Eclipse SCADA is an open source SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) platform built on Java. It allows monitoring and control of industrial processes through a computer system. Eclipse SCADA acquires data from devices using various protocols, enriches the data with additional functionality, and exports it for storage, alarming, and display in client GUIs. It provides features for data acquisition, alarms and events, historical data storage, configuration, and visualization interfaces.

1. Eclipse SCADA 0.2
An overview
2015-01-27

2. A little bit of background ...

3. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
What is SCADA?
SCADA (Supervisory Control
and Data Acquisition) is defined as
the monitoring and control of technichal
processes by means of a computer system
(translated definition from German wikipedia)

4. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
What is SCADA?

5. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
What is Eclipse SCADA?
■ In short: Eclipse SCADA is an implementation of
a SCADA system based on the Java platform
■ an open source SCADA platform
■ protocol implementations, server components,
client libraries, …
■ some utility projects
■ tooling
■ ESAC, configurator, ...

6. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Eclipse SCADA – Goals
■ to provide a comprehensive, state of the art
SCADA system, built on modern technologies
and open to interface with as many other
systems as possible
■ allow easy integration between hardware (field
devices) and business applications (e.g. ERP)

7. Features
a high level overview

8. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Features
■ Data Acquisition (DA)
■ Alarms & Events (AE)
■ Historical Data (HD)
■ Configuration (CA)
■ GUI/HMI (VI)

9. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Features
■ Data Acqusition (DA)
■ deals with »real-time« (not hard real-time!) data
■ handles single scalar values
■ Alarms & Events (AE)
■ handles process alarms, operator actions,
responses generated by the system, informational
messages, auditing messages

10. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Features
■ Historical Data (HD)
■ deals with recording values (provided by DA) and
archiving these for later retrieval
■ Configuration (CA)
■ handles creation of configurations for the server
components, reconfiguration of the running system
■ GUI/HMI (VI)
■ provides GUI components, based on Draw2D

11. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Features
■ central to all functions: DA (Data Access)
■ all other functionality is based on the values
provided by it

12. Data Acquisition

13. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Supported Protocols I
■ Modbus
■ Siemens S7
■ “exec” (shell script execution)
■ JDBC
■ REST
■ MQTT
■ A custom Arduino UDP protocol

14. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Supported Protocols II (through openSCADA)
■ OPC DA 2.0 (Utgard; can't be included with
Eclipse SCADA because of licensing issues)
■ IEC 60870-5-104 (will be reintegrated with
Eclipse SCADA in release 0.3)
■ SNMP (will be integrated with Eclipse SCADA in
release 0.3)

15. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Supported Protocols III (export)
■ Modbus
■ IEC 60870-5-104 (through openSCADA)
■ MQTT
■ REST

16. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The path of a value from sensor to HMI
■ Modbus Driver (DA server interface)
■ Master Server (DA client + DA server interface)
■ GUI (DA client interface)
Pyranometer
Anemometer
Thermometer
Datalogger
calibrated temperature
register: 32001
calibrated solar
radiation
register:32003
calibrated wind velocity
register:32005
current
voltage
voltage
Eclipse SCADA
modbus driver
modbus
DataItem
register: 32001
→ meteo.temperature
DataItem
register:32003
→ meteo.glbsolrad
DataItem
register: 32005
→ meteo.windvelocity
openSCADA
master server
DataItemDataSource
meteo.temperature
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.source
DataItemDataSource
meteo.glbsolrad
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.source
DataItemDataSource
meteo.windvelocity
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.source
da:ngp
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.master
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.master
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V
da:ngp Client
DataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V
DataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V
DataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master
Scaling
ManualOverride
Block
Scaling
Negate
Markers
Scaling
Scale
Round
Summary
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level.hh→
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level.ll→
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level. ...→
BitMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.bit→
ListMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.list→
ScriptMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.script→
MasterItem Handlers
provide additional functionality to wrapped item
Monitors
operate on DataSources, creating alarms & events
Sensors Field Device Driver Master Server GUI
Devicespecificprotocol
EclipseSCADAprotocol
EclipseSCADAprotocol

17. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The path of a value from sensor to HMI
■ A Driver talks to the field device in the protocol it
understands (for instance: Modbus) and converts it to the
Eclipse SCADA internal protocol “ngp”
■ A driver usually runs in its own process to allow a
independent restart if something goes wrong
Pyranometer
Anemometer
Thermometer
Datalogger
calibrated temperature
register: 32001
calibrated solar
radiation
register:32003
calibrated wind velocity
register:32005
current
voltage
voltage
Eclipse SCADA
modbus driver
modbus
DataItem
register: 32001
→ meteo.temperature
DataItem
register:32003
→ meteo.glbsolrad
DataItem
register: 32005
→ meteo.windvelocity
openSCA
master s
da:ngp
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M
Scaling
ManualOverride
Block
MasterItem Handler
provide additional fu
Sensors Field Device Driver Maste
Devicespecificprotocol
EclipseSCADAprotocol

18. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The path of a value from sensor to HMI
■ The master server uses ngp to communicate with the driver
■ Within the master server the items are enriched with
additional functionality
■ The items are then exported via ngp again
erature
001
lar
03
elocity
05
Eclipse SCADA
modbus driver
modbus
DataItem
register: 32001
→ meteo.temperature
DataItem
register:32003
→ meteo.glbsolrad
DataItem
register: 32005
→ meteo.windvelocity
openSCADA
master server
DataItemDataSource
meteo.temperature
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.source
DataItemDataSource
meteo.glbsolrad
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.source
DataItemDataSource
meteo.windvelocity
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.source
da:ngp
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.master
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.master
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V
da:ngp Client
M
M
M
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master
Scaling
ManualOverride
Block
Scaling
Negate
Markers
Scaling
Scale
Round
Summary
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level.hh→
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level.ll→
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level. ...→
BitMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.bit→
ListMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.list→
ScriptMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.script→
MasterItem Handlers
provide additional functionality to wrapped item
Monitors
operate on DataSources, creating alarms & events
Driver Master Server GUI
Devicespecificprotocol
EclipseSCADAprotocol
EclipseSCADAprotocol

19. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The path of a value from sensor to HMI
■ Any client connects via ngp to the master
server and gets notified about any change in the
value
ce
ce
ce
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.master
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.master
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V
da:ngp Client
DataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V
DataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V
DataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V
Summary
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level.hh→
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level.ll→
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level. ...→
BitMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.bit→
ListMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.list→
ScriptMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.script→
Monitors
operate on DataSources, creating alarms & events
GUI
EclipseSCADAprotocol

20. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Eclipse SCADA Administration Client
the admin client (ESAC) –
a generic client to browse
and watch live values
(in driver or master server)

21. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
a da:ngp connection
Item Value
Attributes

22. Alarms & Events

23. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Alarms & Events (AE)
■ Alarms are realized through a state machine, we call it
“monitor”
■ Only current state
■ State change (might create) Event→
■ States:
■ OK NOT_OK + (ACK required / ACK not required)↔
■ Base Priorities:
■ OK, WARN, ALARM
■ Demotion:
■ ALARM WARN→

24. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Alarms & Events (AE)
■ Monitor Implementations:
■ Level Monitor (Min, LL, L, H, HH, Max), as local and
remote variant
■ Bit Monitor
■ List Monitor
■ Script Monitor

25. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Alarms & Events (AE)
■ Alarms (Monitor states) are transient
■ Events are stored permanently (in SQL Database)
■ Event has some common properties, and any
number of custom ones
■ Events are held in configurable buffer (pool) to
supply client immediately with latest ones
■ Past events can be queried using simple ldap like
syntax

26. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Alarms & Events (AE)
m
001
erature
m
003
olrad
m
005
elocity
openSCADA
master server
DataItemDataSource
meteo.temperature
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.source
DataItemDataSource
meteo.glbsolrad
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.source
DataItemDataSource
meteo.windvelocity
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.source
da:ngp
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.master
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.master
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8030.V
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8031.V
DataSourceDataItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V
da:ngp Client
M
M
M
MasterItem
MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.source
→ MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master
Scaling
ManualOverride
Block
Scaling
Negate
Markers
Scaling
Scale
Round
Summary
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level.hh→
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level.ll→
LevelMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.level. ...→
BitMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.bit→
ListMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.list→
ScriptMonitor MY.NS.MET.001.M8032.V.master.monitor.script→
MasterItem Handlers
provide additional functionality to wrapped item
Monitors
operate on DataSources, creating alarms & events
Master Server GUI
EclipseSCADAprotocol
EclipseSCADAprotocol

27. Historical Data

28. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Eclipse SCADA – Historical Data (HD)
■ Update on live values
■ Storage abstracted
■ At the moment a file system based storage is
available
■ Can keep actual values, without interpolation,
for some time
■ Comprehension after defined timespan

29. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

30. Visual Interface

31. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Visual Interface
■ Declarative UI using EMF
■ Scriptable with Javascript
■ Only a few entry points to remember
(onUpdate, onInit, …)
■ Component based Symbol editing
■ Properties are propagated to the innermost
element
■ Simple but very flexible

32. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

33. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

34. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Visual Interface
■ Wizard which creates
a skeleton project
including maven pom
file for easy build

35. Configuration & Deployment

36. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Configuration & Deployment
■ Configuration framework based on EMF
■ Split between infrastructure model (nodes and
services) and component model (hierarchical
representation for the end user)
■ Configuration can be updated at runtime
■ Creation and deployment is separated
■ ESAC used for updating the configuration
■ Configuration changes can be minimized through
applying only diff!

37. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Configuration & Deployment
■ Create complete installable packages from IDE
■ Debian packages for Debian & Derivates
■ RPM packages for Redhat and SuSE
■ MSI files for Windows
■ Allows start of SCADA servers from IDE

38. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

39. Other interesting features

40. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Other Interesting Features
■ Support of cryptographically signed user
actions (e.g. acknowledgement, setting manual
values, etc) using a PKI
■ Also supports user elevation

41. Q&A

42. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
FAQ
■ Do you have a web interface?
■ We don't have a standard solution for a web interface yet.
Our HMIs are based on Eclipse RCP
■ Do you have support for OPC UA/IEC 62541?
■ No, but if somebody sponsors the development, we would
love to implement it as a clean room implementation of IEC
62541
■ Why don't you use MQTT natively?
■ A couple of features we support just can't be realized with
MQTT (e.g. our callback functionality)

43. A short History

44. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
A short History
■ started 2006 as openSCADA
■ main emphasis: connectivity to legacy
hardware
■ after that more and more functionality added
■ since then, most used part of the project by
developers: Utgard library, a platform agnostic
library to access OPC DA 2.0 servers
■ (not part of Eclipse SCADA!)

45. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
A short History
■ June 2013
■ Eclipse SCADA proposed (based on openSCADA)
■ Juli 2013
■ IBH SYSTEMS GmbH becomes Eclipse foundation
member
■ September 2013
■ officially incubator project

46. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
A short History
■ April 2014
■ First official release 0.1.0
■ Finale of migration
■ Configuration
■ January 2015
■ 0.2.0 release
■ Much improved tooling (preview, servers within IDE)

47. Roadmap

48. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Eclipse SCADA Roadmap
■ Planned: 2 releases per year
■ 0.3 (1st quarter of 2015)
■ Integration of SNMP driver and reintegration of IEC
60870-5-104
■ 0.4 (3rd quarter of 2015)
■ Mostly improvements:
■ Performance, Memory
■ Tooling, IDE integration
■ Based on Eclipse Mars

49. Thank you for your attention!

50. Glossary

51. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Glossary
■ Driver (DA)
■ a protocol adapter, converts device specific protocol
(for instance modbus) into the Eclipse SCADA
protocol(s) (for instance ngp)
■ Tag, Item, Data Point, DataItem
■ a singular scalar value provided by a device or
server, identified by a name

52. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Glossary
■ Field Device
■ controls local operations such as opening and
closing valves and breakers, collecting data from
sensor systems (for instance a data logger or a
PLC), speaks some protocol
■ Master Server (DA, AE, [HD])
■ central server component, provides additional
functionality based on DataItems such as alarm→
generation

53. Grants

54. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Eclipse SCADA – research & development
■ Some of the development
of Eclipse SCADA was
supported through a
funding program by the
Bavarian government
■ http://www.vdivde-it.de/projekte/foerderprogramm-informations-und-kommunikationstechnik-bayern

55. Support

56. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Eclipse SCADA – support through:
■ IBH SYSTEMS GmbH
Agnes-Pockels-Bogen 1
80992 München
■ T: +49.89.189 17 49 0
F: +49.89.189 17 49 29
info@ibh-systems.com
http://ibh-systems.com

57. Credits

58. © 2015 by Jens Reimann & Jürgen Rose. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Credits
■ All company/product names and service marks may be trademarks or registered
trademarks of their respective companies
■ Trierites, »Nuclear Ship Savannah Nuclear Reactor Control Room Center and Left Panels«
May 19, 2012 via , Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution.
■ Stefan Kühn, »Schalenkreuzanemometer« May 13, 2004 via Wikimedia Commons, Creative
Commons Attribution.
■ Lumos3, »A Maximum Minimum thermometer« March 20, 2006 via Wikimedia Commons,
Creative Commons Attribution.
■ Avisaro AG, »Data logger Cube storing technical and sensor data« June 10, 2010 via
Wikimedia Commons, Creative Commons Attribution.
■ Arne Nordmann, » Illustration of a wind turbine.« February, 2007 via Wikimedia Commons,
Creative Commons Attribution.
■ RRZEicons »user, expert, workstation«, November 17, 2009 via Wikimedia Commons,
Creative Commons Attribution.
■ Harbin »BlankMap-World-v2.svg«, February 26, 2011 via Wikimedia Commons, Creative
Commons Attribution.