimah%^^%$Zone1:+971)581248768’][* Legit & Safe #Abortion #Pills #For #Sale In #Dubai Abu Dhabi Sharjah Deira Ajman
1. Elemental Economics - Introduction to mining.pdfNeal Brewster
After this first you should: Understand the nature of mining; have an awareness of the industry’s boundaries, corporate structure and size; appreciation the complex motivations and objectives of the industries’ various participants; know how mineral reserves are defined and estimated, and how they evolve over time.
2. Agriculture sector of Pakistan provides raw material to
domestic industries, such as leather and textile, which is
further causal widely in Pakistan export. (Sikander and
Rizvi; 2013)
Remittances
South Asia has been an important source of migrant
workers for country clubs suffering from labor shortages
and migrant workers, Remittances have become an
increasingly important source of export income for this
region. Within South Asia, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan
and Sri Lanka have been the main suppliers of migrant
workers who are spread over almost all over the world.
These remittances sent by migrant workers to their home
country clubs have played an important role to promote
economic development and improve their living
conditions In These countries. (Siddique et al., 2010).
Increases in remittance flows have greatly assisted these
country clubs to minimize the problem arising from
shortages of foreign exchange reserves which is badly
needed to pay the import bills and in poverty reduction
(Javeed et al., 2012). The recorded Estimates of
Pakistani migrants working abroad are accessible from
1971 when the Government of Pakistan established the
Bureau of Emigration and Overseas Employment to deal
with export of Pakistani manpower, mainly to the Gulf
States. Since 1971, around 3.6 million laborers migrated
for 6 Middle Eastern Countries, mainly to Saudi Arabia.
However, registration of immigrants living in Europe and
North America does not fall under the Bureau of
Emigration and Overseas Employment and their figures
are integrated in the overall migrant numbers (Khan et
al., 2009). The Remittances of Pakistanis living abroad
has played a very vital role in Pakistan's economy and
foreign exchange reserves. Since 1973 the Pakistani
workers in the oil rich Arab states have been sources of
billions dollars of remittances. The remittance inflows
during the period of 2000 - 2010 are around $ 1 billion in
2000 and had reached more than $ 9 billion by 2010. In
2005-2006, official remittances reached $ 4.6 billion, an
increase of 10% over the previous year (SBP, 2006). In
2006-2007 Pakistan received $ 5,493 billion as
remittances. In 2007-2008 the estimated remittances
were $ 6.5 billion, In FY10 the estimated remittances
were at record of $ 8,906 billion, an Increase of 14% as
compared to the FY 2009. The trend continued to show a
rising amount of $ 791.19 million was received in the first
month (July 2010) of the current tax year 2010-2011
(FY11), showing 6.22% rise over the same period of the
previous tax year (Ahmad et al 2011).
Inflation
Inflation in Pakistan over the last 60 years had an erratic
Pervez and Rizvi 193
trend, ranging as high as 23 per cent in 1974 and as low
as -3.52 per cent in 1959. Monetary factors played a
dominant role in inflation creation in the country followed
by food and other non-food items. Inflation was low
relativamente during 1980s as compared to 1990s. Tight
monetary policy (combined with tax consolidation)
appears to have contributed to this low-inflation
environment (Zakaria, 2010). Devaluation of domestic
currency and political instability are held responsible for
high inflation during 1990s. Trade openness and flexibility
exchange rate system also contributed to cosmic inflation
in the country. After remaining low relativeamente during
early 2000s, the inflation rate in Pakistan started
acceleration in 2005, which is mainly because of low
export growth relative to import, high oil prices, reduction
in foreign capital inflows and inadequate supply of food
and non food items. Both food and non-food inflation
contributed to the persistence of double-digit inflation
during the period 2005-08 (Hassan and Malik, 2011).
Poverty
Globally, about 90% of the poor people of developing
world lived in Asia or Africa. Less than 1% of the poor
lived in the Middle East and North Africa and 7% live in
Latin America and the Caribbean (WDR 2008). Three of
every four poor people in developing countries live in
rural areas 2.1 billion living on less than $ 2 a day and
880 million on less than $ 1 a day and Most depend on
agriculture for their livelihoods. On the beginning of the
21st century, above 2.1 billion people are alive in intense
poverty, subsisting on less than $ 1 a day. This
proportion has fallen as of 32% in 1987 to 25% in 1998.
The recent decline in the $ 1-a-day poverty rate in
developing countries from 28 percent in 1993 to 22
percent in 2002 has been mainly the result of falling rural
poverty (from 37 percent to 29 percent) while the urban
poverty rate Remained nearly constant (at 13 percent).
More than 80 percent of the decline in rural poverty is
Attributable to better conditions in rural areas rather than
to out-migration of the poor (World Bank 2000).
Poverty in any country of the world symbolizes the
hunger and nourishment. As for the Pakistan, it is a
middle income country and significant group of the
people suffering the disease of poverty creating hunger
and under nourishment in them. Origination Food and
Agriculture (FAO) that confirms the number of the people
at world level reach 962 million, or approximately 15% of
the inhabitants of the earth predictable. This dealer to a
boost of 142 million above the figure for 1990-92.
(Sikander and Rivzi 2013) Poverty is measured by three
methods:
1) Head Count Ratio: it is proportion of population
below the national or international poverty line.
2) Poverty gap ratio: it is measure of poverty head
count Obtained by multiplying by the average distance at
which the poor are from the poverty line.
3. 194 Educ. Res.
3) Severity of poverty measure: where the weight given to
each poor person is relative to the square of the income
loss of the poor from the poverty line.
During 1998-99, the HCR was 30.6% which is
distended to at most 35% in 2000-01, but HCR was
declined by 2004-06 from 24% to 22.3% in Pakistan.
Poverty has decreased from 34.5% to 22.3% since 2002-
2006. Poverty in rural areas is quite higher than urban
areas because 60% of the overall population of Pakistan
lives in rural area and betrothed to agriculture. The gap
between rural and urban increased since 1992-93 due to
rise in poverty but this gap narrowed with fall in rural
poverty since 2000-01 (Economic Survey 2009-10)
Different studies explained different phenomenon
with respect to Agriculture Growth, Trade openness,
Inflation, Remittances and poverty reduction. Country
Partnership Strategy (CPS) progress report for Pakistan
by World Bank(2011) shows that, poverty in Pakistan
experienced a decreasing trend as 34.5% since 2001 and
17.2% in 2008. This study tries to measure the
Relationship between Multiple variables which affect the
Poverty. Pakistan is an agrarian economy and almost
more than 60% of rural population directly or indirectly
depends upon agriculture. It also provides employment to
almost 45% population, so it is also the largest sector of
Pakistan with respect to employment. This study will
check the impact of agricultural growth, Trade Openness,
Employment in agriculture, Remittances, FDI and
Inflation on poverty that whether this agriculture growth or
employment and other variables has significant effect on
poverty or not. Due to lack of studies on this topic there is
a need to explore this issue in further detail especially for
Pakistan.
The purpose of this study is to examine the Effect of
Agriculture growth, trade openness, Employment in
agriculture, Remittances, FDI and Inflation on poverty in
Pakistan. The co integration method is applied to
estimate the model. Annual data from 1980-2010 is
selected for analysis. Augmented Dicky fuller test is used
for stationarity check and then difference taken if
necessary. The data is used for poverty head count ratio
(HCR) is taken from Haroon Jamal paper 2006 which is
publishing in PDR. In this paper the data is available
onward from 1973 to 2003. In Pakistan, past studies have
been estimated for the period up to 2008 by using OLS,
Multi-variant regression or by co integration but in this
study we will use not only variable agriculture growth but
also use trade openness, employment in agriculture
Inflation, FDI and Remittances and we not only estimate
long run relationship of these variables but also we will
find short run adjustment of the coefficients for these
variables. These variables are not investigated in this
way in context of Pakistan.
This paper will follow in the sequence. Section 2
sheds light on literature review which provides empirical
evidence. Section 3 provides theoretical explanation
about relationship between variables and modeling
process. Section 4 contains on material and modeling.
Section 5 contains on estimation results and
interpretation of findings. Finally in section 6 conclusions
is drawn on the basis of results.
Literature Review
Sikander and Rizvi (2013) tried to explore the impact of
Agriculture Growth, Trade openness and Employment in
Agriculture on Poverty Reduction. Time series data from
1980-2010 has been used. Co integration and Error
Correction Model has been applied on this data. The
empirical evidence of this paper tells that all the variables
have a strong and statistically significant impact on
Poverty Reduction.
Javid et al. (2012) tried to find the impact of
Remittances on Economic Growth and Poverty. Time
Series data from 1973-2010 has been used. ARDL
technique has been applied on this data. The finding of
this study tells that remittances effect economic growth
positively and significantly. Furthermore the study also
finds that remittances have a strong and statistically
significant impact on poverty reduction.
Mehmood and Chaudry (2012) tried to find the impact
of FDI on poverty reduction in Pakistan. Time series data
from 1973 to 2003 has been used in this paper. ARDL
and Error Correction Model are used to find the long run
and short run relation relationships. Findings of the study
show that all variable are significant and have negatively
impact on poverty.
Hung (2004) tried to explore the impact of FDI on
Poverty reduction in Vietnam. Panal data from 1992 to
2002 has been used in this paper. OLS technique has
been applied. The finding of the study shows the FDI has
negatively related to poverty which means that FDI help
to decrease in Poverty Reduction.
Lin and Piese (2003) tried to find impact of
Agriculture Growth on Poverty reduction in Africa, Asia
and Latin America. Pooled data has been used in this
paper which covers Africa, Asia and Latin America.
Causal chain model has been has been applied. Findings
of the study show that it has negatively related to each
other.
Soloaga and Torres (2003) tried to find the relation
between Agricultural Growth and Poverty Reduction in
Mexico. Household data for years 1984, 1989, 1992,
1994, 1996, 1998, 2000 and 2002 and OLS and IV
regression has been used. Findings of the study indicate
that Poverty levels have been diminishing in Mexico since
the late 90’s, several regions still show high levels of
poverty and they are extremely high in some rural areas
but agricultural growth impacted negatively on poverty
levels in Mexico.
Bakhshoodeh and Zibaei (2007) tried to find the
relation between Agriculture Trade Openness and
Poverty Reduction. Cross country data and OLS
4. technique has been used in this paper. Findings of the
study show that Economic freedom appears to have
positive impacts on income levels and good institutions
reduce poverty.
Shepher and Prowse (2009) tried to find the
relationship between Agriculture Growth and poverty.
Panel data used from (1990-2005) and Gravity model
approach has been used. Findings of the study show that
impact of Agriculture Growth on income Poverty
transmitted via prices (higher producer prices, lower food
prices, higher wage).
Modeller et al. (2012) tried to explore the relationship
between Trade Liberalization on Growth and Poverty in
Ethopia. Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) data of
1999/2000 has been used. CGE Model has been applied.
Findings of the study show that the short run impact of
liberalization on poverty level was positive and in the long
run impacts of direct liberalization on poverty indices are
decreasing in the long run.
Theoretical Framework
As the study is, supposed to measure the relationship
between multiple variables which effect the poverty. So,
different studies explain that there is a significant
relationship between agricultural growth, Remittances,
FDI, Inflation and poverty. [Saboor, A. (2004),
Bakhshoodeh and Zibaei (2007), Hassine, Robichaud
and Decaluwe (2010), Christiaensen, Demery and Kuhl
(2010)]. Channels are import to highlight the significance
of the relationship of the variables. The way through
which the agriculture growth and other variables affects
the poverty, is explained as following:
Variables Justification
i. Agriculture Growth
As Agriculture Growth increases leads an increase in the
number of labors yet this lead in their employment level
which in turn leads a decrease in poverty. In Lin,Thirtle
and Wiggins (2001).
→ →Agri Growth ↑ Employment level ↑ Poverty ↓
ii. Trade Openness
Trade Openness is also a key factor to reduce poverty.
So Trade Openness leads to increase our domestic
technology and our production will more efficient and
then our productivity is raised then production increase
after that our Agriculture Growth increase and then our
Poverty reduce and trade openness is measured by sum
of import and export with ration of GDP(X+M/GDP).In
literature Khan and Sattar (2010).
Pervez and Rizvi 195
Agricultural labor force
As Labor in Agriculture increase the employment level of
people in Agriculture increases then their income level
increases, their purchasing power increases and hence
poverty decreases. In literature Brajesh Jha (2003).
iii. Inflation
Inflation is the factor to increase poverty. So as inflation
increases Purchasing power for people decrease which
lead to decrease in aggregate demand, furthermore
which lead to decrease the living standard of the people
and hence poverty increase. In literature Hassan & Malik
(2011).
Inflation↑ P. power
↓
AD ↓ Living Standard ↓ Poverty↑
iv. Remittances
Remittances also a key factor to decrease Poverty. So
When Remittances come in to country the migrant it lead
to increase the Savings which lead to increase in
Investment so Aggregate Demand increases and hence
poverty Decreases. In literature Javid et al (2012).
v. Foreign Direct Investment: (FDI)
FDI also a key factor to promote GDP and Decrease
Poverty. So When FDI increases in a country it lead to
increase the employment in all sectors which lead to
increase the output hence living standard of people
improved which lead to decrease the Poverty.
Domestic
Technology
↑
Trade
Openness
Production
is more
efficient
Productivity
↑
Agri
Growth
↑
Poverty
↓
LAF ↑ Employment
↑
Income ↑ Purchasing power↑ Poverty ↓
Remi ↑ Savings ↑ Invest ↑ AD ↑ Poverty↓
FDI ↑ Emp ↑ Output ↑ AD ↑ Poverty ↓
5. 196 Educ. Res.
From the above discuss theoretical framework, we are
able to understand the process through which agricultural
growth affects the poverty. On the base of this theoretical
framework and from literature we build a model and
estimate it by applying ARDL.
MATERIAL AND MODELING
a. Model
Variables are selected on the base of selected studies
given in literature review and time series data from 1980
to 2010 is obtained from Economic survey of Pakistan,
World Development indicator, Food and Agriculture
Organization and Handbook of Statistics State Bank of
Pakistan and Haroon Jamal (2006) Paper. For regression
analysis we develop a model in which we took poverty as
dependent variable and all other mentioned variables as
independent
The functional form of proposed Model is:
Poverty = f (Agriculture Growth, Trade Openness,
Inflation, Labor in agriculture, Remittances, FDI)
The model is:
RESULTS AND METHODOLOGY
Unit Root Test
When we deal with a time series the first and foremost
step is to check whether the underlying time series is
stationary or not. If we want to apply the appropriate
technique on the underlying time series then we must be
aware of the order of integration of underlying time
series. Stationarity is also important in the context that if
we apply OLS to a non-stationary time series it may
result in spurious regression. To check the unit root in the
data Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) Test is used. ADF
is an extended form of Dickey-Fuller test. In DF test we
assume that error terms are uncorrelated or white noise
but if error terms are correlated then ADF is best because
it also allows for Serial Correlation to be checked. ADF
test has the following regression equation
∆Yt = β1 + β2t + δYt-1 + i ∆Yt-1 + εt
Where εt is white noise error, ∆Yt-1 = (Yt-1 – Yt-2) where
∆ represents first difference, q represents number of
lagged difference, These lags are included to make error
term in equation (5.3) white noise.β1is intercept and t
represents time trend.
ADF has a null hypothesis same as DF
H0 = δ = 0; There is Unit root
H1 = δ < 0; There is no unit root
ADF uses same critical values as DF. If ∆Yt-1 = 0 then
ADF = DF. So there is no difference between ADF and
DF in that case.
In views we can run ADF in three different
specifications
i. ADF with Intercept
ii. ADF with trend and intercept
iii. ADF without trend and Intercept (none)
An appropriate ADF test specification should be applied
according to the nature of the data. We first check all
variables at level and if non stationary at level then we
move to first difference. In EViews one can take up to two
differences (Gujarati).
The results are given below in the Tables. They are
computed by applying ADF test statistic on data I(0). The
test confirms that all variables have a unit root problem
and they are non stationary at level but stationary at their
first difference, therefore, the order of integration of all
these variables are I(1).
The results in the table 1 reveal that the hypothesis of
a unit root can’t be rejected in all variables in levels and
at first difference. However, the hypothesis of unit root is
rejected in first differences at 0.05 level of significant
which indicates that some of the variables are integrated
of order one I(1) and some of the variable are integrated
of order zero I(0)
Lag Length Criteria
In below table 2 Lag selection criteria have shown. In this
table LR, FPE, AIC, SC and HQ criteria reported that we
use two lag and we choose SC and AIC criteria because
Asghar et al(2007), Gutierrez et al(2007) and
Hofman(2007) has empirically proved that SC criteria is
best criteria in choosing Lag length so that’s why we
choose lag length 2.
Johansen Co integration
If we regress two non-stationary time series’ on each
other it may result in a spurious regression. If underlying
time aeries is non-stationary then OLS is not a good
option for estimations. OLS is an appropriate method if all
the variables are I (0) i.e. stationary at level otherwise
one should check for the possible co-integration
relationship between the underlying non-stationary
series. ‘OLS is for short run relationship while co-
integration suggests a long run relationship between the
series’.
“If the linear combination of two time series having
unit root is stationary then we can say that the two time
series are co-integrated.”Gujarati (2004).
Let there are two variables x and y and both are I (1).
Now if we regress y on x as
Yt = β1 + β2Xt + εt
6. Pervez and Rizvi 197
Table 1.
Variables
Intercept only Intercept and trend only
Level First difference Level First difference
Prob: value Prob: value Prob: value Prob: value
Poverty 0.5891(0) 0.0007(1)*** 0.1752(1) 0.0022(2) ***
AG 0.8153(0) 0.0002(0)*** 0.4985(0) 0.0017(0) ***
ALF 1.000(0) 0.0057(0)*** 0.9927(0) 0.0197(3)**
GDP 0.5432(0) 0.0021(0)*** 0.3724(0) 0.0013(2) ***
X 0.4848(0) 0.0002(0)*** 0.8616(0) 0.0012(0) ***
REM 1.000 (0) 0.0455(0)*** 0.9999(0) 0.0190(0)***
FDI 0.1395(1) 0.0008(2)*** 0.0280(1) 0.0049(2)***
Inflation 0.1656(0) 0.0000(0)*** 0.1689(0) 0.0001(0)***
[*** indicates that variable are significant at 1 percent. ** indicates that variables are significant at
level 5 percent.]
Table 2. VAR Lag Order Selection
Endogenous variables: LP LLF LAG LTO LREM LINF LFDI Exogenous variables: C
Sample: 1980 2010 Included observations: 29
Lag LogL LR FPE AIC SC HQ
0 -1074.647 NA 3.69+22 74.66534 75.04252 74.78346
1 -866.9101 286.5342 2.16e+18 64.75242 68.14708 65.81558
2 -715.3419 125.4357* 1.72e+16* 58.71323* 65.12538* 60.72144*
* indicates lag order selected by the criterion
LR: sequential modified LR test statistic (each test at 5% level)
FPE: Final prediction error
AIC: Akaike information criterion
SC: Schwarz information criterion
HQ: Hannan-Quinn information criterion
Now if we write this as
εt = Yt - β1 - β2Xt
Now if check unit root of εt and if it turns out to be I
(0) then we can say that their linear combination is
stationary and both the variables are co integrated.
“A test for co-integration can be regarded as a pre-
test to avoid spurious regression” (Granger).
There are several methods to check co-integration
relationship between the variables like Engel-Granger
(EG) or Augmented Engel-Granger (AEG) test can be
used if all variables are I (1). It is a two-step procedure. In
first step simply regress the variables using OLS like (5.4)
and check the unit root of residuals using DF or ADF. For
this values calculated by Engel and Granger are used
instead of DF and ADF tabulated values. Engel-Granger
is not appropriate for testing more than one co integration
relationship.
If all the variables become stationary at their first
difference i.e. I (1) then Johansen Co-integration test can
also be used But if some variables are stationary at their
level i.e. I (0) and some at first difference i.e. I (1) then
Johansen is also not an appropriate method. In such
cases where variables are both I (0) and I (1)
Autoregressive Distributed Lag model is an appropriate
technique.
For Present study Johansen co integration method is
selected. It uses VAR framework and treats all variables
as endogenous. Johansen maximum likelihood test
allows testing for more than one co integration relations.
Johansen test allows estimation of all the possible long
run relations (Haleem et al (2005)). It uses two likelihood
tests for determining the co integration relations Brooks
(2002).
i. The Trace test
ii. The Maximum Eigenvalue test
According to table 3 and 4 both trace test and max
Eigen values test reject the hypothesis of no co
integration. For the rejection of null hypothesis calculated
7. 198 Educ. Res.
Table 3. Trace Test Results
Table 4. Max Eigenvalue test Results
Unrestricted Co integration Rank Test (Maximum Eigen value)
Hypothesized
No. of CE(s)
Null Hypothesis
Alternative
Hypothesis
Eigen value
Max-Eigen
Statistic
0.05
Critical Value
Prob.**
None * r = 0 r ≥ 1 0.972598 104.3166 52.36261 0.0000
At most 1 r = 1 r ≥ 2 0.949520 86.59929 46.23141 0.0000
At most 2 r = 2 r ≥ 3 0.904763 68.19036 40.07757 0.0000
At most 3 r = 3 r ≥ 4 0.837936 52.77307 33.87687 0.0001
At most 4 r = 4 r ≥ 5 0.768932 42.48625 27.58234 0.0003
At most 5 r = 5 r ≥ 6 0.591062 25.93153 21.13162 0.0098
At most 6 r = 6 r ≥ 7 0.315698 11.00132 14.26460 0.1542
At most 7 r = 7 r ≥ 8 0.010648 0.310462 3.841466 0.5774
Max-eigenvalue test indicates 6 cointegratingeqn(s) at the 0.05 level
r indicates cointegration relations.
* denotes rejection of the hypothesis at the 0.05 level
**MacKinnon-Haug-Michelis (1999) p-values
values of both trace test and max eigen values test must
exceed their respective critical values and probability
value must be equal to or less than 0.05. At most 1 has
null hypothesis that there exists at least one co
integration relation and alternative hypothesis that there
are more than one co integration relations. Max Eigen
values test is unable to reject null hypothesis at 6 which
means according to max eigen values test there is at
least 6 co integration relation that exists between the
variables. Trace test has rejected the null hypothesis at
most 5 that there are at least 6 co integration relations
respectively suggesting that there exist at least more than
6 co integration relations. Trace test is unable to reject at
most 5 null hypothesis thus suggests that there exists at
least 6 co integration relations. Trace test is more reliable
than maximum eigen values test (Cheung and kai (1993),
Liang (2006). So according to trace test there are three
co integration relationships among variables Table 5
Sample (adjusted): 1982 2010 Included observations: 29 after adjustments
Trend assumption: Linear deterministic trend
Series: LP LTO LGDP LINF LFDI LAG LEMP
Unrestricted Cointegration Rank Test (Trace)
Hypothesized
No. of CE(s)
Null Hypothesis
Alternative
Hypothesis
Eigenvalue
Trace
Statistic
0.05
Critical Value
Prob.**
None * r = 0 r ≥ 1 0.972598 391.6089 159.5297 0.0000
At most 1 * r = 1 r ≥ 2 0.949520 287.2923 125.6154 0.0000
At most 2 * r = 2 r ≥ 3 0.904763 200.6930 95.75366 0.0000
At most 3 r = 3 r ≥ 4 0.837936 132.5056 69.81889 0.0000
At most 4 r = 4 r ≥ 5 0.768932 79.72956 47.85613 0.0000
At most 5 r = 5 r ≥ 6 0.591062 37.24332 29.79707 0.0058
At most 6 r = 6 r ≥ 7 0.315698 11.31179 15.49471 0.1930
At most 7 R=7 r ≥ 8 0.10648 0.310462 3.841466 0.5774
Trace test indicates 6 cointegrating eqn(s) at the 0.05 level
r indicates cointegration relations.
* denotes rejection of the hypothesis at the 0.05 level
**MacKinnon-Haug-Michelis (1999) p-values
8. Pervez and Rizvi 199
Table 5. Normalized Cointegration Coefficients
Cointegrating Equation Log likelihood 815.6884
LP LAG LREM LTO LFDI LINF LEMP LGDP
1.000000 2.116099 0.004243 0.01424 4.69496 1.614170 0.002331 -0.023
Standard Errors 0.19403 0.19182 0.18312 0.64426 0.01181 0.01310 0.30767
T-statistics 2.12639 3.30190 1.96683 1.64697 -2.70492 2.62535 0.52279
Table 6. Long Run Equation Analysis
Variables Coefficient St errors t-statistics Prob.
C -37.68624 0.000560 1.660119 0.1105
AG 0.545155 0.300320 0.084776 0.9332
LF 0.003336 8.98E-05 -1.672002 0.1081
GDP -0.000150 0.951082 -3.476434 0.0020
INF 0.061675 0.450458 1.210224 0.2385
TO 0.025460 0.001078 3.093639 0.0051
FDI -3.306372 0.174560 0.353319 0.7271
REM 0.000930 24.72051 -1.524493 0.1410
R-squared value 0.719172
F statistics 8.414394
Table 7. Vector Error Correction Model (VECM)
Error
correction
D(P) D(AG) D (TO) D(LF) D(GDP) D(FDI) D(REM) D(INF)
Coint Eq1 -0.354 0.055 -0.075 -15.909 -3.748 0.012 -32.248 -0.044
D(P(-1)) -0.150 -0.280 70.949 -27.129 0.627 -396.046 -0.0348 0.114
D(AG(-1)) 0.442 0.881 44.390 -66.473 -0.452 590.059 -0.092 -0.016
D(GDP(-1)) -8.004 0.001 -0.005 0.003 0.000 0.1719 -4.891 2.621
D(LF(-1)) -0.002 0.008 0.345 0.334 -0.005 2.888 0.000 0.000
D(TO(-1)) -0.120 -0.471 -60.264 -10.634 -0.007 -199.33 -0.013 -0.038
D(FDI(-1)) -0.229 -0.827 444.24 -143.61 3.361 3723.24 0.0612 -0.3299
D(REM(-1)) 0.0025 -0.000 0.493 0.1444 0.0172 5.530 -0.000 -0.0016
D(INF(-1)) 0.2528 0.1493 29.2493 24.4368 -0.2483 237.955 0.0099 0.0375
Normal Equation
In equation form signs of normalized co integration
coefficients will be reversed because EViews gives
equation in deviation form so explanatory variables needs
to be brought to the right side of the equation. Equation
form will be as given below.
LP = 2.11(LAG) – 0.004(LREM) – 0.014(LTO) –
4.69(LFDI) + 1.61(LINF) – 0.002(LEMP) + 0.023(LGDP)
The Normalized co-integration equation reveals that
the Agriculture Growth and other variables have negative
impact while inflation has positive impact on Poverty. The
Agriculture growth coefficient is 2.11and showing
significant, implying in Pakistan, a one percent increase
in Agriculture growth while other keep constant
contributes 2.11% decrease in Poverty. Similarly, the
GDP coefficient is -0.023, and showing insignificant,
implying in Pakistan. Same as the case in Trade
Openness, its coefficient is 0.014 and showing just
significant, implying in Pakistan that one percent increase
in Trade Openness while other keep constant contributes
0.0144% decrease in poverty. Same as the case in FDI,
its coefficient is 4.69 and also showing just significant,
implying in Pakistan that 1% increase in FDI while other
keep constant contribute 4.69% decrease in Poverty.
Same as the case in Remittances, its coefficient is 0.004
10. World Bank (2000). Dynamic Risk Management and poor, developing a
Social Protection for Africa, The World Bank, Washington D. C.
Pervez and Rizvi 201
How to cite this article: Pervez S. and Rizvi S.B.H. (2014).
Determinants of poverty in case of Pakistan. Educ. Res.
5(6):192-201