Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment. It looks at how organisms interact with each other and their surroundings. There are biotic or living parts of an ecosystem like producers, consumers, and decomposers as well as abiotic or non-living parts like air, water, soil, and climate. Organisms in an ecosystem can have relationships of mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, or competition as they interact and rely on limited resources. Ecosystems can be natural or man-made and examples of ecosystems in the Philippines include the Chocolate Hills, forests, and marine environments.

2. WHAT IS ECOLOGY?

3. ECOLOGY
• It is the study of relationship
between living things and their
surroundings, their habits, mode of
life and other activities.
• Ecology came from the Greek word
“ oikas” meaning house/ home

4. ECOLOGY AND YOUR HOME
• We can simply relate ecology from our
homes because there are:
1. There is an interaction between living
things ( Interrelationship of you and your
family)
2. There is an interaction of living things in
its environment ( What do you do in
every parts of your house?)
3. There roles in every living and non-living
things. ( What is your role inside your
homes)

5. COMPONENTS OF AN ECOSYSTEM
• Biotic (Living components)
• Producers – “plants”
• Consumers – “Animals”
• Decomposers - “Bacteria and Fungi”
• Abiotic ( Non – living)
• Air
• Water
• Soil
• Weather & Climate

6. PATTERNS OF RELATIONSHIP IN AN ECOSYSTEM
• Mutualism
 Both organisms coexist and benefits with each
other.
 Example: Bees gathering nectar from flower
then they pollinate the flower
• Commensalism
 Both organisms coexists however only one
receives benefits with the organism
(Commensals), while the other organism
doesn’t benefit to the other but not harmed
in the process (host)
 Example: Orchids growing on trees

7. PATTERNS OF RELATIONSHIP IN AN ECOSYSTEM
• Parasitism
 Symbiotic relationship where one organism
benefited (Parasite), while the other organism
is being harmed in the process (Host)
 Example : Ticks on dogs
• Competition
 Occurs when two organisms living together
need the same resources from the
environment, however they will be competing
with each other for that resources.
 Example: Wild dogs fighting over food

8. THE ECOSYSTEM
- The smaller part of a biome
- The unit of the Biosphere in which the community of organism interacts
with the physical Environment.

9. EXAMPLES OF AN ECOSYSTEM
Mangrove
Ecosystem
Desert Ecosystem
Marine Ecosystem

10. TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS
• Ecosystems can be either a natural or man-made
• Natural Ecosystem – naturally present in the environment and receives no
human intervention/activities.
• Man-made Ecosystem – involves humans activity to exist.

11. EXAMPLES OF AN ECOSYSTEM (PHILIPPINES)
Chocolate Hills (Bohol, Philippines) Animals can be found in the
Philippine Forests
Marine Ecosystem in the Philippines