West Nile Virus (WNV), a mosquito-borne virus of birds, emerged in North America in 1999; the invading strain was then displaced within a few years by a novel mutant. In order to understand this competitive displacement event, and to predict transmission of WNV in bird communities comprising hundreds of species, we collected data on bird and mosquito infections, bird community composition, and mosquito biting preferences from lab experiments, field observations, and citizen-science databases. We use a Bayesian framework, including a method for phylogenetic imputation applied to species with missing data, to synthesize information across the entire disease life cycle and throughout the community.
Study of the Seroprevalence of Anti-Leptospirosis Antibodies in Subjects in T...IIJSRJournal
Leptospirosis is a tropical and subtropical zoonotic disease culminating as a serious public health problem worldwide, apparently existing as co-infections with various other unrelated diseases, such as malaria. It is caused by spiral bacteria and the main vectors of which are rodents. These bacteria have various survival mechanisms in the environment allowing them to carry out their infectious cycle within their host organisms. The pathophysiological mechanisms pertaining to leptospirosis is still not understood in full and mis or underdiagnosed.
A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in three different localities in Niamey where respondents were screened for to demonstrate transmission to humans. Indirect ELISA method as a laboratory diagnostic or screening toll is used by utilizing leptospiral-specific IgG from serum samples of the respondents.
Results from the study showed that 11 people are found to be positive for leptospirosis (with a seroprevalence of 2.75%) with a strong tendency in the slaughterhouse workers which presents a fairly high risk compared to the other localities of the study. Indeed, the different areas/localities of this pilot study do not present the same level of risk because they are not subject to the same risk associated factors. In this vein, we have 87.6% of population exposed to the presence of rats, 48% are in contact with animals, 38.6% live in homes near water and 12.9% go swimming.
This study made it possible, on the one hand, to highlight the transmission of leptospirosis from animals to humans and, on the other hand, to draw attention to the involvement of the various identified risk factors.
Relations between pathogens, hosts and environmentEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Dr. Peter Davies - Emerging Issues in Antibiotic Resistance Linked to Use in ...John Blue
Emerging Issues in Antibiotic Resistance Linked to Use in Food Animals - Dr. Peter Davies, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
Study of the Seroprevalence of Anti-Leptospirosis Antibodies in Subjects in T...IIJSRJournal
Leptospirosis is a tropical and subtropical zoonotic disease culminating as a serious public health problem worldwide, apparently existing as co-infections with various other unrelated diseases, such as malaria. It is caused by spiral bacteria and the main vectors of which are rodents. These bacteria have various survival mechanisms in the environment allowing them to carry out their infectious cycle within their host organisms. The pathophysiological mechanisms pertaining to leptospirosis is still not understood in full and mis or underdiagnosed.
A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in three different localities in Niamey where respondents were screened for to demonstrate transmission to humans. Indirect ELISA method as a laboratory diagnostic or screening toll is used by utilizing leptospiral-specific IgG from serum samples of the respondents.
Results from the study showed that 11 people are found to be positive for leptospirosis (with a seroprevalence of 2.75%) with a strong tendency in the slaughterhouse workers which presents a fairly high risk compared to the other localities of the study. Indeed, the different areas/localities of this pilot study do not present the same level of risk because they are not subject to the same risk associated factors. In this vein, we have 87.6% of population exposed to the presence of rats, 48% are in contact with animals, 38.6% live in homes near water and 12.9% go swimming.
This study made it possible, on the one hand, to highlight the transmission of leptospirosis from animals to humans and, on the other hand, to draw attention to the involvement of the various identified risk factors.
Relations between pathogens, hosts and environmentEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Dr. Peter Davies - Emerging Issues in Antibiotic Resistance Linked to Use in ...John Blue
Emerging Issues in Antibiotic Resistance Linked to Use in Food Animals - Dr. Peter Davies, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
Irrigation and the risk of Rift Valley fever transmission - a case study from...Naomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Bernard Bett of the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Dealing with heterogeneous data to improve our knowledge of biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem function: perspectives from synthesis projects: presented by Liliana Ballesteros-Meija for ACTIAS (Global patterns of insect diversity, distribution and evolutionary distinctness - What can we learn from two of the best-documented families of moths?) at the sfécologie conference 2018.
more information on the group: http://www.cesab.org/index.php/fr/projets-en-cours/projets-2014/130-actias
A presentation as a webinar for the Winn Feline Foundation that focuses on recent findings related to the signatures of selection in the domestic cat genome
CRISPR as a potential tool for malaria eradicationMatthias Samwald
Why avoiding delays to gene-drive based mosquito eradication should be the most important goal of the global community right now, and why it is not.
Presentation at the Vienna Rationality Meetup 14.05.2016
Impact of the koka reservoir on malaria, Solomon Kibret, Matthew McCartney and Jonathan Lautze. Challenge Program on Water and Food, 2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
November 2008
Dr. Peter Davies - Providing Accurate And Trusted Information On Antibiotic U...John Blue
Providing Accurate And Trusted Information On Antibiotic Use And Resistance In An Increasingly Chaotic Information Environment - Dr. Peter Davies, Professor, University of Minnesota, from the 2018 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium: New Science & Technology Tools for Antibiotic Stewardship, November 13-15, 2018, Overland Park, KS, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8ZKJKD9cmEffjOrjbBvQZeN2_SZB_Skc
Irrigation and the risk of Rift Valley fever transmission - a case study from...Naomi Marks
Presentation by Dr Bernard Bett of the International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, at the One Health for the Real World: zoonoses, ecosystems and wellbeing symposium, London 17-18 March 2016
Dealing with heterogeneous data to improve our knowledge of biodiversity dynamics and ecosystem function: perspectives from synthesis projects: presented by Liliana Ballesteros-Meija for ACTIAS (Global patterns of insect diversity, distribution and evolutionary distinctness - What can we learn from two of the best-documented families of moths?) at the sfécologie conference 2018.
more information on the group: http://www.cesab.org/index.php/fr/projets-en-cours/projets-2014/130-actias
A presentation as a webinar for the Winn Feline Foundation that focuses on recent findings related to the signatures of selection in the domestic cat genome
CRISPR as a potential tool for malaria eradicationMatthias Samwald
Why avoiding delays to gene-drive based mosquito eradication should be the most important goal of the global community right now, and why it is not.
Presentation at the Vienna Rationality Meetup 14.05.2016
Impact of the koka reservoir on malaria, Solomon Kibret, Matthew McCartney and Jonathan Lautze. Challenge Program on Water and Food, 2nd International Forum on Water and Food, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
November 2008
Dr. Peter Davies - Providing Accurate And Trusted Information On Antibiotic U...John Blue
Providing Accurate And Trusted Information On Antibiotic Use And Resistance In An Increasingly Chaotic Information Environment - Dr. Peter Davies, Professor, University of Minnesota, from the 2018 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium: New Science & Technology Tools for Antibiotic Stewardship, November 13-15, 2018, Overland Park, KS, USA.
More presentations at https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL8ZKJKD9cmEffjOrjbBvQZeN2_SZB_Skc
PowerPoint presentation that highlights chapters 13 and 14 in Campbell's Essential Biology (3rd. edition). It can also be used for Miller & Levine's Biology (2006 Ed.) for chapters 15-18.
Effects of density on spacing patterns and habitat associations of a Neotropi...Nicole Angeli
Presentation at Ecological Society of America, August 2013. Minneapolis, USA. –Oral Paper
Angeli, N. F., K. Lips, G. V. DiRenzo, and A. Cunha. “Effects of density on spacing patterns
and habitat associations in the Neotropical Glassfrog Espadarana prosoblepon.”
Land use change and the risk of selected zoonotic diseases: Observations from...ILRI
Presentation by Bernard Bett, Mohammed Said, Rosemary Sang, Salome Bukachi, Johanna Lindahl, Salome Wanyoike, Ian Njeru and Delia Grace at the 14th conference of the International Society for Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE), Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 3-7 November 2015.
botanic gardens, meta-analysis, use of networks in ecology, conservation of biodiversity, species-people correlation, sudden oak death, Phytophthora ramorum, network epidemiology, geographical genetics, scale-dependence of the species-people correlation, invasion of plant pathogens, plant health and global change, sustainability,
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Ecological synthesis across scales: West Nile virus in individuals and communities
1. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Ecological synthesis across scales: West Nile virus
in individuals and communities
Ben Bolker
McMaster University
Departments of Mathematics & Statistics and Biology
24 June 2019
2. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Outline
1 Natural and evolutionary history of WNV
2 Understanding WNV strain replacement
introduction
methods
conclusions
3 Community spread of WNV
intro
methods
conclusions
4 Ecological synthesis
3. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Acknowledgements
People Morgan Kain
Support NSF Discovery Grant
4. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
West Nile Virus
single stranded RNA virus
Flavivirus (dengue, yellow fever, Zika)
primary spread by Culex mosquitos
birds are primary hosts
(hundreds of species!)
I
S
I
S
1
2
WNV Life Cycle
(Infected Bird to Infected Bird)
Bird Titer
Profile
Bird
Survival
Mosquito
Incubation
Mosquito
to Bird
Transmission
Bird to
Mosquito
Transmission
5. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
6. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
WNV in North America
first detected in 1999 (NY99 strain)
related to 1997-1998 Israel strains
(single substitution in NS3 helicase)
spread rapidly 1999-2003
new WN02 strain rapidly displaced NY99
(single substitution in envelope gene)
7. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
WNV phylogeny (Lanciotti et al., 2002)
11. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Outline
1 Natural and evolutionary history of WNV
2 Understanding WNV strain replacement
introduction
methods
conclusions
3 Community spread of WNV
intro
methods
conclusions
4 Ecological synthesis
12. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
13. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
what drove WNV strain replacement?
estimated fitness (R0) difference > 3×
Consensus:
WNV02 > NY99 due to increased mosquito incubation rate
(Kilpatrick et al., 2008)
robins are the key contributor to WNV spread
(Kilpatrick et al., 2006)
bird species richness predicts human cases (dilution effect)
14. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Outline
1 Natural and evolutionary history of WNV
2 Understanding WNV strain replacement
introduction
methods
conclusions
3 Community spread of WNV
intro
methods
conclusions
4 Ecological synthesis
15. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
I
S
I
S
A
B
Bird Titer
Profile
Bird
Survival
Mosquito
Incubation
Mosquito
to Bird
Transmission
Bird to
Mosquito
Transmission
1
2
3
4
5
13( ) x x2 15( ), 4 x
Ecological Parameters
(bite rate, mosquito: bird
ratio etc.)
=R0
WNV Life Cycle
(Infected Bird to Infected Bird)
16. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
transmission from bird species i to j
(for virus genotype v at temperature C)
R0{ijCv} =
Tb
tb=1
B survtbv × B → M Transtbv × M bites/day
×
Tm
tm=1
M → B TranstmtbvC × M survCtm × M bites/day
× M : B Ratio × Prop Bi × M Bite Pref on Bi
× Prop Bj × M Bite Pref on Bj
17. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
statistical methods
literature survey/scraping
for each component, fit hierarchical models
appropriate function (logistic, Gaussian, etc.)
fixed effects of genotype, day, titer, temperature
random effects of citation, experiment, bird species
all done in Stan (Carpenter et al., 2017)
18. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
bird survival vs. time
House Finch American Robin
American Crow House Sparrow
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
0.0
0.5
1.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
Day
Survival
NY99
WN02
strain
NY99
WN02
sample size
1
5
10
19. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
bird titer curves vs. time
House Finch American Robin
American Crow House Sparrow
0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8
0
5
10
15
0
5
10
15
Day
Titer(log10PFU)
Virus_Lineage
NY99
WN02
21. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
mosquito-to-bird transmission
a
0.0
0.5
1.0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Day
MosquitotoBirdTransmission
Virus Genotype NY99 WN02
b
2 4 6 8 10 12
Titer
Temperature (0
C) 21 26
22. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Outline
1 Natural and evolutionary history of WNV
2 Understanding WNV strain replacement
introduction
methods
conclusions
3 Community spread of WNV
intro
methods
conclusions
4 Ecological synthesis
23. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
R0 conclusions
House Finch American Robin
American Crow House Sparrow
0.1 1 10 0.1 1 10
NY99.16
WN02.16
NY99.26
WN02.26
NY99.16
WN02.16
NY99.26
WN02.26
R0
strain
NY99
WN02
Temperature
16
26
24. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
fitness advantage of WN02
0.01 1 3 100
American Crow
House Sparrow
House Finch
American Robin
R0 advantage of WN02
Temperature
16
26
26. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
27. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
28. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
29. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
30. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
31. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
conclusions
advantage of WN02 over NY99: still uncertain
missing hosts? ecological context?
could use more data on mosquito-to-bird transmission
32. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Outline
1 Natural and evolutionary history of WNV
2 Understanding WNV strain replacement
introduction
methods
conclusions
3 Community spread of WNV
intro
methods
conclusions
4 Ecological synthesis
33. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
From species to community
that was fun, but . . .
monoculture estimates of R0
all but four species ignored/lumped into “other”
can only predict for a few specific communities
Extend to a wider spatial, temporal, phylogenetic range ??
34. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
New components needed
community composition in space & time
recorded counts
detectability
biting preferences
titer profiles/survival/etc. (all species)
35. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Outline
1 Natural and evolutionary history of WNV
2 Understanding WNV strain replacement
introduction
methods
conclusions
3 Community spread of WNV
intro
methods
conclusions
4 Ecological synthesis
36. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
21st century citizen science
37. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
eBird data
complete checklists Jan 2000 - Dec 2017 (1.44 million)
aggregated to county
33,479 “communities” (county × month); 700 species
IUCN, Catalogue of Life for species name lookup
38. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
detectability
1440 titles/abstracts → 12 papers → 469 species
(419 from Blancher et al. (2013))
adjusted for body mass
39. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
phylogenetic imputation
information on species missing from our data set
estimate missing values based on closest relatives
(and other covariates, e.g. body size)
ancestral state reconstruction
machinery that lets this work (quickly) in lme4 package
use for most effects in the model
40. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
41. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
42. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
43. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
44. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
45. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
46. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
biting preferences
mosquito biting survey by Hamer et al. (2009) (blood meal ID)
species composition uses a prior from eBird + survey from
Hamer et al.
Dirichlet-multinomial model in Stan
phylogenetically imputed biting preferences for other species
47. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Outline
1 Natural and evolutionary history of WNV
2 Understanding WNV strain replacement
introduction
methods
conclusions
3 Community spread of WNV
intro
methods
conclusions
4 Ecological synthesis
49. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
poor match with human cases
no systematic sampling of WNV in birds
human spillover effects:
activity, mosquito density, . . .
53. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
caveats
mosquito ecology is important! missing data
(Rund et al., 2019b; Sedda et al., 2019; Rund et al., 2019a)
effects of nonlinearity + uncertainty on means and variances
54. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Outline
1 Natural and evolutionary history of WNV
2 Understanding WNV strain replacement
introduction
methods
conclusions
3 Community spread of WNV
intro
methods
conclusions
4 Ecological synthesis
55. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Being honest about uncertainty
propagate error all the way through
(Bayesian [or pseudo-Bayesian] methods)
account for full life cycle
put priors on everything (Elderd et al., 2006; Park et al., 2018)
56. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Coping with uncertainty
add covariates/auxiliary information
two-level priors (ABC)?
57. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
Data scaling
58. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
data vs. computation
Moore′s law:
T1 2 ≈ 1.5yr
$0.10
$10.00
$1,000.00
2005 2010 2015
Date
Sequencingcostpermegabase(US$)
59. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
industrial vs. artisanal
limitations
data
computation
algorithms
code complexity
theory?
judgement/creativity?
60. WNV biology Strain replacement Community spread Ecological synthesis References
References
Blancher, P., Rosenberg, K., et al., 2013. Handbook to the Partners in Flight population estimates
database, version 2.0. PIF technical series no 6.
Carpenter, B., Gelman, A., et al., 2017. J. Stat. Software.
Elderd, B.D., Dukic, V.M., and Dwyer, G., 2006. PNAS, 103(42):15693 –15697.
doi:10.1073/pnas.0600816103.
Hamer, G.L., Kitron, U.D., et al., 2009. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 80(2):268–278.
Kilpatrick, A.M., Daszak, P., et al., 2006. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences,
273(1599):2327–2333. ISSN 0962-8452, 1471-2954. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3575.
Kilpatrick, A.M., Meola, M.A., et al., 2008. PLoS Pathog, 4(6):e1000092.
doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000092.
LaDeau, S.L., Kilpatrick, A.M., and Marra, P.P., 2007. Nature, 447(7145):710–713. ISSN 0028-0836.
doi:10.1038/nature05829.
Lanciotti, R.S., Ebel, G.D., et al., 2002. Virology, 298(1):96–105. ISSN 0042-6822.
doi:10.1006/viro.2002.1449.
Park, S.W., Dushoff, J., et al., 2018. PNAS, 115(34):E7892–E7893.
Rund, S.S., Braak, K., et al., 2019a. Scientific data, 6(1):40.
Rund, S.S., Moise, I.K., et al., 2019b. J Am Mosquito Control Assoc, 35(1):75–83.
Sedda, L., Lucas, E.R., et al., 2019. J Roy Soc Interface, 16(153):20180941.