This document provides information about the ECE 692 Advanced Semiconductor Devices course taught by Gong Gu in Fall 2012. The course covers advanced topics in semiconductor device physics and concepts, including MOSFETs, HBTs, photodiodes, LEDs, and lasers. Evaluation will include class participation, homework, and a term project presenting a review of a selected semiconductor topic. The document also discusses semiconductors and their role in information processing and transmission applications. Semiconductors can modulate carrier density over a wider range than metals, enabling functions like amplification.
Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide
ElectroMagneticWorks Inc. (EMW) is a electronic design automation (EDA) company. EMW focuses on the development, marketing and support of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) and Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools based on electromagnetic principles and phenomena. With products covering frequencies ranging from DC to millimeter waves, EMW aims to meet the needs of its clients with the highest quality products.
EMW has a long track record of successful collaboration with SolidWorks Corporation and its analysis division COSMOSM. Today, EMW is the only company offering a complete electromagnetic analysis software suite that is fully embedded in SolidWorks. EMW\'s products meet SolidWorks\'s highest quality standards and are certified Gold products by SolidWorks.
A professor of mine once opined that the best working experimentalists tended to
have a good grasp of basic electronics. Experimental data often come in the form of
electronic signals, and one needs to understand how to acquire and manipulate such
signals properly. Indeed, in graduate school, everyone had a story about a budding
scientist who got very excited about some new result, only to later discover that the
result was just an artifact of the electronics they were using (or misusing!). In addition,
most research labs these days have at least a few homemade circuits, often because
the desired electronic function is either not available commercially or is prohibitively
expensive. Other anecdotes could be added, but these suffice to illustrate the utility of
understanding basic electronics for the working scientist.
On the other hand, the sheer volume of information on electronics makes learning the
subject a daunting task. Electronics is amulti-hundred billion dollar a year industry, and
new products of ever-increasing specialization are developed regularly. Some introductory
electronics texts are longer than introductory physics texts, and the print catalog for
one national electronic parts distributor exceeds two thousand pages (with tiny fonts!).
Finally, the undergraduate curriculum for most science and engineering majors
(excepting, of course, electrical engineering) does not have much space for the study
of electronics. For many science students, formal study of electronics is limited to
the coverage of voltage, current, and passive components (resistors, capacitors, and
inductors) in introductory physics. A dedicated course in electronics, if it exists, is
usually limited to one semester.
Semiconductors are materials which have a conductivity between conductors (generally metals) and nonconductors or insulators (such as most ceramics). Semiconductors can be pure elements, such as silicon or germanium, or compounds such as gallium arsenide or cadmium selenide
ElectroMagneticWorks Inc. (EMW) is a electronic design automation (EDA) company. EMW focuses on the development, marketing and support of Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) and Computer Aided Design (CAD) tools based on electromagnetic principles and phenomena. With products covering frequencies ranging from DC to millimeter waves, EMW aims to meet the needs of its clients with the highest quality products.
EMW has a long track record of successful collaboration with SolidWorks Corporation and its analysis division COSMOSM. Today, EMW is the only company offering a complete electromagnetic analysis software suite that is fully embedded in SolidWorks. EMW\'s products meet SolidWorks\'s highest quality standards and are certified Gold products by SolidWorks.
A professor of mine once opined that the best working experimentalists tended to
have a good grasp of basic electronics. Experimental data often come in the form of
electronic signals, and one needs to understand how to acquire and manipulate such
signals properly. Indeed, in graduate school, everyone had a story about a budding
scientist who got very excited about some new result, only to later discover that the
result was just an artifact of the electronics they were using (or misusing!). In addition,
most research labs these days have at least a few homemade circuits, often because
the desired electronic function is either not available commercially or is prohibitively
expensive. Other anecdotes could be added, but these suffice to illustrate the utility of
understanding basic electronics for the working scientist.
On the other hand, the sheer volume of information on electronics makes learning the
subject a daunting task. Electronics is amulti-hundred billion dollar a year industry, and
new products of ever-increasing specialization are developed regularly. Some introductory
electronics texts are longer than introductory physics texts, and the print catalog for
one national electronic parts distributor exceeds two thousand pages (with tiny fonts!).
Finally, the undergraduate curriculum for most science and engineering majors
(excepting, of course, electrical engineering) does not have much space for the study
of electronics. For many science students, formal study of electronics is limited to
the coverage of voltage, current, and passive components (resistors, capacitors, and
inductors) in introductory physics. A dedicated course in electronics, if it exists, is
usually limited to one semester.
Experience the uniquely interactive program of the IEW Workshop. IEW facilitates access to and interactions with industry leaders through invited seminars, technical sessions,
discussion groups (DGs), and invited speakers
• Listen to viewpoints of industry experts
• Share your ideas and opinions on EOS/ESD topics
• Explore industry best practices and give your inputs
• Interact/network with EOS/ESD industry experts
Don't miss the IEW Keynote
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Krishna Saraswat, Stanford University
In this presentation, basics of solar cells, what is piezoelectricity and its application, followed by basics of thermoelectricity and its application would be discussed.
A 2.98 dB NF, 2.52 mW Ultra-Wideband Low Noise Amplifier for a Brain Neuromod...SAKIB REZA
This work presents a low noise amplifier (LNA) for
lower ultrawideband (UWB) applications. The proposed LNA is
based on a current-reuse common source (CS) architecture so as
to achieve energy efficiency without sacrificing the noise
performance. With 1.2V supply voltage, the proposed LNA
consumes 2.52 mW power and achieves a 16.81 dB peak gain at 4.2
GHz frequency, with a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.28 GHz. The average
noise figure (NF) achieved is 2.98 dB over the 3-dB bandwidth. The
design is realized using a standard 0.18 µm CMOS process. The
characteristic of the proposed amplifier makes it a proper
candidate to be applied for implantable medical devices.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
designated the 3.1-10.6 GHz frequency band for unlicensed
ultra-wideband (UWB) use back in 2002 promoting
commercial mass-market practices. UWB technology has
sparked substantial interest in both educational and commercial
enterprise because of its promise to provide high-speed shortrange wireless data transmission with considerable energy
efficiency.
UWB technology has shown promise for a number of
applications including Wireless Personal Area Networks
(WPAN) [1][2] and Wireless Sensor Networks [3]. UWB
communication uses the 3.1-10.6 GHz frequency spectrum
(lower band: 3.1-5 GHz; higher band: 6-10.6 GHz). The
development of the first generation UWB system will take
place in the low frequency range (3.1-5 GHz). When
considering time to market, hardware cost, degree of
complexity, and other factors, CMOS technology is a good
choice for implementing a low band UWB system [4]
Multiple channels are used to capture and transmit data in
high data rate biomedical applications such as neural signal
recording systems for brain-computer interface. The neural
recording system proposed in [9] uses a 128-channel system to
transfer the recorded brain signal at a data rate of 90 Mbps while
consuming only 6 mW of power. As the number of channels or
sample rate of the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) increases,
so does the data rate. As such, the power consumption also
increases. As a result, it is critical to decrease power
consumption for such high data rate applications.
The novelty of this work is to design an energy-efficient
front-end amplifier exploiting 180 nm CMOS process which
enables the receiver chain to be operated in the UWB frequency
spectrum making it suitable for high data rate biomedical
applications. The design architecture of the proposed LNA is
discussed in section II. In section III, the simulation results are
provided followed by a concluding remark in section IV
The circuit diagram of the proposed LNA is shown in Fig.
1. It consists of four stages including input matching stage,
common source first stage, current reuse stage and the output
matching stage. The input matching network consists of the
capacitors C1 and C2 and the inductor L1 and L2. L2 is in series
resonance with the total capacitance connected to the gate
terminal of transistor MN1
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A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Experience the uniquely interactive program of the IEW Workshop. IEW facilitates access to and interactions with industry leaders through invited seminars, technical sessions,
discussion groups (DGs), and invited speakers
• Listen to viewpoints of industry experts
• Share your ideas and opinions on EOS/ESD topics
• Explore industry best practices and give your inputs
• Interact/network with EOS/ESD industry experts
Don't miss the IEW Keynote
Emerging Interconnect Technologies for Nanoelectronics
Krishna Saraswat, Stanford University
In this presentation, basics of solar cells, what is piezoelectricity and its application, followed by basics of thermoelectricity and its application would be discussed.
A 2.98 dB NF, 2.52 mW Ultra-Wideband Low Noise Amplifier for a Brain Neuromod...SAKIB REZA
This work presents a low noise amplifier (LNA) for
lower ultrawideband (UWB) applications. The proposed LNA is
based on a current-reuse common source (CS) architecture so as
to achieve energy efficiency without sacrificing the noise
performance. With 1.2V supply voltage, the proposed LNA
consumes 2.52 mW power and achieves a 16.81 dB peak gain at 4.2
GHz frequency, with a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.28 GHz. The average
noise figure (NF) achieved is 2.98 dB over the 3-dB bandwidth. The
design is realized using a standard 0.18 µm CMOS process. The
characteristic of the proposed amplifier makes it a proper
candidate to be applied for implantable medical devices.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
designated the 3.1-10.6 GHz frequency band for unlicensed
ultra-wideband (UWB) use back in 2002 promoting
commercial mass-market practices. UWB technology has
sparked substantial interest in both educational and commercial
enterprise because of its promise to provide high-speed shortrange wireless data transmission with considerable energy
efficiency.
UWB technology has shown promise for a number of
applications including Wireless Personal Area Networks
(WPAN) [1][2] and Wireless Sensor Networks [3]. UWB
communication uses the 3.1-10.6 GHz frequency spectrum
(lower band: 3.1-5 GHz; higher band: 6-10.6 GHz). The
development of the first generation UWB system will take
place in the low frequency range (3.1-5 GHz). When
considering time to market, hardware cost, degree of
complexity, and other factors, CMOS technology is a good
choice for implementing a low band UWB system [4]
Multiple channels are used to capture and transmit data in
high data rate biomedical applications such as neural signal
recording systems for brain-computer interface. The neural
recording system proposed in [9] uses a 128-channel system to
transfer the recorded brain signal at a data rate of 90 Mbps while
consuming only 6 mW of power. As the number of channels or
sample rate of the Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) increases,
so does the data rate. As such, the power consumption also
increases. As a result, it is critical to decrease power
consumption for such high data rate applications.
The novelty of this work is to design an energy-efficient
front-end amplifier exploiting 180 nm CMOS process which
enables the receiver chain to be operated in the UWB frequency
spectrum making it suitable for high data rate biomedical
applications. The design architecture of the proposed LNA is
discussed in section II. In section III, the simulation results are
provided followed by a concluding remark in section IV
The circuit diagram of the proposed LNA is shown in Fig.
1. It consists of four stages including input matching stage,
common source first stage, current reuse stage and the output
matching stage. The input matching network consists of the
capacitors C1 and C2 and the inductor L1 and L2. L2 is in series
resonance with the total capacitance connected to the gate
terminal of transistor MN1
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
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in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
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6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
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Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
ECE692_1_1208.ppt
1. ECE 692
(to be ECE 635)
Advanced Semiconductor Devices
Gong Gu
Course website:
http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~ggu1/files/GradHome.html
Fall 2012
2. Why Semiconductors?
Information
acquisition
(sensors)
Image, sound,
temperature,
pressure, …
Information
processing
(Amps, A/D,
processors,
tranceivers…)
Information
processing
(tranceivers,
processors, …)
Displays
Information transmission
(wires, busses, cables, optical fibers, or just air!)
• Brains and muscles of the
system are made of
semiconductors
• Metals & dielectrics are used as
transmission media
• Why?
Image, sound,
temperature,
pressure, …
3. What’s common for all the core components?
Light, sound,
temperature,
pressure, …
sensor
Voltage,
current
input
output
A
Vin
Vin
Vin
Vout
Vout
Vin
Vout
Modulation of some physical quantity (output) by some others
Some kind of gain, conversion ratio, sensitivity, etc
4. Example: Field-Effect Transistors (FETs)
Semiconductor vs Metal
Vin Vout
Vin
Vout
FET’s are building blocks.
S D
G
Schematic illustration of a FET
For SiO2 dielectric, breakdown field Eb ~ 107 V/cm.
No matter how thick it is, the maximum induced
carrier area density is r0Eb/q = 2 × 1013 /cm2.
For a 1 m thick Si channel,
ni = 1.45 × 1010 /cm3,
the background carrier area density is
ni × 104 cm = 1.45 × 106 /cm2.
In principle, the area carrier density, and therefore
the channel conductance, can be modulated by 7
orders of mag!!!
For Al, n = 1.8 × 1023 /cm3. Even for 1 nm thin (monolayers!) Al, the background carrier
area density is 1.8 × 1016 /cm2. The conductance can only be modulated by 0.1%!!!
What are semiconductors, anyway???
5. A Digression: The Vast Field of Electrical Engineering
• Different disciplines are different levels of extraction
• Device engineers are at the junction of many disciplines
• Follow your passion
Solid-
state
physics
Device
physics circuits
Transistor
level
Higher
level
Information theory
Control theory
chemistry
Semiconductor
physics
Materials
science
Semiconductor
processing
Economics
Core knowledge body of the device engineer
6. A Digression: The Vast Field of Electrical Engineering
• But, each small field can consume one’s entire life
• So, how can one be a good device engineer???
Chuang Tzu: My life is limited while knowledge is unlimited. Pursuing the unlimited
with the limited, it is just hopeless!
莊子: 吾生也有涯 而知也無涯 以有涯逐無涯 殆矣
Solid-
state
physics
Device
physics circuits
Transistor
level
Higher
level
Information theory
Control theory
chemistry
Semiconductor
physics
Materials
science
Semiconductor
processing
Economics
Core knowledge body of the device engineer
7. A Digression: The Vast Field of Electrical Engineering
Solid-
state
physics
Device
physics circuits
Transistor
level
Higher
level
Information theory
Control theory
chemistry
Semiconductor
physics
Materials
science
Semiconductor
processing
Economics
Core knowledge body of the device engineer
How can one be a good device engineer???
The big picture!
This course is about the big picture.
It willed be tailored to suit your research interest; we have a small class
after all.
8. Let’s get to know each other!
• Name, year
• Previous exposure to quantum mechanics, solid-state physics, device
physics, processing, ckt design (courses + hands-on)
• Advisor
• Research field, particular topic
• Like it?
Class meeting schedule?
9. Syllabus
Course Objective:
To provide students with an understanding of device physics and advanced
semiconductor device concepts.
Topics
• Review of Semiconductor physics
- Crystal structure, band structures, band structure modification by alloys,
heterostructures, and strain
- Carrier statistics
- Scattering, defects, phonons, mobility, transport in heterostructures
• Device concepts
- MOSFETs, MESFETs, MODFETs, TFTs
- Heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs)
- Semiconductor processing
- Photodiodes, LEDs, semiconductor lasers
- (optional) resonant tunneling devices, quantum interference devices,
single electron transistors, quantum dot computing, ...
- Introduction to nanoelectronics
10. Syllabus (Cont’d)
Reference books
• Jasprit Singh, Physics of Semiconductors and Their Heterostructurs
Reads like somebody’s notes. May not be the most elegant or strict from a physics point of
view, but definitely serves semiconductor folks well. Intriguing and stimulating.
• Jasprit Singh, Semiconductor Devices:Basic Principles
Book by the same author on Devices but including semiconductor physics & processing.
• U. K. Mishra & J. Singh, Semiconductor Device Physics and Design
E-book available on line thru UT Lib.
• Karl Hess, Advanced Theory of Semiconductor Devices
Thin, but covers lots of stuff at advanced levels
• Ben Streetman, Solid State Electronic Devices
From basic physics to device concepts. Oldie goodie.
• S. M. Sze (施敏), Physics of Semiconductor Devices
The “Bible” of device engineers. Not for beginners. Keep it in mind or on your shelf; an
excellent reference book for your future career.
• R. S. Muller & T. I. Kamins, Device Electronics for Integrated Circuits
An undergrad textbook on Si microelectronics, but good to have. I go back to it quite often.
• J. D. Plummer, M. D. Deal, P. B. Griffin, Silicon VLSI technology: fundamentals,
practice and modeling
Best textbook on processing, by the people who developed many of the models.
11. Syllabus (Cont’d)
Journals
• IEEE Electron Device Letters
• IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
• Applied Physics Letters
• Journal of Applied Physics
Websites
• Wikipedia (Are you kidding? No!)
• Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute
http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/
http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/index.html
Physical properties of many semiconductors.
12. Syllabus (Cont’d: The Tough Part)
Evaluation
• Classroom participation, performance (15%)
• Homework / Mini projects – simple (20%)
• Term project: Review of a selected specific area, oral presentation on the topic of
the paper, oral exam (65%)
The topic may or may not be closely related to your research, but cannot be
your research topic per se. Need my okay on the topic before it’s too late.
• The good news: It’s not that tough
- …
- The population is too small. Any distribution does not have any statistical
meaning. Which means, you could all get A’s. On the other hand, you could
…
13. Back to Business
What are semiconductors, anyway???
Long way to go to answer this question.
What answers do you have now?
14. Review of Semiconductor Physics
Quantum mechanics
• Shrödinger equation
The equation that scared Einstein
• Stationary states
• Special case: free space
• E-k dispersion: light wave vs de Broglie wave
• The concept of eigenstates
• Wave packets
• The uncertainty principle