This document summarizes a study on the economic evaluation of integrated pest management (IPM) practices in rice production in MADA, Malaysia. The study found that adopting IPM practices generated economic benefits for farmers including savings on pesticide costs and reductions in environmental and health costs. Specifically, the study estimated savings of MYR756,393 on insecticides, MYR40,537 on herbicides, and MYR94,753 on fungicides for 454 farmers who adopted IPM practices. The study also found that IPM adoption improved water quality, food safety, pesticide application safety, and long-term sustainability of pest management systems in rice farming.
Abstract
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a major source of foreign earnings. However cotton crop is
facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One way to reduce losses caused by disease and pest
attack is the use integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Keeping in view the importance of this technique,
the present study analyzed the adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk involved in the adoption process.
To estimate the cotton yield, two types of production functions (one for adopter and other for non-adopters) were
estimated using the regression analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further in risk analysis.
The results of non-adopters of IPM showed that cost of urea bags, cost of nitro-phosphate bags, cost of herbicide
and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164 respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level.
For non-adopters of IPM the coefficient values of seed expenditure, temperature, humidity and spray cost were
0.0035, 0.026,-.0.00093 and 0.00027 respectively. The results of IPM adopters showed that coefficient of
temperature, seed expenditure, spray cost, urea cost and rainfall equal to 0.0305,0.100,0.0029,-.000213 and
0.894 respectively and significant at ten percent level. Coefficient values of cost of nitro-phosphate bags,
herbicide cost, humidity were 0.00035, 0.100.-0.000671 and -0.000445 respectively.
Keywords: Cotton, IPM, herbicide, evaluation, risk, Coefficient, Hyderabad.
Adoption of crop scheduling techniques in India for sugarcane and pomegranate
production has been disappointing. The challenge is to use state of the art technology to provide
practical and useful advice to farmers and further to convince farmers of the benefits of crop
scheduling by on-farm demonstration. The purpose of this project is to describe: 1. To expose the
system to the practical aspects of farming in order to refine it if necessary. 2. To evaluate the
accuracy of the system to predict crop growth and health. 3. A high technology system to provide
practical, real time cropping advice on climate situations. The system consists of a web-based
simulation model that estimates the recent, current and future crop status and yield from field
information and real time weather data. The system automatically generates and distributes simple
advice by SMS to farmers’ cellular phones. The system is evaluated on a small-scale sugarcane and
pomegranate scheme at Pandharpur, Maharashtra. Yields are not affected significantly and
profitability is enhanced considerably.
Comparative economic analysis of organic and inorganic wheatsanaullah noonari
The production of wheat crop for the year 2012-13 is estimated to be 24.2 million tons against last year’s
production of 23.4 million tons. The major reasons for this enhanced production were increase in support price
from Rs.1050 to Rs.1200 per 40 Kg which encouraged improved seed usage and fertilizers. There was also better
weather and comparatively more water available from the reservoirs. The target for wheat production for 2013-
14 has been fixed at 25.0 million tons. The fertilizer has raised the expenses of the inorganic farmers, which are
not, used in organic farming. Cash cost in case of organic and inorganic farming is Rs. 23053.00 and 25846.00
respectively. The non-cash cost of organic and inorganic are Rs.19389.65 and 18815.10 respectively. Total cost
is the combination of cash and non-cash costs that is Rs.42442.65 and 44661.00 in organic and inorganic
farming. Gross margin (GM) is obtained by subtracting the cash cost from the gross value of product. GM is
Rs.33142.65 and 36182.00 in organic and inorganic farming system. Net income is obtained by subtracting the
total cost from the gross value of product. It is Rs.13752.35 and Rs.17367.00 in organic and inorganic farming,
respectively showing a difference of Rs.2615.35. The analysis shows that low net income in organic farming
than the inorganic farming is due to the low yield and high labor cost in organic system. Secondly health and
environmental costs are not included in the analysis, because in the study site farmers are unaware of these costs.
Keywords: Wheat, organic, Inorganic, support price, environmental costs, Pakistan
Plant protection applications in organic agriculture and farmers’ approaches ...Innspub Net
Plant production is becoming more important day by day with organic agriculture, one of the agricultural production systems. Plant protection applications with the right method are regarded as one of the most important factors to achieve sustainable organic agriculture. This study was conducted to identify the present situation in plant protection practices performed by organic agriculture enterprises on plant production and frequently faced problems such as pests, diseases, weeds and plant physiology in their fields in Kocaeli. A further purpose was to determine farmers’ approaches to these problems as well as organic agriculture in plant production. In this regard, the study was carried out in the middle of 2016 by a face to face close and open ended questionnaire following a full count method in Kocaeli Province in Turkey. The data show that there are various solved and unresolved biotic and abiotic problems in organic plant farming. According to the results weeds, aphids, late blight and downy mildew are as biotic, short time period of vegetation and forest are as abiotic are mostly facing problem in the fields. “Plant Protection problems” is stated as the second most important subject by farmers. In addition farmers’ awareness and expectations were revealed in the organic farming system. According to the results. Kocaeli has farmers who are aware and well educated that applies the main principles of organic agriculture, yet they remain incapable for plant protection in organic agriculture and for some other issues independent of this subject.
Determinant of Non-Organic Farming in Enrekang District of South SulawesiIJEABJ
Non-organik farming has a great impact on creasing agricultural production, but many negative impacts such a reduced soil fertility, environment damage and also negative impact on human health. The government has launched various programs to depelop organic farming to encourage farmers to swich to organic farming but has not been successful until now. The research aims to analyze the persistent determinant of non-organic farming by using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) analysis. Result of research, there are three elements becoming persistent determinant of non-organic farming, that is: Facilities dan infrastructure of organic farming available, application of production facilities (fertilizers/chemical pesticides) easy and practical, easy market access for non organic products.
Abstract
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a major source of foreign earnings. However cotton crop is
facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One way to reduce losses caused by disease and pest
attack is the use integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Keeping in view the importance of this technique,
the present study analyzed the adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk involved in the adoption process.
To estimate the cotton yield, two types of production functions (one for adopter and other for non-adopters) were
estimated using the regression analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further in risk analysis.
The results of non-adopters of IPM showed that cost of urea bags, cost of nitro-phosphate bags, cost of herbicide
and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164 respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level.
For non-adopters of IPM the coefficient values of seed expenditure, temperature, humidity and spray cost were
0.0035, 0.026,-.0.00093 and 0.00027 respectively. The results of IPM adopters showed that coefficient of
temperature, seed expenditure, spray cost, urea cost and rainfall equal to 0.0305,0.100,0.0029,-.000213 and
0.894 respectively and significant at ten percent level. Coefficient values of cost of nitro-phosphate bags,
herbicide cost, humidity were 0.00035, 0.100.-0.000671 and -0.000445 respectively.
Keywords: Cotton, IPM, herbicide, evaluation, risk, Coefficient, Hyderabad.
Adoption of crop scheduling techniques in India for sugarcane and pomegranate
production has been disappointing. The challenge is to use state of the art technology to provide
practical and useful advice to farmers and further to convince farmers of the benefits of crop
scheduling by on-farm demonstration. The purpose of this project is to describe: 1. To expose the
system to the practical aspects of farming in order to refine it if necessary. 2. To evaluate the
accuracy of the system to predict crop growth and health. 3. A high technology system to provide
practical, real time cropping advice on climate situations. The system consists of a web-based
simulation model that estimates the recent, current and future crop status and yield from field
information and real time weather data. The system automatically generates and distributes simple
advice by SMS to farmers’ cellular phones. The system is evaluated on a small-scale sugarcane and
pomegranate scheme at Pandharpur, Maharashtra. Yields are not affected significantly and
profitability is enhanced considerably.
Comparative economic analysis of organic and inorganic wheatsanaullah noonari
The production of wheat crop for the year 2012-13 is estimated to be 24.2 million tons against last year’s
production of 23.4 million tons. The major reasons for this enhanced production were increase in support price
from Rs.1050 to Rs.1200 per 40 Kg which encouraged improved seed usage and fertilizers. There was also better
weather and comparatively more water available from the reservoirs. The target for wheat production for 2013-
14 has been fixed at 25.0 million tons. The fertilizer has raised the expenses of the inorganic farmers, which are
not, used in organic farming. Cash cost in case of organic and inorganic farming is Rs. 23053.00 and 25846.00
respectively. The non-cash cost of organic and inorganic are Rs.19389.65 and 18815.10 respectively. Total cost
is the combination of cash and non-cash costs that is Rs.42442.65 and 44661.00 in organic and inorganic
farming. Gross margin (GM) is obtained by subtracting the cash cost from the gross value of product. GM is
Rs.33142.65 and 36182.00 in organic and inorganic farming system. Net income is obtained by subtracting the
total cost from the gross value of product. It is Rs.13752.35 and Rs.17367.00 in organic and inorganic farming,
respectively showing a difference of Rs.2615.35. The analysis shows that low net income in organic farming
than the inorganic farming is due to the low yield and high labor cost in organic system. Secondly health and
environmental costs are not included in the analysis, because in the study site farmers are unaware of these costs.
Keywords: Wheat, organic, Inorganic, support price, environmental costs, Pakistan
Plant protection applications in organic agriculture and farmers’ approaches ...Innspub Net
Plant production is becoming more important day by day with organic agriculture, one of the agricultural production systems. Plant protection applications with the right method are regarded as one of the most important factors to achieve sustainable organic agriculture. This study was conducted to identify the present situation in plant protection practices performed by organic agriculture enterprises on plant production and frequently faced problems such as pests, diseases, weeds and plant physiology in their fields in Kocaeli. A further purpose was to determine farmers’ approaches to these problems as well as organic agriculture in plant production. In this regard, the study was carried out in the middle of 2016 by a face to face close and open ended questionnaire following a full count method in Kocaeli Province in Turkey. The data show that there are various solved and unresolved biotic and abiotic problems in organic plant farming. According to the results weeds, aphids, late blight and downy mildew are as biotic, short time period of vegetation and forest are as abiotic are mostly facing problem in the fields. “Plant Protection problems” is stated as the second most important subject by farmers. In addition farmers’ awareness and expectations were revealed in the organic farming system. According to the results. Kocaeli has farmers who are aware and well educated that applies the main principles of organic agriculture, yet they remain incapable for plant protection in organic agriculture and for some other issues independent of this subject.
Determinant of Non-Organic Farming in Enrekang District of South SulawesiIJEABJ
Non-organik farming has a great impact on creasing agricultural production, but many negative impacts such a reduced soil fertility, environment damage and also negative impact on human health. The government has launched various programs to depelop organic farming to encourage farmers to swich to organic farming but has not been successful until now. The research aims to analyze the persistent determinant of non-organic farming by using Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) analysis. Result of research, there are three elements becoming persistent determinant of non-organic farming, that is: Facilities dan infrastructure of organic farming available, application of production facilities (fertilizers/chemical pesticides) easy and practical, easy market access for non organic products.
Risks Related to the use of Chemical Inputs for Crop Production in Nkong-Ni a...AI Publications
This study aims at analysing the risks management of chemical inputs’ use in crops production in the Nkong-Ni and Penka-Michel subdivisions. It aims at analysing the measures taken by the farmers to prevent possible threats caused by chemical inputs such as fertilisers, weed killers, insecticides, fungicides and nematodes in both subdivisions; precisely in Northern Bafou and Balessing. For this purpose, we identified the different chemical inputs used in market gardening, their impact on farmers’ well-being, and their risks. We analysed risks considering actors and policies oriented to limit these risks. Our study sample consists of 239 market gardeners. One hundred and thirty-nine producers received questionnaires: eighty-nine (89) in Ndzieh (Northern Bafou, in the Nkong-Ni subdivision), fifty (50) in Balessing (Penka-Michel), one hundred (100) producers for semi-structured interviews, sixty (60) in Ndzieh and forty (40) in Balessing. The findings show that 67.59% of producers do not comply with inputs prescribed doses. Indeed, they confirm that the use of chemical inputs improves yields, even if it causes some discomfort. Regarding support, relative to chemical inputs use, offered to producers in their agricultural activities, just few of them attended seminars and training, or approach extension agents. As recommended, producers should organize themselves into associations or cooperatives. So, they could benefit from government contributions and actions to raise awareness about environmental safeguarding.
Pesticide recommendation system for cotton crop diseases due to the climatic ...IJMREMJournal
Data mining is a process of extracting knowledge from a vast database using tools and techniques. Data
mining plays an important role in decision making on issues related to many real-time problems such as
business, education, agriculture etc. Data mining in agriculture helps the farmers to decide on crop yield ratio,
water resource management, pesticides management and fertilizer management. Nowadays, climatic change is
one of the challenging problems in agriculture which has a greater impact on productivity. Many
researchers have contributed in the field of agriculture data mining i) To predict crop productivity, ii) water
management, iii) air pollution using the naïve bias and decision tree algorithms. The Proposed work is to
predict the diseases due to Climatic changes and recommended pesticide for the disease. Decision tree
algorithm is used to develop a recommendation system which helps to the farmer in the usage of pesticide for
the incidence of crop diseases.
Agricultural sector remains the main source of food and income for most rural communities in Ethiopia. Being dependent mainly on rainfall, this sector has been affected by climate change. Hence, employing adaptation strategies within the agricultural sector to climate change is vital to ensure food security and care for the livelihoods of farmers. Food security and adaptation are among the options to abate the negative impact of climate changes. This study has analyzed factors influencing the impact of climate change on food security and adaptation choices by farm households in eastern Ethiopia. The study used data obtained from 330 household heads randomly and proportionately sampled from two agroecologies in East Hararghe Zone of Oromiya Region and Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. The study used a univariate profit model and multinomial logistic regression model to identify factors affecting food security and the choice of adaptation strategies to climate change. As food security indicator, calorie intake per adult equivalent per day was considered for adaptation strategies; changing planting date, irrigation water use, soil and water conservation, and crop variety selection were considered. The result indicated that farmers in the study area are vulnerable to climate change and the factors determining the choice of climate adaptation options were determined by sex of household head, family size, education status of household head, Agroecology, distance to market, cultivated land, credit access, decreasing precipitation and change of temperature. Policy thrust should focus on linking farmers to fertilizer usage, credit access and social participation as well as in creating awareness of climate change.
Coping Strategies of Diabetic Yam Farming Households in Benue State, NigeriaIJEAB
This study engaged the Multinomial Logistic Model (MLN) to determine factors influencing te choice of coping strategies of diabetic yam farming households in Benue State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 340 yam farming households with emphasis on 2015 farming season. Primary data were obtained using a well structured and pretested questionnaire. The results of analysis shows that the most frequently used coping strategies were special diets such as millet, cocoyam, locust bean, groundnut, fruits and vegetables accounting for 39%, constant intake of drugs like metformin, biguarnide, sulphorylureas and insulin 25%, hired labour, 23.2%, routine exercise, 12.6%, while hawking was 0.3%. The choice of constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and negatively affected by education as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of education on constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and positively affected by the age as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of age on hawking was 0.04. It is recommended that government at Federal, State and Local levels with partners in progress should consider critical ways of managing diabetes by emphasizing healthy lifestyles such as ceasation of smoking, moderate alcohol intake, regular medical check-up and improvement of the socio-economic status of the diabetic farm households through good road network, steady supply of electricity which will better the quality of life of the farm households.
Abstract— The objectives of this study were to analyze the structure, level of innovation adoption by dairy goat farmers and to analyze farmer characteristics which affected to adoption rate. The study was conducted in Sleman, Yogyakarta Province. The number of respondents were 162 dairy goat farmers, who were members of of farmer group in 6 groups. The structure adoption was analyze by descriptive while the relaionship between farmer characteristics and adoption rate was analyze by correlation and multiple linear regression. The results showed that farmers received innovation from the government, academic institution and other farmers. Farmers choose speech, group discussion and demonstration as the method of extension service and preferred to choose leaflets, film photograph, magazine and television as media for communication. The member of farmers group expected that innovation could improve their livestock productivity. The level of adoption was affected significantly by farmers experience and the number of goat ownership (P<0.01). the coefficient of determination of 0.176 indicated that 17.6% of variance was influenced by farmers experience and the number of goat ownership while 82% was affected by other factors.
Impact of Environmental Conservation Status on Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge...ijtsrd
Survival of indigenous medicinal knowledge is threatened due to environmental degradation. The later is partly caused by loss of natural vegetation, land transformation and diminishing use of socio-cultural conservation measures. The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the level of environmental conservation and the existing indigenous medicinal knowledge in Imenti South District of Meru County with the following objectives; 1. Assessment of the approaches and strategies used in conservation of Indigenous Medicinal Resources, 2. Assessment of the zonal environmental conservation status of the Indigenous medical knowledge, and 3. Establish a framework for identifying priority medicinal materials for immediate domestication and conservation. Data was collected from 453 respondents using questionnaires, interview schedules and field observations. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 17 was used for analysis. Acceptance of indigenous medicine (IM) and the consequential overharvesting of indigenous medicinal materials (IMMs) was found to be on the rise.On farm growing, preservation and conservational harvesting through community-based development programme were recommended to revitalize indigenous medicinal resources. Jafford Rithaa | Antonina Mugambi"Impact of Environmental Conservation Status on Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge (IMK) Survival: Case of South Imenti in Meru County" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14120.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/14120/impact-of-environmental-conservation-status-on-indigenous-medicinal-knowledge-imk-survival-case-of-south-imenti-in-meru-county/jafford-rithaa
Comparative study of chemical fungicides for the management of citrus gummosi...AI Publications
Field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mehsana, Gujarat to test the efficacy of various chemical treatments for the control of gummosis (Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica) of Citrus during the year 2017-2019. Ten -year-old acid lime (Kagzi lime) trees were treated with Bordeaux paste and fosetyl Al. Bordeaux paste application and fosetyl Al significantly reduced gummosis incidence. It can be concluded that for effective control of gummosis, citrus trees may be treated with Bordeaux paste on the main trunk or foliar spray of fosetyl Al gave average 33.33 % and 30.00 % disease index, respectively during the three-year experiments.
[1] ijrei vol 1, issue-2Community analysis of key pests associated with menth...editorijrei
An extensive survey was carried out during 2013 for the real situation in the crop to study the plant pathogenic fungus, bacteria and nematodes associated with Japanese Mint Mentha arvensis var piperascense growing fields. Soil and root samples were collected from 24 Mentha fields represents 15 different locations (villages) Akhtarpur, Tiwaripur, Shuklapur, Katia, Oripur, Ghuripur, Padariya and Dafara. Out of 120 soil samples, 16 soil samples were found infected with Fusarium oxysporum and 27 soil samples with Alternaria spp. 36 samples have the plant parasitic nematodes population. Results revealed that the maximum disease prevalence (DP) of Fusarium oxysporum was recorded at Shuklapur (27%), while the minimum disease prevalence was recorded at Ghuripur (3.4%). Alternaria spp. was more prevalent at Tiwaripur (42%) while root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) incidence was maximum at Katia (43%). The plant extracts were not so promising for inhibition of pathogenic fungi of Mentha crop.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer Containing Mint and Thyme Oil Extract on Tomato ...IJERA Editor
Success in vegetable cultivation begins with using plant materials that growth healthy and strong. Seedling growth and development has an important role in greenhouse vegetable production. In the present study, effects of organic fertilizer were obtained from mint and thyme oil extract on tomato seedlings were investigated. Local Çanak tomato cultivar, which is provided from Nevşehir region, and Toprak F1 cultivar, was used in the study. Organic and commercially fertilizer applications were held on both species and root length (cm), shoot length (cm), stem diameter (mm), root fresh weight (g), shoot fresh weight (g), leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), dry matter content (%), moisture content (%), nutritional value and chlorophyll index values of the seedlings were determined. Results show that organic fertilizer dosage was high and seedlings‟ growth and development was affected negatively. On the other hand, the dry matter content and some plant nutrient values of the seedlings in organic fertilizer applications were higher than commercial fertilizers. Therefore the organic fertilizer is promising for organic seedling production. It is resulted that, application dosage experiments should be conducted to use organic fertilizer in an effective way.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
Risks Related to the use of Chemical Inputs for Crop Production in Nkong-Ni a...AI Publications
This study aims at analysing the risks management of chemical inputs’ use in crops production in the Nkong-Ni and Penka-Michel subdivisions. It aims at analysing the measures taken by the farmers to prevent possible threats caused by chemical inputs such as fertilisers, weed killers, insecticides, fungicides and nematodes in both subdivisions; precisely in Northern Bafou and Balessing. For this purpose, we identified the different chemical inputs used in market gardening, their impact on farmers’ well-being, and their risks. We analysed risks considering actors and policies oriented to limit these risks. Our study sample consists of 239 market gardeners. One hundred and thirty-nine producers received questionnaires: eighty-nine (89) in Ndzieh (Northern Bafou, in the Nkong-Ni subdivision), fifty (50) in Balessing (Penka-Michel), one hundred (100) producers for semi-structured interviews, sixty (60) in Ndzieh and forty (40) in Balessing. The findings show that 67.59% of producers do not comply with inputs prescribed doses. Indeed, they confirm that the use of chemical inputs improves yields, even if it causes some discomfort. Regarding support, relative to chemical inputs use, offered to producers in their agricultural activities, just few of them attended seminars and training, or approach extension agents. As recommended, producers should organize themselves into associations or cooperatives. So, they could benefit from government contributions and actions to raise awareness about environmental safeguarding.
Pesticide recommendation system for cotton crop diseases due to the climatic ...IJMREMJournal
Data mining is a process of extracting knowledge from a vast database using tools and techniques. Data
mining plays an important role in decision making on issues related to many real-time problems such as
business, education, agriculture etc. Data mining in agriculture helps the farmers to decide on crop yield ratio,
water resource management, pesticides management and fertilizer management. Nowadays, climatic change is
one of the challenging problems in agriculture which has a greater impact on productivity. Many
researchers have contributed in the field of agriculture data mining i) To predict crop productivity, ii) water
management, iii) air pollution using the naïve bias and decision tree algorithms. The Proposed work is to
predict the diseases due to Climatic changes and recommended pesticide for the disease. Decision tree
algorithm is used to develop a recommendation system which helps to the farmer in the usage of pesticide for
the incidence of crop diseases.
Agricultural sector remains the main source of food and income for most rural communities in Ethiopia. Being dependent mainly on rainfall, this sector has been affected by climate change. Hence, employing adaptation strategies within the agricultural sector to climate change is vital to ensure food security and care for the livelihoods of farmers. Food security and adaptation are among the options to abate the negative impact of climate changes. This study has analyzed factors influencing the impact of climate change on food security and adaptation choices by farm households in eastern Ethiopia. The study used data obtained from 330 household heads randomly and proportionately sampled from two agroecologies in East Hararghe Zone of Oromiya Region and Dire Dawa Administration, Ethiopia. The study used a univariate profit model and multinomial logistic regression model to identify factors affecting food security and the choice of adaptation strategies to climate change. As food security indicator, calorie intake per adult equivalent per day was considered for adaptation strategies; changing planting date, irrigation water use, soil and water conservation, and crop variety selection were considered. The result indicated that farmers in the study area are vulnerable to climate change and the factors determining the choice of climate adaptation options were determined by sex of household head, family size, education status of household head, Agroecology, distance to market, cultivated land, credit access, decreasing precipitation and change of temperature. Policy thrust should focus on linking farmers to fertilizer usage, credit access and social participation as well as in creating awareness of climate change.
Coping Strategies of Diabetic Yam Farming Households in Benue State, NigeriaIJEAB
This study engaged the Multinomial Logistic Model (MLN) to determine factors influencing te choice of coping strategies of diabetic yam farming households in Benue State, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 340 yam farming households with emphasis on 2015 farming season. Primary data were obtained using a well structured and pretested questionnaire. The results of analysis shows that the most frequently used coping strategies were special diets such as millet, cocoyam, locust bean, groundnut, fruits and vegetables accounting for 39%, constant intake of drugs like metformin, biguarnide, sulphorylureas and insulin 25%, hired labour, 23.2%, routine exercise, 12.6%, while hawking was 0.3%. The choice of constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and negatively affected by education as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of education on constant drug was -0.012, while the choice of hawking was significantly (p < 0.05) and positively affected by the age as a coping strategy. The marginal effect of age on hawking was 0.04. It is recommended that government at Federal, State and Local levels with partners in progress should consider critical ways of managing diabetes by emphasizing healthy lifestyles such as ceasation of smoking, moderate alcohol intake, regular medical check-up and improvement of the socio-economic status of the diabetic farm households through good road network, steady supply of electricity which will better the quality of life of the farm households.
Abstract— The objectives of this study were to analyze the structure, level of innovation adoption by dairy goat farmers and to analyze farmer characteristics which affected to adoption rate. The study was conducted in Sleman, Yogyakarta Province. The number of respondents were 162 dairy goat farmers, who were members of of farmer group in 6 groups. The structure adoption was analyze by descriptive while the relaionship between farmer characteristics and adoption rate was analyze by correlation and multiple linear regression. The results showed that farmers received innovation from the government, academic institution and other farmers. Farmers choose speech, group discussion and demonstration as the method of extension service and preferred to choose leaflets, film photograph, magazine and television as media for communication. The member of farmers group expected that innovation could improve their livestock productivity. The level of adoption was affected significantly by farmers experience and the number of goat ownership (P<0.01). the coefficient of determination of 0.176 indicated that 17.6% of variance was influenced by farmers experience and the number of goat ownership while 82% was affected by other factors.
Impact of Environmental Conservation Status on Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge...ijtsrd
Survival of indigenous medicinal knowledge is threatened due to environmental degradation. The later is partly caused by loss of natural vegetation, land transformation and diminishing use of socio-cultural conservation measures. The study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the level of environmental conservation and the existing indigenous medicinal knowledge in Imenti South District of Meru County with the following objectives; 1. Assessment of the approaches and strategies used in conservation of Indigenous Medicinal Resources, 2. Assessment of the zonal environmental conservation status of the Indigenous medical knowledge, and 3. Establish a framework for identifying priority medicinal materials for immediate domestication and conservation. Data was collected from 453 respondents using questionnaires, interview schedules and field observations. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 17 was used for analysis. Acceptance of indigenous medicine (IM) and the consequential overharvesting of indigenous medicinal materials (IMMs) was found to be on the rise.On farm growing, preservation and conservational harvesting through community-based development programme were recommended to revitalize indigenous medicinal resources. Jafford Rithaa | Antonina Mugambi"Impact of Environmental Conservation Status on Indigenous Medicinal Knowledge (IMK) Survival: Case of South Imenti in Meru County" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-5 , August 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14120.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/14120/impact-of-environmental-conservation-status-on-indigenous-medicinal-knowledge-imk-survival-case-of-south-imenti-in-meru-county/jafford-rithaa
Comparative study of chemical fungicides for the management of citrus gummosi...AI Publications
Field experiment was conducted at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Mehsana, Gujarat to test the efficacy of various chemical treatments for the control of gummosis (Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica) of Citrus during the year 2017-2019. Ten -year-old acid lime (Kagzi lime) trees were treated with Bordeaux paste and fosetyl Al. Bordeaux paste application and fosetyl Al significantly reduced gummosis incidence. It can be concluded that for effective control of gummosis, citrus trees may be treated with Bordeaux paste on the main trunk or foliar spray of fosetyl Al gave average 33.33 % and 30.00 % disease index, respectively during the three-year experiments.
[1] ijrei vol 1, issue-2Community analysis of key pests associated with menth...editorijrei
An extensive survey was carried out during 2013 for the real situation in the crop to study the plant pathogenic fungus, bacteria and nematodes associated with Japanese Mint Mentha arvensis var piperascense growing fields. Soil and root samples were collected from 24 Mentha fields represents 15 different locations (villages) Akhtarpur, Tiwaripur, Shuklapur, Katia, Oripur, Ghuripur, Padariya and Dafara. Out of 120 soil samples, 16 soil samples were found infected with Fusarium oxysporum and 27 soil samples with Alternaria spp. 36 samples have the plant parasitic nematodes population. Results revealed that the maximum disease prevalence (DP) of Fusarium oxysporum was recorded at Shuklapur (27%), while the minimum disease prevalence was recorded at Ghuripur (3.4%). Alternaria spp. was more prevalent at Tiwaripur (42%) while root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) incidence was maximum at Katia (43%). The plant extracts were not so promising for inhibition of pathogenic fungi of Mentha crop.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer Containing Mint and Thyme Oil Extract on Tomato ...IJERA Editor
Success in vegetable cultivation begins with using plant materials that growth healthy and strong. Seedling growth and development has an important role in greenhouse vegetable production. In the present study, effects of organic fertilizer were obtained from mint and thyme oil extract on tomato seedlings were investigated. Local Çanak tomato cultivar, which is provided from Nevşehir region, and Toprak F1 cultivar, was used in the study. Organic and commercially fertilizer applications were held on both species and root length (cm), shoot length (cm), stem diameter (mm), root fresh weight (g), shoot fresh weight (g), leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm), dry matter content (%), moisture content (%), nutritional value and chlorophyll index values of the seedlings were determined. Results show that organic fertilizer dosage was high and seedlings‟ growth and development was affected negatively. On the other hand, the dry matter content and some plant nutrient values of the seedlings in organic fertilizer applications were higher than commercial fertilizers. Therefore the organic fertilizer is promising for organic seedling production. It is resulted that, application dosage experiments should be conducted to use organic fertilizer in an effective way.
Sources of Risk and Management Strategies among Farmers in Rice Post Harvest ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The study examined sources of risk and management strategies among farmers in rice post harvest management in Niger State. The research was undertaken in five Local Government Areas of Niger State, namely Katcha, Lavun, Paikoro, Shiroro and Wushishi. Data obtained for the research was achieved through questionnaires administered to 200 farmers selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis. The study showed that rice post harvest management is carried out by subsistence farmer with average farm size of 2.7ha and are of active productive age of 31-50 years, who have 24 years farming experience in the rice post harvest management. The study revealed that farmers in the study area are affected by production risk, financial risk, human or personal risk, market or price risk and technological risk sources. The farmers have adopted prevention, mitigation and coping with risk as management strategies. Based on the findings the study recommended provision of credit facilities, rice post harvest machineries at subsidized rate, rural infrastructures, cooperative formation, use of extension officer and proper storage facilities.
Agricultural Restructuring in Vietnamese Mekong Delta: Economic Analysis of R...IJEABJ
The study examined the economic analysis of sesame production compliant withagricultural restructuring plan in rural areas of Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Conditional non-probability sampling technique was employed to select 90 respondents who have produced sesame rotationally on rice field in summer-autumn crop season. Primary data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics including percentage, frequency and farm budget model. Gross Margin analysis was used to estimate cost, returns sesame production in the study area. The study revealed that the average cost, revenue, gross margins of production per hectare was 17.60, 37.38 and 20.56 million VND, respectively.Moreover,the average rate of returnsalsoindicated that with every 1,000 VND invested to sesame production, a farmer made a profit of 1,390 VND. As a result, it can be concluded that sesame farming is profitable in the context of agricultural restructuring strategy from rice to other crops in Mekong Delta region. It is recommended that smallholders should take initiative in participation in sesame cooperatives and ‘big field’ model to be more beneficial to inputs price, harvested machine and formal credit in the beginning of each season.
This PowerPoint was one very small part of my Ecology Interactions Unit from the website http://sciencepowerpoint.com/index.html .This unit includes a 3 part 2000+ Slide PowerPoint loaded with activities, project ideas, critical class notes (red slides), review opportunities, challenge questions with answers, 3 PowerPoint review games (125 slides each) and much more. A bundled homework package and detailed unit notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow.
Areas of Focus within The Ecology Interactions Unit: Levels of Biological Organization (Ecology), Parts of the Biosphere, Habitat, Ecological Niche, Types of Competition, Competitive Exclusion Theory, Animal Interactions, Food Webs, Predator Prey Relationships, Camouflage, Population Sampling, Abundance, Relative Abundance, Diversity, Mimicry, Batesian Mimicry, Mullerian Mimicry, Symbiosis, Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism, Plant and Animal Interactions, Coevolution, Animal Strategies to Eat Plants, Plant Defense Mechanisms, Exotic Species, Impacts of Invasive Exotic Species.
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thank you again and best wishes.
Sincerely,
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com
Abstract— Agriculture is the basic need of human being to survive. Increase in human population, increases the food production. Largest areas are under rice cultivation. Rice plants were prone to attack by insect and pest. So, for its survival use of pesticide is necessary, but this had lead risk behaviour among rice farmers. The study was based on the farmers of Bargarh and Sundargarh District of Odisha regarding pesticide usage condition .100 farmers were interviewed from both the district, using questionnaire methods from February to April 2015. A questionnaire survey on personal history regarding agricultural labour, pesticide use and health history was conducted. Descriptive statistics was used for analysis of quantitative data. The most frequently used pesticides included organophosphates, carbamates. 2-3 times pesticide was applied after 15 days, after 1 month and also before the production time. Demographic data shows 87 respondents were male farmers rests were female farmers out of 100 respondents. Only 85 respondents were using sprayer for spraying pesticides out of 100 but 36 respondents were only using protective covers. 12 farmers only follow the instruction given on the pesticide container. 33 respondents have the knowledge of colour coding present in the pesticide bottle. Health symptom showed less frequently, in farmers using protective covers. Out of 100 respondents 58 had skin contact, 12 respondents suffer from eye irritation, and 28 respondents feel drowsiness after strong smell of pesticides while 31 farmers suffer from headache. Major factors of pesticide poisoning are due to lack of attention to safety precautions and lack of training before using of pesticide. So, training programme is necessary to improve safer pesticide behaviours, create more awareness among the farmers and also introduction of using bio pesticide instead of using pesticide.
Economic Evaluation and Risk Analysis ofIntegrated Pest Management (IPM) in C...sanaullah noonari
Cotton is the important cash crop of Pakistan and a
major source of foreign earnings. However cotton crop is
facing many problems, such as disease and pest attacks. One
way to reduce losses caused by disease and pest attack is the
use integrated pest management (IPM) practices. Keeping in
view the importance of this technique, the present study
analyzed the adoption of IPM along with estimation of risk
involved in the adoption process. To estimate the cotton yield,
two types of production functions (one for adopter and other
for non-adopters) were estimated using the regression
analysis. Then estimate of regression models was used further
in risk analysis. The results of non-adopters of IPM showed
that cost of urea bags, cost of nitro-phosphate bags, cost of
herbicide and rainfall were -0.038, 0.00475, 0.301 and 0.164
respectively and all of these significant at 10 percent level. For
non-adopters of IPM the coefficient values of seed
expenditure, temperature, humidity and spray cost were
0.0035, 0.026,-.0.00093 and 0.00027 respectively. The results
of IPM adopters showed that coefficient of temperature, seed
expenditure, spray cost, urea cost and rainfall equal to
0.0305,0.100,0.0029,-.000213 and 0.894 respectively and
significant at ten percent level. Coefficient values of cost of
nitro-phosphate bags, herbicide cost, humidity were 0.00035,
0.100.-0.000671 and -0.000445 respectively.
Use of climate change resilient technologies in vegetable cultivation by the ...Premier Publishers
The main purpose of the research work was to determine the use of climate change resilient technologies in vegetable cultivation by the farmers of Bangladesh. Data were collected from randomly selected 112 farmers’ of Haibatpur Union by using an interview schedule. Data were collected during 25th June to 25th July, 2013. Appropriate scales were developed in order to measure the variables. Correlation test was used to ascertain the relationships between the concerned dependent and independent variables of the research work. The dependent variable was use of climate change resilient technology and the independent variables were age, education, farm size, annual income, credit availability, farming experience, source of farmland, training exposure, innovativeness, risk orientation and frequency of natural disaster. The highest proportion (81.3 percent) of the farmers had medium use while 9.8 percent had low use and only 8.9 percent had high use of climate change resilient technologies. Accordingly, the uses of climate change resilient technologies are positively significant to reduce the vulnerability of climate change. Education, farm size, annual income, source of farmland, innovativeness and training exposure and frequency of natural disaster had positive relationship to adopt such technologies, while age and farming experience had negative relationship with their adoption of climate change resilient technologies.
Role of Knowledge among Yemeni Agricultural Specialists in Applying the Proce...ijtsrd
This study seeks to explore the role of knowledge among Yemeni agricultural specialists in applying the procedures to be followed to benefit from agricultural residues. Through the primary data collected for a sample of 120 respondents from agricultural specialists. The study concluded that there is an effect of knowledge in the application of procedures, but the effect of knowledge increases greater there is the possibility of transferring knowledge to the competent authorities and farmers to implement these procedures on the ground. Moreover, the more there is an equal ratio of male and female agricultural specialists, the greater the impact will be, because the process of transferring knowledge will include male and female farmers, thus facilitating the better application of procedures, and the role of knowledge in implementing procedures is greater. The study recommends that females should be encouraged to enroll in agricultural education, as well as employment in government institutions that work in the agricultural sector, to contribute to the transfer of knowledge, experiences and everything new about agriculture, including recycling agricultural waste to female farmers. Ismail Mohammed Al-Obre | Khalid Nasser Al-Haj | Mohammed Mostafa Alshapi "Role of Knowledge among Yemeni Agricultural Specialists in Applying the Procedures to be followed to Benefit from Agricultural Waste" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57482.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/economics/development-economics/57482/role-of-knowledge-among-yemeni-agricultural-specialists-in-applying-the-procedures-to-be-followed-to-benefit-from-agricultural-waste/ismail-mohammed-alobre
Fall armyworm infestation and management practices on maize fields of smallho...INNS PUBNET
Fall armyworm (FAW) is native to America and is currently affecting maize production in different parts of Africa, and recently reported in Tanzania. In the present study, FAW infestation levels and their associated management practices were investigated in 90 maize fields in the 18 villages in Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions. Infestation levels were assessed using a scale of 0 (no damage) to 9 (100% damage), while the management practices information was collected through a survey and questionnaires from 210 maize growing farmers in the 18 villages. Results showed that all fields were infested by FAW at low (1-4) to moderate (5-7) damage levels. Arusha scored the highest (66.59% and 5.422) significant mean incidence and severity (P<0.05) respectively, followed by Kilimanjaro (52.96%, 4.756) and Manyara (52.64%, 3.989) regions. Variation in damage levels was also observed among villages, with means incidences ranging between 35.57% and 79.55%, and mean severity ranging between 2.333 and 7.267. Variation between regions and villages can be associated with farmer’s knowledge and FAW management practices. About 84.3% of farmers reported synthetic pesticides as the main management option, although the majority did not effectively apply them. Farmer’s recommendations include awareness creation on the FAW management, provision of effective pesticides and resistant maize varieties, and government intervention in the overall management of FAW. From the findings it is evident that sustainable integrated management strategies against FAW is urgent needed and this study serves as a stepping stone for the development of sustainable management options.
Fall armyworm infestation and management practices on maize fields of smallho...INNS PUBNET
Fall armyworm (FAW) is native to America and is currently affecting maize production in different parts of Africa, and recently reported in Tanzania. In the present study, FAW infestation levels and their associated management practices were investigated in 90 maize fields in the 18 villages in Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions. Infestation levels were assessed using a scale of 0 (no damage) to 9 (100% damage), while the management practices information was collected through a survey and questionnaires from 210 maize growing farmers in the 18 villages. Results showed that all fields were infested by FAW at low (1-4) to moderate (5-7) damage levels. Arusha scored the highest (66.59% and 5.422) significant mean incidence and severity (P<0.05) respectively, followed by Kilimanjaro (52.96%, 4.756) and Manyara (52.64%, 3.989) regions. Variation in damage levels was also observed among villages, with means incidences ranging between 35.57% and 79.55%, and mean severity ranging between 2.333 and 7.267. Variation between regions and villages can be associated with farmer’s knowledge and FAW management practices. About 84.3% of farmers reported synthetic pesticides as the main management option, although the majority did not effectively apply them. Farmer’s recommendations include awareness creation on the FAW management, provision of effective pesticides and resistant maize varieties, and government intervention in the overall management of FAW. From the findings it is evident that sustainable integrated management strategies against FAW is urgent needed and this study serves as a stepping stone for the development of sustainable management options.
Timely availability of expert support to the farmers for appropriate decision-making on ‘whether and what pest management option is required’ is imperative for effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM). For several decades Economic Threshold Level (ETL) has been the basis for decision-making but in modern IPM emphasis is given on agro-ecological situation wherein IPM decisions are based on large range of pest relevant information such as crop health, natural enemies, weather etc. beside pest incidence scientifically obtained through farmers’ field scouting. But large farming community in India can rather obtain the tentative information of this kind, consisting uncertainties. Bayesian Network (BN),anartificial intelligence approach could help in developing technique/model to deal with tentative pest relevant information which can be used in field scouting based IPM Decision Support Systems (DSSs) to automate the process of advising appropriate pest management option to the farmers on the basis of tentative agroecological situation of their fields.
Decision Making in Integrated Pest Management and Bayesian Networkdannyijwest
Timely availability of expert support to the farmers for appropriate decision-making on ‘whether and what
pest management option is required’ is imperative for effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM). For
several decades Economic Threshold Level (ETL) has been the basis for decision-making but in modern
IPM emphasis is given on agro-ecological situation wherein IPM decisions are based on large range of
pest relevant information such as crop health, natural enemies, weather etc. beside pest incidence
scientifically obtained through farmers’ field scouting. But large farming community in India can rather
obtain the tentative information of this kind, consisting uncertainties. Bayesian Network (BN),anartificial
intelligence approach could help in developing technique/model to deal with tentative pest relevant
information which can be used in field scouting based IPM Decision Support Systems (DSSs) to automate
the process of advising appropriate pest management option to the farmers on the basis of tentative agro-
ecological situation of their fields.
DECISION MAKING IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT AND BAYESIAN NETWORKijcsit
Timely availability of expert support to the farmers for appropriate decision-making on ‘whether and what pest management option is required’ is imperative for effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM). For several decades Economic Threshold Level (ETL) has been the basis for decision-making but in modern IPM emphasis is given on agro-ecological situation wherein IPM decisions are based on large range of pest relevant information such as crop health, natural enemies, weather etc. beside pest incidence
scientifically obtained through farmers’ field scouting. But large farming community in India can rather obtain the tentative information of this kind, consisting uncertainties. Bayesian Network (BN),anartificial intelligence approach could help in developing technique/model to deal with tentative pest relevant
information which can be used in field scouting based IPM Decision Support Systems (DSSs) to automate the process of advising appropriate pest management option to the farmers on the basis of tentative agroecological situation of their fields.
Attitudes of Vegetable Farmers towards Risk In Al-Mafraq Governorate – JordanEditor IJAIEM
Ebraheem Suliman Yousef AL-Tahat
Jerash University, 26150 Jerash, Jerash, Jordan
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study is to examine vegetable farmers’ attitudes towards risk in Al-Mafraq Governorate. A random
sample of 68 vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate was selected. In order to measure risk attitudes, utility functions for
vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate were estimated. For this purpose, Von Neumann– Morgenstern model was used.
Based on the estimated utility functions, risk attitudes coefficient for each farmer was measured. Studying farmer’s attitudes
towards risk is very important in the decision-making process. These attitudes are considered to be the main constraints to the
adoption rates of vegetable technology by farmers. Consequently, vegetable production is affected by these attitudes. Of the total
random sample of 68 farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate, a purpose sample of 30 vegetable farmers was selected, i.e. 12
farmers (40%), 14 farmers (47%), and 4 farmers (13%) were falling into three categories: risk avert, risk neutral and risk taker,
respectively. They gave answers, which can be used for the purpose of utility function estimation. It is believed that those
farmers took the subject seriously so that their decisions are good indications of their preferred choices. To analyze the
relationship between farmers' personal characteristics such as age, education, farm size, family size, and experience in
agriculture and their risk attitudes, a multiple linear regression model was used, The risk – coefficient is taken as the
dependent variable, while the farmers' characteristics are taken as independent variables. The regression results of the study
indicated that the coefficient of the intercept, the coefficient of age (X1), the coefficient of educational level (X2), were
statistically significant at 5% of the significance level. The coefficient of family size (X5), the coefficient of farm size (X3), were
statistically significant at 10% of the significance level. The coefficient of agricultural experience (X4) was not statistically
significant.
Impact of Frontline Demonstration (Fld’s) On Adoption Behavior of Soybean Gro...iosrjce
The main objective of the FLD is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection
technology and its management practices on the farmer‟s field by the scientists themselves before taking it into
main extension system of State Department of Agriculture under different agro-climatic regions and in real
farming system. Presently the FLDs are mainly conducted through KVKs in all over the country. This is the
mandatory function of KVK to remove lack of knowledge and constraints in the adoption of improved soybean
production technology. Keeping all these views in mind, the present investigation entitled “Study on knowledge
and adoption level of soybean growers through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs‟) in Ujjain district of M.P.”
For this purpose the data collected on a well prepared interview schedule. through personal interview method
by the investigator. The major findings of the study is majority of the respondents (beneficiaries of FLD
programme and non-beneficiaries) possessed medium level of adoption level. The „t‟ test indicated that there is
a significant difference between scores mean of both the group. Thus, it can be stated that, there is an impact of
FLD programme on the adoption level of the soybean growers.
● Assessment of Dairy Production System, Handling, Processing and Utilization Practices in South Ari and Malle District of South Omo Zone, Ethiopia
● Economic Analysis of Locally Produced Aquaculture Feeds with Complements of Plant-based Ingredients in Kainji Lake Basin, Nigeria
● Socioeconomic Assessment of Mandarin Postharvest Loss: A Case of Gandaki Province, Nepal
● Farmer’s Perception on Climatic Factors and Social-economic Characteristics in the Agricultural Sector of Gujarat
● A Multi-group Analysis of Gender Difference in Consumer Buying Intention of Agricultural Products via Live Streaming
● Cluster-based Improved Sorghum Production and Commercialization in Nyangatom Woreda of South Omo Zone, Southern Ethiopia
● The Contribution of Work Experience on Earnings Inequality of Migrant Workers: Decompositions Based on the Quantile Regression Equation
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
Unsubscribed: Combat Subscription Fatigue With a Membership Mentality by Head...
Economic evaluation of rice ipm practices in mada, malaysia
1. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2012
Economic Evaluation of Rice IPM Practices in MADA, Malaysia
Hairuddin Mohd. Amir1*, Mad Nasir Shamsudin2, Zainal Abidin Mohamed2, Md. Ariff Hussein2, Alias Radam3
1. Economic and Technology Management Research Centre, MARDI HQ, Serdang, P.O. Box 12301, 50774,
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2. Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3. Faculty of Economics and Management, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
*Email: hairudin@mardi.gov.my
Abstract
Environmental protection is a basic element of sustainable agricultural development. Agricultural protection
practices however can cause negative externalities. One of main concerns of the externality is the negative
effects of pesticide. Concerns on the negative effects of pesticide use have motivated the development of
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes. In MADA, Malaysia the IPM collaborative research support
programme (CRSP-IPM) was established to specifically address the widespread misuse of pesticides in paddy
cultivation, one of the major rice producing regions in the country. An IPM practice in paddy production
initiatives includes research on the optimal use of pesticides, complementary weed control strategies, and
alternative cultural and biological controls. Results of this study showed that the programme would generate
economic benefits which include improvements in water quality, food safety, pesticide application safety, and
long term sustainability of pest management systems. A part of savings in environmental costs and the reduction
in pesticide use also reduced operating expenses. The calculated economic benefits in terms of aggregate cost
savings per season for 454 farmers were MYR756,393 for insecticides, MYR40,537 for herbicides, and
MYR94,753 for fungicides.
Keywords: IPM, Adoption, Economic evaluation
1. Introduction
Pesticides are often applied in inappropriate amounts to paddy, as there is a premium attached to unblemished
looking produce. The most widely used pesticides among paddy growers in Malaysia are Category II and III.
The pesticides are known to have high toxicities. A study on pesticide residues in Malaysia reported that on
drawn-out exposure to pesticides has been associated with several chronic and acute health effects like
non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, leukemia, as well as cardiopulmonary disorders, neurological and hematological
symptoms, and skin diseases (Syarif, et al. 2011; Andreotti, et al. 2009; Jusof et, al., 1992; Blair and White 1985;
and Hoag et al. 1986).
According to the Malaysian Crop Care and Public Health Association (MCPA), MYR289 million and
MYR364 million worth of agricultural chemicals were used in Malaysia during the financial year 1995 and 2010,
respectively (Table 1). This represents an annually average growth rate of 1.6% increase over the past 15 years in
the nominal value of agricultural chemicals used in the country. Among the agricultural chemicals, a large
percentage of expenditure in recent years (70%) has been for herbicides. This was followed by 19% was for
insecticides, 7% for fungicides, and 5% for rodenticide. The use of agrochemicals to improve crop yield and
manage pests and diseases continue to be an important input (Nasir et al., 2010 and Tay et al. 2004). Pests and
diseases represent a major constraint hindering the production of rice crops in Malaysia. At least 85% of the rice
farmers reported that pests and diseases were their major problems. About 65% of these farmers needed
extensive use of pesticides to control the problems (Normiyah et al. 1998 and Ghazali et al. 1994).
The empirical level of adoption of IPM programme by growers ranges between 30% and 100%, and without
significant presence of the extension component the IPM adoption levels stands at around 30% (Sivapragasam,
2001). Adoption of IPM in rice production initiatives includes research on the optimal use of pesticides,
complementary weed control strategies, and alternative cultural and biological controls. If successful, the
programme should generate benefits that can be measured in economic terms. These benefits include
improvements in water quality, food safety, pesticide application safety, and long run sustainability of pest
management systems.
The aim of this study was to carry out economic assessment on the benefits, impacts and factors associated
with the adoption of IPM practices in rice production within Malaysia.
2. Methodology
Primary data collection from 454 paddy farmers in four regions, via, Region 1 (Perlis), Region 2 (Jitra), Region
3 (Pendang) and Region 4 (Kota Sarang Semut) were undertaken to identify farm and farmer characteristics,
47
2. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2012
pesticide usage, pest management practices, perceptions about pesticides’ hazards, awareness of IPM strategies
and willingness to adopt specific IPM technologies. McFadden’s Random Utility Model was used as the
theoretical framework for analysis of the type of discrete, binary choice problem embodied in selection of pest
management technology in this study (Antle and Capalbo 1995).
The decision maker’s unobserved net gain in utility of adopting practice j, denoted by U*j is the difference
between an individual’s utility from deciding to adopt the technology and utility from not adopting the
technology.
This net gain can be interpreted as being explained by the variables Xj that would have explained utility
levels with adoption or without adoption, plus the disturbance term ε, such that:
U*j = U adoption – U non-adoption = Xjβj + εj
Since only the decision on whether or not to adopt is observed, it can be inferred that
1 if U*j - εj ≥ Xjβj
Yj =
0 if U*j - εj < Xjβj
Where Yj is a binary endogenous variable representing adoption of practice j and Xj is a vector of exogenous
variables regressors relevant in explaining adoption.
The likelihood function is formed as: L = πi [eХiβ / (1 + eХiβ)] = πj [1/(1+ eХjβ)]; the subscript i denotes
adopters and j denotes non-adopters. This likelihood function is maximized with respect to β (using an iterative
procedure, usually Raphson-Newton) to get the maximum likelihood estimates of β (βMLE).
The explanatory exogenous variables (regressor) used in the logit analysis are classified according to the
following general categories: 1) farmer characteristics; 2) managerial factors; 3) farm structure; 4)
physical/location factor; 5) information/institutional factors; and 6) awareness /perceptions regarding pesticide
impacts. The variables names used and definitions are provided in Table 2.
3. Results and discussion
A synthesis of results from the estimation and evaluation procedures described in the methodology section is
presented here. It begins with a discussion of the results from descriptive statistics analysis of the survey data,
and is followed with a discussion of the results from the step-by-step evaluation of the IPM programme in
Malaysia, Malaysia.
3.1 Socio-economic profile
The respondents, via farmers were asked about their farm area, which was classified into Northern, Central and
Southern zones. The numbers of respondents from Region 1 (Perlis), Region 2 (Jitra), Region 3 (Pendang) and
Region 4 (Kota Sarang Semut) areas were 106 (23.35%), 140 (30.84%), 107 (25.57%) and 101 (22.25%)
respectively. Among the respondents, 98.2 % were Malays, 0.4 % Chinese, 0.2 % Indians and 1.1 %t other races.
Majority (71.15%) of the respondents interviewed were above 51 years old. Only 12.33% of the respondents
were females.
Most of the respondents (35.90%) had gone through secondary school education and 60.79% had only
primary school education, 0.2% received higher education at Bachelor’s or Diploma level and among the
remaining respondents 3.08% has no schooling at all. Normiyah et al. (1998) reported that 3.50% of rice growers
had no formal education.
The majority of the respondents (88.2%) treated agricultural as their full-time job. This was equivalent to
5-8 hours per day working on the farms in Table 3.
3.2 Farm characteristics and operations
Farmers selected across the three zones showed no significant differences in terms of farm characteristics. In
terms of land tenure status, 454 farmers or 71.4 percent of farmers had self-owned lands. Paddy was usually
transplanted two seasons a year, the first round in December/January and harvested before the rains started in
April/May and the second season was from around July/August to October/November. Land preparation started
45 days before planting, with harvesting occurring between 70 and 120 days after planting. The average farm
net income per month for each hectare of the paddy planted in the Region 4 was MYR3,324 which was
substantially higher as compared to those planted in the Region 1, Region2, and Region 3 which were
MYR1,139, MYR2,468 and MYR1,896 respectively.
3.3 Indicators of pesticide exposures
Several questions about respondents’ immediate farm environment and the precautionary measures they took
against pesticide exposures were incorporated in the survey to assess the degree of environmental risks in the
areas. Surface water in the regions was at risk from pesticide runoff. The distance of the paddy farms to surface
water ranged from as close as 1 metres to about 5 metres and the average distance was 4.15 metres (Table 4).
In general, the respondents knew about protection against pesticide exposures. More than 88% of the
respondents wore face masks (or any substitute), and more then 90% wore long pants or long sleeved-shirts and
48
3. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2012
shoes when applying pesticides.
About 89% of the farmers used government water supply as their main source of drinking water, and only
12% from other sources (river, mountain water and pond). As an indication of how important it was to farmers to
avoid being sick from contaminated water, they were asked whether they boiled their water before drinking.
About 95% said they did boil their water before use.
3.4 Goodness of fit measures of IPM technology adoption
The likelihood ratio tests indicate that the amount of variations explained in each of the model (AGROPRAC,
TRIWEEKLY, ONEHERB, BIOPRAC, and ETL) was significantly different from zero. Two criteria for
goodness of fit are reported in the table, the –2LogL statistics. Two values for both measures were highly
significant (99.0% confidence level), providing evidence that the regression coefficients were significantly
different from zero (Table 5). Count R2 which is a ratio of correct predictions to the total number of observations
was 0.89 for the AGROPRAC model, 0.84 for the TRIWEEKLY model, 0.92 for the ONEHERB model, 0.73 for
the BIOPRAC model, and 0.76 for the ETL model. This suggested that the selected regressors were good
predictors of adoption and non-adoption of IPM technologies.
The diagnostics collinearity resulted that a condition index (Ci) below than the usual threshold value 30.00,
tolerance (T) above than 0.10, and variance inflation factor (VIF) below than 10.0. RETURN variable was used
to capture income effects. All the other pairs of explanatory variables had significant Pearson correlation
coefficients. Therefore, it concluded that there is no strong collinearity between the attribute variables and all are
subsequently included in the regression.
The proportion of correct prediction compares the correct predictions of both adoption and non-adoption
with the observed outcomes based on explanatory variable information. Results showed that the AGROPRAC
model correctly predicts 89% of adoption cases and 55% of non-adoption cases. For the other four models, 92%
(TRIWEEKLY), 98% (ONEHERB), 93% (BIOPRAC) and 82% (ETLS) adoption cases were correctly predicted,
while non-adoption was correctly predicted for 84% (TRIWEEKLY), 96% (ONEHERB), 91% (BIOPRAC) and
93% (ETLS) of the observations. The strong predictive ability of each of the models in estimating the
probabilities of adoption provides justification for using these probabilities to project adoption rates in the area.
3.5 Estimated adoption rates based on logistic regression
The estimated adoption rates for each technology in each of the sites were based on the logistic regressions. The
logit models estimated the predicted probabilities of adoption which were shown in Table 6. A farmer is
classified as an adopter if the predicted probability of adopting a particular technology for an individual farmer
given his or her specific set of attributes, is greater than his or her probability of non-adoption i.e. greater than 50%
of the predicted probability of adoption practices AGROPRAC, TRIWEEKLY, ONEHERB, and BIOPRAC.
The ETL had only 25% of the respondents from the survey.
3.6 Factors affecting the adoption of IPM technologies
Influence of the explanatory variables on the adoption of IPM technologies is shown in Table 7. Logit regression
results for the AGROPRAC model revealed that the coefficients for Awareness about IPM (HEARD), the
Knowledge (EDUC), advice (ADVICE) and REGION 4 as well as the amounts of care taken to avoid exposure
turned out to be positive. The marginal effects of the significant variables as well as their odds ratios are also
reported. The odd-ratio, computed by exponentiation of the parameter estimate for each explanatory variable,
indicates the factor by which the odds of the event is increased or decreased.
All information variables (EDUC, EXPR, OWNERS, PSHARE, REGION4, ADVICE, PREVENT, and
HEARD) significantly explained adoption of the BIOPRAC technology. Getting pest management information
(ADVICE and HEARD) through farmers’ cooperatives increased the probability of adopting the technology. The
organized structure of farmers’ cooperatives is a valuable attribute that aids in information dissemination. In the
same manner, the extensiveness of the marketing channels placed by pesticide companies makes them a
formidable influence in farmers’ pest management decisions.
For adoption of BT and bacteria control agents, factors that represent scale of operations and flexibility of
farmers to experiment and try new practices increase the odds of adoption (HEARD) by a factor. Like in the
BIOPRAC model, knowledge (EDUC) and information variables (ADVICE and HEARD) had a significant
impact in increasing the odds of adoption.
The probability of adoption of the TRIWEEKLY technology is increased when farmers are more aware of
IPM concepts. Six variables were positively significant (at least at the 10% level of significance) were EDUC,
FHOUR, FULWORK, REGION 4, ADVICE, and HEARD. Farmers in Regions 4 they had personally witnessed
any one of the environmental impacts of pesticide use, and had taken more precautionary measures against
pesticide exposure.
The ONEHERB model indicated six variables to be significant to affect the willingness to adopt 50%
reduction in herbicide treatments. This was proven by the coefficients EDUC, FHOUR, PSHARE, REGION4,
ADVICE, and HEARD which were positively correlated with the increase of ONEHERB adoption. A positive
49
4. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2012
correlation was also true for PSHARE sharing there higher profit farmers tend to increase the use of ONEHERB
adoption. Increased adoption of more ONEHERB model meant that controlling weeds is more efficient and at
the same time would reduce the amount of weedicide used.
Awareness of the IPM system (HEARD), the knowledge (EDUC) and the water management (WTERCON),
REGION 4, and information variables (ADVICE) together with the amount of care taken to avoid exposure, all
had a positive influence on the dependent variable ETL. As expected, farmers who owned larger farms were
more likely to reject the technologies. These result could be seem where the ETL model showed that the odds for
adoption is significantly increased by a unit increase in the HEARD, EDUC, WTERCON ADVICE, and
REGION4 variables. This implies that increasing farmers’ awareness of the health and environmental impacts of
pesticide use and their knowledge of IPM were very important in promoting adoption of alternative pest
management practices. Additionally, cooperatives and pesticide sales agents were important sources for these
changes to happen. Collaboration among the different change agents (extensions and pesticide agents, as well as
farmer cooperatives) for technology promotion should be advocated.
On top of savings in environmental costs, the reduction in pesticide use also reduced operating expenses
(Table 8). Calculated reduction in economic costs showed the aggregate cost saving per season (of 454 paddy
farmers) were MYR756,392 for insecticides, MYR40,536 for herbicides, and MYR 94,753 for fungicides.
4. Conclusion
In this study, 454 respondents were interviewed to identify farm and farmer characteristics, pesticide usage, pest
management practices, perception about pesticides’ hazards, awareness of IPM strategies and willingness to
adopt specific IPM technologies. The probabilities of adoption of the IPM technologies were predicted using a
maximum likelihood logit model. Calculated reduction in economic costs showed the aggregate cost saving per
seasons (of 454 paddy farmers) of insecticides, herbicides and fungicides was MYR 891,681.
The estimated adoption model provided insights into the factors that influence adoption of different
technologies. For example, informational factors such as the source of pest control advice were highly significant
in the different models. Results indicated that if pest control advice was obtained through farmer cooperatives,
the probability of adoption also increased.
The educational efforts designed to increase awareness may be worthwhile. The adoption model estimated
allows for adoption rates to be further projected to a larger community and bigger population given information
on average values of general socio-economic attributes of paddy producers.
This study provides justification for public investment of resources in training and educational programs to
increase awareness about IPM and promote IPM adoption particularly in areas like North zone. The Region 4
group even has an advantage over the others group in that they have been exposed to IPM concepts in paddy and
some of the practices and beliefs learned from paddy IPM are carried over in their paddy farming.
The economic success of a highly organized group of farmers makes a good case for espousing
establishment of farmers’ cooperatives to help hasten IPM technology transfer. The IPM – Collaborative research
support programme (CRSP) technologies can reduce pesticide use in rice without loss of efficacy. For example,
results of the IPM - CRSP field trials showed that herbicide use could be reduced by as much as 50% with
adoption of the alternative weed control strategies, and a no-insecticide option is viable to control paddy pest if
biological controls are used.
Finally, as soon as farmers begin to adopt these technologies, impacts on pesticide use can be more
accurately estimated. Because different farmers face different constraints or production functions, the reduction
in pesticide use from adoption of the technologies may differ from one farmer to another.
50
5. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2012
Table 1. Agricultural chemicals in Malaysia (MYR million), 1995 – 2010
Agricultural 1995 2000 2005 2010 AVG AGR
Chemical 1995-2000 % 1995-2000
Herbicide 220.0 273.0 218.0 235.0 236.5 69.9 0.4
Insecticide 43.0 68.0 64.0 79.3 63.6 18.8 4.2
Fungicide 15.0 23.0 24.0 29.7 22.9 6.8 4.7
Rodenticide 11.0 14.0 17.0 20.0 15.5 4.6 4.1
Total 289.0 378.0 323.0 364.0 338.5 100.0 1.6
Source: Malaysian Crop Life and Public Health Association (MCPA), Malaysian Agriculture and Agro-base
Industries (MOA) value at end-user level, and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
Note: AVG= Average, %=Percentage, AGR (%) = Annual Growth Rate in Percentages and MYR=Malaysia
Ringgit
Table 2. The explanatory variables (endogenous) used in the logit analysis
Definition variable Unit
Farmer characteristics
Age (AGE) No. of years
Educational attainment (EDUC) No. of years
Experience of farming (EXPER) No of years in Paddy farming
Tenure status (OWNER) 1 = owner-operator or 0 = otherwise
Managerial factors
Farm hours (FHOURS) Time spent on farm per week; number of hours
Off-farm work (OFFWORK) 1 = farmer has off-farm employment or 0 = otherwise
Pesticide costs (PESCOST) Ratio of pesticide expenses to total operating costs; percent
Farm structure
Farm size (FARMSIZE) No. of hectares
Paddy profit share (PSHARE) Ratio of profits from paddy to total farm income; percent
Physical/location factor
Region 4 1 = farm is located in that site or 0 = otherwise
Institutional/informational factors
IPM awareness (ADVICE) of IPM before 1= farmer obtained pest control
1= if farmer had heard from the specified source; 0=
IPM training (ATTEND) 1= farmer attended an IPM training; 0= otherwise
Experiences and awareness about impacts of pesticide use
Preventive against pesticide exposure Use of preventive measures against pesticide exposure
(PREVENT)
Health impact (SICK) 1= farmer got sick after spraying pesticide; 0= otherwise
a
Variable dropped from the model to avoid a singular matrix
51
6. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2012
Table 3. Socio-economic Profile and Farm Characteristic by Regions
Socio-economic Profile Location – Region Overall
Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 n=454 %
n = 106 n = 140 n = 107 n = 101
Age (Year) Below 30 1 1 3 3 8 1.76
31 – 40 6 6 3 10 25 5.51
41 – 50 22 28 24 24 98 21.59
51 – 60 30 43 33 35 141 31.06
Above 60 47 62 44 29 182 40.09
Academic level No school 6 7 1 NA 14 3.08
Primary school 68 91 69 48 276 60.79
Secondary school 32 42 37 52 163 35.9
Higher degree NA NA NA 1 1 0.22
Experience Below 20 28 33 25 34 120 24.44
(Year) 21 - 30 24 42 38 26 130 28.63
31 - 40 40 45 27 26 138 30.4
41 - 50 14 20 12 9 55 12.11
Above 51 NA NA 5 6 11 2.42
Type of farming Full-time 106 138 105 101 450 99.12
Part-time NA 2 2 NA 4 0.88
Tenure Land Self-owned 74 87 78 85 324 71.37
Status Rental 27 53 29 21 130 28.63
Paddy Farm Below 2.0 58 97 72 59 286 65.30
Size 2.1 – 4.0 35 30 26 20 111 25.30
(Ha/season) 4.1 – 6.0 5 4 6 11 26 5.90
6.1 – 8.0 2 2 1 3 7 1.60
Above 8.1 4 1 0 3 8 1.80
Paddy Yield Per Below 2,000 15 13 19 3 50 11.01
Hectare 2,001 - 4,000 54 36 34 27 151 33.26
(Kg/Season) 4,001 - 6,000 22 28 22 25 97 21.37
6,001 - 8,000 8 29 15 10 62 13.66
8,001 - 10,000 7 19 12 17 55 12.11
Above 10,0001 0 15 5 19 39 8.59
Gross Income Below 5,000 94 88 83 57 322 70.93
Per Hectare 5,001 - 10,000 12 50 24 38 124 27.31
(MYR/Season) 10,001 - 14,000 NA 2 NA 5 7 1.54
Above 14,001 NA NA NA 1 1 0.22
Net Income Per Below 2,000 84 67 64 43 258 56.83
Hectare 2,001 - 4,000 14 36 24 19 93 20.48
(MYR/Season) 4,001 - 6,000 7 26 12 22 67 14.76
6,001 - 8,000 1 10 6 8 25 5.51
8,001 - 10,000 0 1 1 7 9 1.98
Above 10,001 0 0 0 2 2 0.44
Source: 2010/2011 Producer Survey
52
7. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2012
Note: NA = Not applicable, MYR = Malaysia Ringgit
Table 4. Indicators of pesticide exposure
PESTICIDE Percentage of “yes” responses Overall
EXPOSURE Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 n=454 %
n= % n= % n= % n= %
106 140 107 101
1. Is there an area of water containing fish that is near your farm?
86 81.13 118 84.29 36 33.64 83 82.18 80.75 70.31
2. Do you consume fish from this source?
88 83.02 120 85.71 92 85.98 95 94.06 98.75 87.19
3. Treatment of water as source of drinking water?
89 83.96 119 85.00 96 89.72 100 99.01 101 89.42
4. Protection against pesticide exposure
Face Mask 90 84.91 121 86.43 94 87.85 96 95.05 100.25 88.56
Long Sleeved-Shirts 93 87.74 122 87.14 96 89.72 100 99.01 102.75 90.90
Long Pants 92 86.79 122 87.14 96 89.72 100 99.01 102.5 90.67
Rubber Shoes 92 86.79 122 87.14 96 89.72 100 99.01 102.5 90.67
5. Distance between Surface Waters and Paddy Field (average) meters?
4.20 4.23 4.00 4.16 4.15
Table 5. Goodness-of-Fit measures/Predictive ability of the logit models
Measure of Goodness of Fit LOGIT MODELS
AGROPRAC TRIWEEKLY ONEHERB BIOPRAC ETLS
% Correct predictions:
Adoption 88.7 92.3 98.0 96.9 81.9
Non-Adoption 54.7 84.0 96.4 91.0 93.3
Count R2 88.6 84.3 92.1 73.2 75.5
2
-2 Log L λ value 176.3 143.2 94.1 75.9 44.8
p-value 0.0002 0.0001 0.0001 0.0054 0.0075
Table 6. Predicted adoption rates by site (region)
IPM Model Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 Region 4 Average
Adoption Rates n = 106 % n = 140 % n = 107 % n = 101 % n=454 %
AGROPRAC 90 84.5 122 86.8 93 87.0 90 88.7 395 87.00
BIOPRAC 53 50.3 71 50.5 60 56.1 79 78.7 263 57.93
ONEHERB 46 51.9 73 52.1 62 57.9 82 81.2 263 57.93
TRIWEEKLY 51 47.9 67 48.1 57 53.4 76 74.9 251 55.29
ETLS 7 6.1 7 4.7 34 31.4 66 65.7 114 25.11
53
8. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2012
Table 7. IPM adoption models: Logistic regression result
AGROPRAC BIOPRAC TRIWEEKLY ONEHERB ETL
Variable a Coeff Odd-Rati Coeff Odd-Rati Coeff Odd-Rati Coeff Odd-Rati Coeff Odd-Rati
o o o o o
INTERCEP -2.63 0.072 -17.93 0.001 -4.12 0.016 -8.655 0.001 -6.32 0.002
T
AGE 0.051* 1.053 -0.158 0.854 0.039 1.04 0.022 1.022 -0.018 0.982
*
EDUC 0.148* 1.16 0.027* 1.027 0.294 1.341 0.267** 1.306 0.072 1.075
* *
EXPR -0.024 0.976 0.311* 1.365 0.015 1.015 0.067 1.069 0.043 1.044
OWNERS 0.006 1.006 2.139* 8.492 0.536 0.585 0.412 0.662 -1.31* 0.27
*
FHOUR 0.178 0.837 0.322 0.725 0.527 0.59 0.431** 0.65 0.161 0.851
*
FULWORK 0.37 1.447 0.892 2.44 1.374 3.953 1.161 3.192 0.932 2.54
*
RPESCOST -0.005 1.005 -0.065 1.067 -0.021 1.021 -0.006 0.994 -0.008 0.992
FSIZE 0.009 1.009 0.557 0.573 0.257 0.773 0.009 0.991 0.088 1.093
PSHARE 0.006 1.006 0.044* 1.045 0.001 1 0.019** 1.020 0.007 1.007
*
REGION -0.162 0.85 -1.418 0.242 -0.431 0.65 -0.849 0.428 -1.45 0.234
REGION4 0.262* 0.77 1.497* 0.224 2.835 17.028 1.400** 4.057 3.628 37.64
* *
ADVICE 1.191* 32.9 2.263* 9.61 2.357 10.562 3.190* 24.295 0.203 1.225
* *
PREVENT -0.134 0.874 1.834* 6.258 0.228 0.796 0.103 1.109 0.104 1.109
HEARD 3.072* 21.593 10.13* 25.07 5.450 23.274 5.808* 33.296 4.557 95.258
* *
WTERCON 0.334 1.397 2.293 9.906 1.083 2.955 0.678 1.969 1.548 4.702
*
a
Note: Variables that significantly affect the dependent variable are noted with asterisks; * indicates the
variable is significant at α = 1%, ** for 5 %, and *** represents 10% level of significance.
Coeff = Coefficient, T-Stat = T statistic value and Odd-Ratio = A one unit change in the independent variable
increases the odds of Adoption IPM by a factor of Odd-Ratio.
Table 8. Cost savings from adoption of IPM technologies
IPM Technology Cost Saving (MYR) Expenses on Pesticides Per Season
Insecticides Herbicides Fungicides
AGROPRAC 162,577.22 19,658.60 94,753.32
BIOPRAC 158,053.49
TRIWEEKLY 145,370.34
ONEHERB 20,878.21
ETL 290,391.64
TOTAL 756,392.69 40,536.81 94,753.32
Note: The value in Malaysia Ringgit, and NA = Not available
Acknowledgements
This study was made possible by the generous financial and administrative support of the Malaysian Agriculture
Research and Development Institute (MARDI), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) and Ministry of Agriculture
and Agro-Based Industries (MOA). The dedication and efforts provided by the IPM Adoption administrators,
54
9. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1700 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2855 (Online)
Vol.3, No.9, 2012
researchers, and collaborators through their leadership who have established an IPM initiative has touched and
improved many lives throughout the world.
I wish to express my thanks to all the farmers and members of the Association of Rice Farmer Malaysia for
their very cooperative, helpful, and friendly attitudes during the interviews. Special thanks to lately “mother”
Hajah Fatimah, who passed away during my critical time to complete this reserach. I always remember your
encouragement, love, advice and moral support. Last but not least, thank to my parents who have assisted me
throughout the duration of this research.
References
Andreotti, G., Beane Freeman, L.E., Hou, L., (2009). Agricultural pesticide use and pancreatic cancer risk in the
Agricultural Health Study Cohort. International Journal of Cancer: 124(10):2495-2500.
Antle, J.M., & Capalbo, S.M. (1995). Measurement and evaluation of the impacts of agricultural chemical use: A
framework for analysis. In Impact of Pesticides on Farmer Health and Environment (Pingali, P.L. and Roger,
P.A., eds.). Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers
Antle, J.M., & Prabhu L. (1994). Pesticides, productivity, and farmer health: A Filipino case study. American
Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76: 418-430
Blair, A. and White, D. (1985). Leukemia cell types and agricultural practices in Nebraska. Archives of
Environmental Health, 40: 211-214
Ghazali, M., Nasir, S.M., Eddie, F.C.C., Zainal, A.M. and Donald C.T. (1994). Sustainability of English Paddy
Production Practices in Malaysia. University Putra Malaysia
Hoag, S.K., Blair, A., Holmes, F.F., Boysen, C.D., Robel, R. J., Hoover, R. and Fraumeni, J.F. (1986).
Agricultural herbicide use and risk of lymphoma and soft-tissue sarcoma. Journal of American Medical
Association, 256:1141-1147
Jusoh, M., Loke, W.H., Syed, A.R. and Tyre, M. (1992). Training Manual on Integrated Pest Management of
Diamondback Moth in Paddy in Malaysia. Serdang: MARDI, AVRDC & DOA
Nasir S, Hairuddin MA. Ariff H., and Alias R, (2010). “Economic Benefits of Sustainable Agricultural
Production”. Journal of Environment Asia: 3: 168-174.
Normiyah R., & Chong P.M, (1998). “Pest Management of Rice Farmers in Muda and Kemubu Irrigation
Schemes in Peninsular Malaysia”. Proceeding of The Rice Integrated Pest Management Conference: 20-29.
Malaysian Agricultureal Research and Development Institute and Ministry f Agriculture, Malaysia.
Parinya Panuwet, Wattasit Siriwong, Tippawan Prapamontol, P. Barry Ryan, Nancy Fiedler, Mark G. Robson,
Dana Boyd Barr, (2012). Agricultural pesticide management in Thailand: status and population health risk.
Environmental Science & Policy, Volume 17, March 2012, Pages 72-8, Elsevier Science Ltd.
Savary S., F. Horgan, L. Willocquet, K.L. Heong, (2011). Review of principle for sustainable pest management
in rice. Volume 32, February 2012, Pages 54–63, Crop Protection. IRRI, PBGB, 6776 Ayala avenue, Suite 1009,
1226 Makati City, Philippines.
Shamsudin MN., & Awang M. (2007). “Sustinable Agricultural Development: Conflicting Issues and Setting the
Agenda”, in Fatimah Mohd. Arshad et. al., 50 Years of Malaysian Agriculture: Transformational Issues,
Challenges and Direction, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Sharif H.L, Zariyantey AH., Roff MN., and Saiful ZJ, (2011). “ Pesticides and Farmers: An Assessment on
Vegetable farmers in Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Bachok and Pasir Puteh, Kelantan” Contributed paper
presented at the National Horticulture Conference, Malacca, MARDI Malaysia.
Sivpragasam, A. (2001). Brassica IPM adoption: progress and constraints in south-east Asia. The management of
Diamontdback Moth and other crucifer pests. Proceedings of the Fourth International Worshop, 26-29 Nov. 2001,
Melbourne Victoria Australia. Published by Regional Institute Ltd.
Susmita Dasgupta, Craig Meisner, David Wheeler, (2004). Is Environmentally-Friedly Agriculture Less
Profitable for Farmers? Evidence on IPM in Bangladesh. Development Research Group, World Bank.
Tay T.H., Chan, K.C.A., Kho, B.L., Lim, W.H., Loke, W.H. and Low, W.L. (2004). Malaysia Agricultural
Directory Index. 10th ed. Selangor: Agriquest Sdn. Bhd.
First A. Author (M’03, M’07-SM’2000). This author became a Member (M) of Asia Pacific Coconut Community
in 2003, a Member of Malaysia Agricultural Economics Association in 2007, a Senior Member (SM) Research
Officer since 2000 in Malaysian Agriculture Research and Development Institute. Author was born in August 27,
1964 in Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia. He earned his Diploma in Agriculture from University Agriculture
Malaysia which was then known as Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) in 1985. He obtained his Bachelor of
Science in 1995 and Master of Science in 2007 and started to enroll his Doctor of Philosophy degree at UPM in
2008. He looks forward to continue doing research on natural resource, health, and environmental development
for sustainable rural livelihoods upon complete of his PhD degree.
55
10. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. Prospective authors of
IISTE journals can find the submission instruction on the following page:
http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request of readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar