The document discusses several technical disasters including the Morbi bridge collapse, Morbi dam failure, Bhopal gas tragedy, and COVID-19 pandemic. It provides background details on each event such as location, death toll, causes, and consequences. For the Morbi bridge collapse, it notes that the bridge reopened without certification and then collapsed under excessive load. For the Morbi dam failure, it describes the dam specifications and explains how excessive rainfall led to its collapse.
The document discusses several technical disasters including the Morbi bridge collapse in India, the Morbi dam failure, the Bhopal gas tragedy, and the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides background details on each event, including location, death tolls, causes, and investigations. The Morbi bridge collapse in 2022 resulted in over 130 deaths when the bridge reopened and hundreds of people were on it, far exceeding its weight limit. The Morbi dam failure in 1979 caused over 1,800 deaths due to heavy rains overwhelming the dam. The Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 involved a toxic gas leak from a pesticide plant that killed thousands of people. COVID-19 originated in China in 2019 and was declared a global pandemic,
The document summarizes a study comparing seismic design procedures between the Bangladesh National Building Code of 1993 (BNBC-1993) and the International Building Code of 2000 (IBC-2000). It finds that while both codes use the equivalent static force method for buildings up to a certain height, IBC-2000 incorporates soil dynamic characteristics like spectral acceleration in calculating base shear and other parameters, unlike BNBC-1993. To illustrate the difference, base shear coefficients were calculated for a 10-story building in Dhaka according to both codes. IBC-2000 yielded lower base shear coefficients with increasing height compared to BNBC-1993, which does not consider soil properties. The study concludes that involving soil dynamics leads to more accurate seismic analysis
To study about the tragic incident happened in Bhopal and how it impacted People and also to
evaluate the level of preparedness, response, mitigation techniques adopted and thus provide
needed recommendations for future strategies
1. The document discusses various types of natural and man-made disasters including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, landslides, terrorist incidents, industrial accidents, wars, and pandemics.
2. Specific examples of disasters mentioned include the Bhopal gas tragedy, World Wars I and II, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, HIV/AIDS epidemic, and the ongoing 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.
3. Risk factors, impacts, and death tolls of different disasters are presented along with brief summaries of some significant historical events.
The Bhopal gas tragedy was one of the world's worst industrial disasters that occurred in 1984 in Bhopal, India. A leak of methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals from a Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant exposed hundreds of thousands of people to toxic gas. Over 500,000 people were exposed to the gases and many suffered from injuries and illnesses. Official death tolls reported over 3,000 immediate deaths, while other estimates indicate the total death toll may have been over 20,000. Survivors continued to experience health issues long-term.
PHYSIO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GOMTI RIVER WATER IN DIFFERENT LOCATION OF LUCKNO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the physicochemical properties of water from the Gomti River at various locations in Lucknow, India. Key findings include:
- Water quality decreases from upstream to downstream sites as the river receives untreated domestic and industrial waste. Dissolved oxygen decreases while biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and heavy metals increase.
- Upstream sites near the river's origin have the best water quality. Downstream sites near Lucknow and where the river enters populated areas have the worst water quality due to higher pollution levels.
- Sources of river pollution include untreated sewage, fertilizer and pesticide runoff, and waste from sugar mills and distilleries. A proposed restoration
This presentation is about Tipaimukh dam & Bangladesh.
Overall view, short review, impact and many more related info.
Related presentation on this topic can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/ShahriarSonet/tipaimukh-dam-bangladesh-m-shahriar-sonet
Case studies in Disaster Management (Four)Muhammed Ameer
The document provides information about several case studies in disaster management including the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, Bhopal gas tragedy, 2005 Mumbai floods, and 2001 Gujarat earthquake. It describes the causes and impacts of each disaster as well as the short term and long term effects. It also discusses the various rescue, relief, and recovery measures undertaken in response to each event.
The document discusses several technical disasters including the Morbi bridge collapse in India, the Morbi dam failure, the Bhopal gas tragedy, and the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides background details on each event, including location, death tolls, causes, and investigations. The Morbi bridge collapse in 2022 resulted in over 130 deaths when the bridge reopened and hundreds of people were on it, far exceeding its weight limit. The Morbi dam failure in 1979 caused over 1,800 deaths due to heavy rains overwhelming the dam. The Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 involved a toxic gas leak from a pesticide plant that killed thousands of people. COVID-19 originated in China in 2019 and was declared a global pandemic,
The document summarizes a study comparing seismic design procedures between the Bangladesh National Building Code of 1993 (BNBC-1993) and the International Building Code of 2000 (IBC-2000). It finds that while both codes use the equivalent static force method for buildings up to a certain height, IBC-2000 incorporates soil dynamic characteristics like spectral acceleration in calculating base shear and other parameters, unlike BNBC-1993. To illustrate the difference, base shear coefficients were calculated for a 10-story building in Dhaka according to both codes. IBC-2000 yielded lower base shear coefficients with increasing height compared to BNBC-1993, which does not consider soil properties. The study concludes that involving soil dynamics leads to more accurate seismic analysis
To study about the tragic incident happened in Bhopal and how it impacted People and also to
evaluate the level of preparedness, response, mitigation techniques adopted and thus provide
needed recommendations for future strategies
1. The document discusses various types of natural and man-made disasters including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, floods, landslides, terrorist incidents, industrial accidents, wars, and pandemics.
2. Specific examples of disasters mentioned include the Bhopal gas tragedy, World Wars I and II, the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, HIV/AIDS epidemic, and the ongoing 2014 Ebola outbreak in West Africa.
3. Risk factors, impacts, and death tolls of different disasters are presented along with brief summaries of some significant historical events.
The Bhopal gas tragedy was one of the world's worst industrial disasters that occurred in 1984 in Bhopal, India. A leak of methyl isocyanate gas and other chemicals from a Union Carbide India Limited pesticide plant exposed hundreds of thousands of people to toxic gas. Over 500,000 people were exposed to the gases and many suffered from injuries and illnesses. Official death tolls reported over 3,000 immediate deaths, while other estimates indicate the total death toll may have been over 20,000. Survivors continued to experience health issues long-term.
PHYSIO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GOMTI RIVER WATER IN DIFFERENT LOCATION OF LUCKNO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the physicochemical properties of water from the Gomti River at various locations in Lucknow, India. Key findings include:
- Water quality decreases from upstream to downstream sites as the river receives untreated domestic and industrial waste. Dissolved oxygen decreases while biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and heavy metals increase.
- Upstream sites near the river's origin have the best water quality. Downstream sites near Lucknow and where the river enters populated areas have the worst water quality due to higher pollution levels.
- Sources of river pollution include untreated sewage, fertilizer and pesticide runoff, and waste from sugar mills and distilleries. A proposed restoration
This presentation is about Tipaimukh dam & Bangladesh.
Overall view, short review, impact and many more related info.
Related presentation on this topic can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/ShahriarSonet/tipaimukh-dam-bangladesh-m-shahriar-sonet
Case studies in Disaster Management (Four)Muhammed Ameer
The document provides information about several case studies in disaster management including the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, Bhopal gas tragedy, 2005 Mumbai floods, and 2001 Gujarat earthquake. It describes the causes and impacts of each disaster as well as the short term and long term effects. It also discusses the various rescue, relief, and recovery measures undertaken in response to each event.
This document summarizes a report on a 2015 flood event in Kapisa Province, Afghanistan. It discusses factors that influenced the floods, including rapid precipitation, ground impenetrability, lack of proper river and flood infrastructure. It also examines key local factors, rainfall amounts, topography of flood areas using GIS mapping, and proposed flood management and prevention strategies for the province, which include building infrastructure, reforestation, and raising awareness. Challenges to management are outlined as well as recommended solutions.
Guidelines for Planning and Construction of Roads in cyclone Prone AreasPhani Mohan K
National Disaster Management Authority approached CSIR- CRRI to prepare the ‘Guidelines for Planning and Construction of Roads in Cyclone Prone Areas’.
This task was jointly undertaken by a team from Geotechnical Engg Division and Bridges and Structures Division of CSIR-CRRI.
1) The document presents a study of ground surface motion for different locations in Dhaka City, Bangladesh in response to earthquakes.
2) Standard Penetration Tests, grain size analyses, and Atterberg limit tests were conducted on soil samples from 3 locations to characterize the soil properties.
3) A theoretical ground motion analysis was performed to estimate the amplification of acceleration from bedrock to ground surface using a transfer function approach, in order to predict earthquake ground motions in Dhaka City.
A Study of Ground Surface Motion for Different Locations of Dhaka Cityiosrjce
One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a severe earthquake and its
terrible aftereffects.During 1869-1930, five earthquakes with magnitude M≥7 have affected parts of
Bangladesh. Two of them had their epicenters inside Bangladesh. Now-a-days the topics Earthquake has
become a matter of concern to the planners and decision makers. In the recent years no major earthquakes have
been recorded in Bangladesh so using the earthquake data of Haity earthquake that was occurred on 10th
January 2010, response of ground surface of Dhaka city has been proposed. Different soil samples have
collected with their SPT values at different locations of Dhaka city. With the help of these particular N-values
and using the data of ground surface response during the earthquake, logical prediction of the response of the
ground surface can be obtained. From the different borehole data, it is noticed that impervious rocky layer of
Dhaka city is situated beneath 70-80 feet from Existing Ground Llevel(EGL) where the impervious layer of
Haiti is very near to this ground
The Tehri Dam is a 260.5 meter high rock and earth fill dam located on the Bhagirathi River in Uttarakhand, India. Construction began in 1978 but was delayed by protests and other issues. It provides 1000 MW of power and irrigation to over 2.7 lakh hectares of land. Completion in 2006 after overcoming problems like earthquakes, landslides, and escalated costs. Benefits include power, irrigation, drinking water, and regional development.
This document summarizes a student project on developing a highway networking system in India. It discusses connecting various cities and villages to boost economic development. The project focuses on a 55km stretch of National Highway 222 from Murbad to Malshej Ghat in Maharashtra. It describes the existing conditions including road geometry, drainage, rock conditions and the need for quality improvements. It also discusses various modern soil stabilization techniques needed for subgrade stability. The conclusion is that developing the highway networking system would increase safety and capacity while decreasing travel times and potentially reducing maintenance costs after implementing soil and rock stabilization methods.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION – CONCEPT, CLASSES AND LINKAGESProf Ashis Sarkar
Environmental degradation (ED) is the condition whereby the quality, usefulness and stability of the environment is reduced or destroyed by human activities. This leads to the destruction of plants and animals on our planet earth. It limits human ability to meet the basic needs as well. It reduces soil fertility, and makes the water dirty and the air unhealthy.
Fundamentally, ED is a manifest of the dynamic inter play of physical (flood, cyclone, cloud burst, sub-aerial erosion, earthquake, volcanism, tsunami, etc), economic (market, level and pattern of economic development, transport, etc), social (population, poverty, urbanization, etc), institutional and technological activities. Normally, environmental changes are driven by a large number of factors including economic growth, population growth, urbanization, intensification of agriculture, rising energy use and transportation.
Land degradation, deforestation, wetland degradation, pollution of air, water and soil, and wild life destruction are the broad types of ED. Each one of these is a direct function of population and poverty. Poverty bears a deep linkage with ED both in the rural and urban settings, and it still remains a problem at the root of almost all kinds of the global environmental issues. The current presentation makes herewith an attempt to explore the salient features of ED in the contemporary world in a thematic way.
Floodplain Mapping of Krishna River at Karad Using Hec-RasIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the HEC-RAS modeling software to map flood inundation areas along the Krishna River in India. The study collected topographic and flow data for the Krishna River basin and used HEC-RAS to perform a 1D steady-state hydraulic analysis. Cross-section and flow path data were created in RAS Mapper software. The HEC-RAS model was run for peak flows corresponding to 25, 50, and 100-year return periods. Floodplain maps showing inundated areas along the Krishna River were produced for each return period. The floodplain maps can help agencies better plan for flood risks and mitigate impacts in low-lying flood-prone
This document provides a summary of a minor project report on hydro power. It discusses the history and types of hydro power plants. It describes the basic components and working of hydro power plants including dams, water reservoirs, turbines and generators. It presents a case study of the Hirakund Dam located in India, describing its structure, power generation and key features. It also lists some advantages like no fuel requirement and disadvantages like high capital costs and environmental disruption.
The document provides information on several proposed small and medium dam projects in Pakistan. It discusses the objectives, location, salient features, current status and other details of projects like the Hingol Dam Project, Naulong Dam Project, Winder Dam Project, Garuk Dam Project, Pelar Dam Project, Nai Gaj Dam Project, Darawat Dam Project and Mastura Dam Project. Key details include the dam type, height, storage capacity, power generation, command area, employment benefits, and revised project costs. The status updates provided indicate that several of these projects have had their PC-I approved by ECNEC and are in various stages of feasibility studies, engineering design, tendering or construction.
The Tarbella Dam project in Pakistan went through typical project lifecycle phases from initiation to operation. Key phases included: initiation due to an energy crisis; planning and development involving extensive site studies and design; construction from 1968-1976 through 3 stages; and ongoing operation including upgrades to increase capacity. The project displaced over 9,000 people but generated significant hydropower and irrigation benefits for Pakistan.
The document summarizes a project to construct a 5.4km sewer tunnel passing under rail lines and a motorway in an urban area of Glasgow with a complex geotechnical environment due to historic mining. A detailed ground investigation program was implemented, encountering two incidents of mine workings requiring remediation. A complex geotechnical model was developed to quantify risks like mine shafts, compressible soil, and variable bedrock. The GBR-B and GBR-C will form the basis for contractor pricing and compensation for issues encountered during construction.
The word disaster is derived from Middle French désastre and that from Old Italian disastro, which in turn comes from the Ancient Greek pejorative prefix (dus -) "bad“ and (aster), "star". The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the position of planets
A disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long period of time that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95% of all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries
The Bhopal gas tragedy was one of the worst industrial disasters in history. On December 3, 1984, a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide India Limited in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh exposed over 500,000 people to toxic gases. Estimates vary, but it is believed between 3,000 to 8,000 people died within weeks and thousands more have since died from gas-related illnesses. The gas leak occurred when water accidentally entered a storage tank containing methyl isocyanate, causing a chemical reaction that led the tank's safety valve to burst and release the toxic gases. Inadequate safety systems, negligence by Union Carbide and state governments,
The document summarizes the proposed Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project in Gujarat, India. The 4,000 MW supercritical coal-fired power plant will be developed by Coastal Gujarat Power Limited. It will include a power plant within a 1,254 hectare site, as well as supporting facilities like a worker housing complex, coal handling facilities at Mundra Port, and transmission lines. The power plant will use once-through cooling with seawater intake and discharge channels connecting to nearby creeks. Construction is scheduled to be completed in 2012.
The Tehri Dam is a 260.5m high dam on the Bhagirathi River in Uttarakhand, India. It was initially taken up by the Uttar Pradesh government in the 1970s and is now a joint venture between the central and state governments. The dam provides hydroelectric power and supports irrigation and water supply. However, it has faced significant protests due to environmental and social impacts, including the displacement of over 100,000 people. Critics argue the dam's design is unsafe given the seismic activity in the region and a failure could impact over 10 million people. While steps have been taken to mitigate impacts, many argue the costs of the project outweigh the benefits.
The document summarizes key details about the Three Gorges Dam in China. It is the world's largest hydroelectric power station by installed capacity at 22,500 MW. Located along the Yangtze River between Chongqing and Wuhan, the dam is 2,335 meters long, 115 meters wide, and 185 meters tall. It controls flooding, provides electricity for 60 million people, improves shipping, and has saved coal emissions but required relocating 1.3 million people and submerged historical sites.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
This document summarizes a report on a 2015 flood event in Kapisa Province, Afghanistan. It discusses factors that influenced the floods, including rapid precipitation, ground impenetrability, lack of proper river and flood infrastructure. It also examines key local factors, rainfall amounts, topography of flood areas using GIS mapping, and proposed flood management and prevention strategies for the province, which include building infrastructure, reforestation, and raising awareness. Challenges to management are outlined as well as recommended solutions.
Guidelines for Planning and Construction of Roads in cyclone Prone AreasPhani Mohan K
National Disaster Management Authority approached CSIR- CRRI to prepare the ‘Guidelines for Planning and Construction of Roads in Cyclone Prone Areas’.
This task was jointly undertaken by a team from Geotechnical Engg Division and Bridges and Structures Division of CSIR-CRRI.
1) The document presents a study of ground surface motion for different locations in Dhaka City, Bangladesh in response to earthquakes.
2) Standard Penetration Tests, grain size analyses, and Atterberg limit tests were conducted on soil samples from 3 locations to characterize the soil properties.
3) A theoretical ground motion analysis was performed to estimate the amplification of acceleration from bedrock to ground surface using a transfer function approach, in order to predict earthquake ground motions in Dhaka City.
A Study of Ground Surface Motion for Different Locations of Dhaka Cityiosrjce
One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a severe earthquake and its
terrible aftereffects.During 1869-1930, five earthquakes with magnitude M≥7 have affected parts of
Bangladesh. Two of them had their epicenters inside Bangladesh. Now-a-days the topics Earthquake has
become a matter of concern to the planners and decision makers. In the recent years no major earthquakes have
been recorded in Bangladesh so using the earthquake data of Haity earthquake that was occurred on 10th
January 2010, response of ground surface of Dhaka city has been proposed. Different soil samples have
collected with their SPT values at different locations of Dhaka city. With the help of these particular N-values
and using the data of ground surface response during the earthquake, logical prediction of the response of the
ground surface can be obtained. From the different borehole data, it is noticed that impervious rocky layer of
Dhaka city is situated beneath 70-80 feet from Existing Ground Llevel(EGL) where the impervious layer of
Haiti is very near to this ground
The Tehri Dam is a 260.5 meter high rock and earth fill dam located on the Bhagirathi River in Uttarakhand, India. Construction began in 1978 but was delayed by protests and other issues. It provides 1000 MW of power and irrigation to over 2.7 lakh hectares of land. Completion in 2006 after overcoming problems like earthquakes, landslides, and escalated costs. Benefits include power, irrigation, drinking water, and regional development.
This document summarizes a student project on developing a highway networking system in India. It discusses connecting various cities and villages to boost economic development. The project focuses on a 55km stretch of National Highway 222 from Murbad to Malshej Ghat in Maharashtra. It describes the existing conditions including road geometry, drainage, rock conditions and the need for quality improvements. It also discusses various modern soil stabilization techniques needed for subgrade stability. The conclusion is that developing the highway networking system would increase safety and capacity while decreasing travel times and potentially reducing maintenance costs after implementing soil and rock stabilization methods.
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION – CONCEPT, CLASSES AND LINKAGESProf Ashis Sarkar
Environmental degradation (ED) is the condition whereby the quality, usefulness and stability of the environment is reduced or destroyed by human activities. This leads to the destruction of plants and animals on our planet earth. It limits human ability to meet the basic needs as well. It reduces soil fertility, and makes the water dirty and the air unhealthy.
Fundamentally, ED is a manifest of the dynamic inter play of physical (flood, cyclone, cloud burst, sub-aerial erosion, earthquake, volcanism, tsunami, etc), economic (market, level and pattern of economic development, transport, etc), social (population, poverty, urbanization, etc), institutional and technological activities. Normally, environmental changes are driven by a large number of factors including economic growth, population growth, urbanization, intensification of agriculture, rising energy use and transportation.
Land degradation, deforestation, wetland degradation, pollution of air, water and soil, and wild life destruction are the broad types of ED. Each one of these is a direct function of population and poverty. Poverty bears a deep linkage with ED both in the rural and urban settings, and it still remains a problem at the root of almost all kinds of the global environmental issues. The current presentation makes herewith an attempt to explore the salient features of ED in the contemporary world in a thematic way.
Floodplain Mapping of Krishna River at Karad Using Hec-RasIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used the HEC-RAS modeling software to map flood inundation areas along the Krishna River in India. The study collected topographic and flow data for the Krishna River basin and used HEC-RAS to perform a 1D steady-state hydraulic analysis. Cross-section and flow path data were created in RAS Mapper software. The HEC-RAS model was run for peak flows corresponding to 25, 50, and 100-year return periods. Floodplain maps showing inundated areas along the Krishna River were produced for each return period. The floodplain maps can help agencies better plan for flood risks and mitigate impacts in low-lying flood-prone
This document provides a summary of a minor project report on hydro power. It discusses the history and types of hydro power plants. It describes the basic components and working of hydro power plants including dams, water reservoirs, turbines and generators. It presents a case study of the Hirakund Dam located in India, describing its structure, power generation and key features. It also lists some advantages like no fuel requirement and disadvantages like high capital costs and environmental disruption.
The document provides information on several proposed small and medium dam projects in Pakistan. It discusses the objectives, location, salient features, current status and other details of projects like the Hingol Dam Project, Naulong Dam Project, Winder Dam Project, Garuk Dam Project, Pelar Dam Project, Nai Gaj Dam Project, Darawat Dam Project and Mastura Dam Project. Key details include the dam type, height, storage capacity, power generation, command area, employment benefits, and revised project costs. The status updates provided indicate that several of these projects have had their PC-I approved by ECNEC and are in various stages of feasibility studies, engineering design, tendering or construction.
The Tarbella Dam project in Pakistan went through typical project lifecycle phases from initiation to operation. Key phases included: initiation due to an energy crisis; planning and development involving extensive site studies and design; construction from 1968-1976 through 3 stages; and ongoing operation including upgrades to increase capacity. The project displaced over 9,000 people but generated significant hydropower and irrigation benefits for Pakistan.
The document summarizes a project to construct a 5.4km sewer tunnel passing under rail lines and a motorway in an urban area of Glasgow with a complex geotechnical environment due to historic mining. A detailed ground investigation program was implemented, encountering two incidents of mine workings requiring remediation. A complex geotechnical model was developed to quantify risks like mine shafts, compressible soil, and variable bedrock. The GBR-B and GBR-C will form the basis for contractor pricing and compensation for issues encountered during construction.
The word disaster is derived from Middle French désastre and that from Old Italian disastro, which in turn comes from the Ancient Greek pejorative prefix (dus -) "bad“ and (aster), "star". The root of the word disaster ("bad star" in Greek) comes from an astrological sense of a calamity blamed on the position of planets
A disaster is a serious disruption occurring over a short or long period of time that causes widespread human, material, economic or environmental loss which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.
Developing countries suffer the greatest costs when a disaster hits – more than 95% of all deaths caused by hazards occur in developing countries, and losses due to natural hazards are 20 times greater (as a percentage of GDP) in developing countries than in industrialized countries
The Bhopal gas tragedy was one of the worst industrial disasters in history. On December 3, 1984, a leak of methyl isocyanate gas from a pesticide plant owned by Union Carbide India Limited in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh exposed over 500,000 people to toxic gases. Estimates vary, but it is believed between 3,000 to 8,000 people died within weeks and thousands more have since died from gas-related illnesses. The gas leak occurred when water accidentally entered a storage tank containing methyl isocyanate, causing a chemical reaction that led the tank's safety valve to burst and release the toxic gases. Inadequate safety systems, negligence by Union Carbide and state governments,
The document summarizes the proposed Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project in Gujarat, India. The 4,000 MW supercritical coal-fired power plant will be developed by Coastal Gujarat Power Limited. It will include a power plant within a 1,254 hectare site, as well as supporting facilities like a worker housing complex, coal handling facilities at Mundra Port, and transmission lines. The power plant will use once-through cooling with seawater intake and discharge channels connecting to nearby creeks. Construction is scheduled to be completed in 2012.
The Tehri Dam is a 260.5m high dam on the Bhagirathi River in Uttarakhand, India. It was initially taken up by the Uttar Pradesh government in the 1970s and is now a joint venture between the central and state governments. The dam provides hydroelectric power and supports irrigation and water supply. However, it has faced significant protests due to environmental and social impacts, including the displacement of over 100,000 people. Critics argue the dam's design is unsafe given the seismic activity in the region and a failure could impact over 10 million people. While steps have been taken to mitigate impacts, many argue the costs of the project outweigh the benefits.
The document summarizes key details about the Three Gorges Dam in China. It is the world's largest hydroelectric power station by installed capacity at 22,500 MW. Located along the Yangtze River between Chongqing and Wuhan, the dam is 2,335 meters long, 115 meters wide, and 185 meters tall. It controls flooding, provides electricity for 60 million people, improves shipping, and has saved coal emissions but required relocating 1.3 million people and submerged historical sites.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...Prakhyath Rai
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...shadow0702a
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Applications of artificial Intelligence in Mechanical Engineering.pdfAtif Razi
Historically, mechanical engineering has relied heavily on human expertise and empirical methods to solve complex problems. With the introduction of computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA), the field took its first steps towards digitization. These tools allowed engineers to simulate and analyze mechanical systems with greater accuracy and efficiency. However, the sheer volume of data generated by modern engineering systems and the increasing complexity of these systems have necessitated more advanced analytical tools, paving the way for AI.
AI offers the capability to process vast amounts of data, identify patterns, and make predictions with a level of speed and accuracy unattainable by traditional methods. This has profound implications for mechanical engineering, enabling more efficient design processes, predictive maintenance strategies, and optimized manufacturing operations. AI-driven tools can learn from historical data, adapt to new information, and continuously improve their performance, making them invaluable in tackling the multifaceted challenges of modern mechanical engineering.
Open Channel Flow: fluid flow with a free surfaceIndrajeet sahu
Open Channel Flow: This topic focuses on fluid flow with a free surface, such as in rivers, canals, and drainage ditches. Key concepts include the classification of flow types (steady vs. unsteady, uniform vs. non-uniform), hydraulic radius, flow resistance, Manning's equation, critical flow conditions, and energy and momentum principles. It also covers flow measurement techniques, gradually varied flow analysis, and the design of open channels. Understanding these principles is vital for effective water resource management and engineering applications.
Prediction of Electrical Energy Efficiency Using Information on Consumer's Ac...PriyankaKilaniya
Energy efficiency has been important since the latter part of the last century. The main object of this survey is to determine the energy efficiency knowledge among consumers. Two separate districts in Bangladesh are selected to conduct the survey on households and showrooms about the energy and seller also. The survey uses the data to find some regression equations from which it is easy to predict energy efficiency knowledge. The data is analyzed and calculated based on five important criteria. The initial target was to find some factors that help predict a person's energy efficiency knowledge. From the survey, it is found that the energy efficiency awareness among the people of our country is very low. Relationships between household energy use behaviors are estimated using a unique dataset of about 40 households and 20 showrooms in Bangladesh's Chapainawabganj and Bagerhat districts. Knowledge of energy consumption and energy efficiency technology options is found to be associated with household use of energy conservation practices. Household characteristics also influence household energy use behavior. Younger household cohorts are more likely to adopt energy-efficient technologies and energy conservation practices and place primary importance on energy saving for environmental reasons. Education also influences attitudes toward energy conservation in Bangladesh. Low-education households indicate they primarily save electricity for the environment while high-education households indicate they are motivated by environmental concerns.
Home security is of paramount importance in today's world, where we rely more on technology, home
security is crucial. Using technology to make homes safer and easier to control from anywhere is
important. Home security is important for the occupant’s safety. In this paper, we came up with a low cost,
AI based model home security system. The system has a user-friendly interface, allowing users to start
model training and face detection with simple keyboard commands. Our goal is to introduce an innovative
home security system using facial recognition technology. Unlike traditional systems, this system trains
and saves images of friends and family members. The system scans this folder to recognize familiar faces
and provides real-time monitoring. If an unfamiliar face is detected, it promptly sends an email alert,
ensuring a proactive response to potential security threats.
4. CONTENT
4
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
1.Morbi Bridge Collapse
2.Morbi Dam Failure
3.Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
4.Covid-19.
5.Cyber Attack
5. 5
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
Morbi or Morvi is a city known as a ceramics capital of India is in the
Morbi district in the state of Gujarat, India. It is situated on the Kathiawar
peninsula. In 2011, the city's population was determined to be 194,947.[2]
The city is on the Machhu River, 35 km (22 mi) from the sea and 60 km
(37 mi) from Rajkot.
6. 6
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
On 30 October 2022, five days after reopening, the bridge collapsed at 6:40 p.m. More
than five hundred people were on the bridge at the time of the collapse, far exceeding the
official capacity of 125. Security footage of the bridge showed the structure shaking
violently and people holding onto cables and fencing on either side of the bridge before
the walkway gave way. Images of rescue and recovery operations showed the walkway had
divided at its midpoint, with some pieces still hanging from snapped cables.
7. 7
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
A survivor said that so many people on the bridge could barely move and that pieces of the bridge
crushed some victims. Mohan Kundariya, a Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha who lost twelve
family members including his sister in the incident, said he believed the cause was overloading. A
spokesperson for Oreva said that it appeared too many people were in the middle section of the
bridge "trying to sway it".
8. MORBI DAM DISASTER
Detail information
8
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
The failure was caused by excessive rain and massive flooding
leading to the disintegration of the earthen walls of the four
kilometre long Machchhu-2 dam. The actual observed flow
following the intense rainfall reached 16,307 m3/s, thrice what
the dam was designed for, resulting in its collapse. 762 metres
(2,500 ft) of the left and 365 metres (1,198 ft) of the right
embankment of the dam collapsed.[7] Within 20 minutes the
floods of 12 to 30 ft (3.7 to 9.1 m) height inundated the low-
lying areas of Morbi industrial town located 5 km below the
dam.[6]
9. 9
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
VICTIMS:-At least 135 people were confirmed dead, and more than 180 were rescued.
A large number of the victims were women, the elderly,[19] and children (39 boys
and 16 girls) with the youngest fatality being an 18-month-old baby. The government
of Gujarat announced an ex gratia payment of ₹4 lakh (US$5,000) to the next of kin
of each person who died, and ₹50,000 (US$630) to the injured.
INVESTIGATION:-Initial reports said that the bridge was reopened early after repairs,
without the required certificate of fitness from the local civic authorities. The chief
officer of the municipality, who had agreed on the contract for repairs after the 2001
earthquake, said the private firm responsible for the renovations "threw the bridge
open to visitors without notifying us, and therefore, we couldn't get a safety audit of
the bridge conducted".
10. MORBI DAM DISASTER
INTRODUCTION:
10
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
:
The first dam on the Machchhu river, named Machchhu I, was built in 1959, having
a catchment area of 730 square kilometres (280 sq mi). The Machchhu II dam was
constructed downstream of Machchhu I in 1972, and has a catchment area of 1,929 square
kilometres (745 sq mi).[5]
It was an earthfill dam. The dam was meant to serve an irrigation scheme. Considering the
long history of drought in Saurashtra region, the primary consideration at the time of design
was water supply, not flood control. It consisted of a masonry spillway of 206 metres (676 ft)
consisting 18 sluice gates across the river section and long earthen embankments on both
sides. The spillway capacity provided for 5,663 cubic metres per second
(200,000 cu ft/s).[6] The embankments were of 2,345 metres (7,694 ft) and 1,399 metres
(4,590 ft) of length on left and right side respectively.[7] The embankments had a 6.1 m top
width, with upstream and downstream slopes 1:3 (V:H) and 1:2 respectively; and a clay core
extending through alluvium to bedrock. The upstream face consisted of 61 cm small gravel
and a 61 cm hand packed rip-rap. The dam stood 22.6 metres (74 ft) above the river bed and
its overflow section was 164.5 metres (540 ft) long. The reservoir had a storage capacity of
101,020 cubic decametres (81,900 acre-feet).[8]
11. MORBI DAM DISASTER
Detail information
11
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
Around 3.30 pm the tremendous swirling flow of water struck Morbi. Water level rose to 30
feet (9.1 m) within the next 15 minutes and some low lying areas of city were under 20 feet
(6.1 m) of water for the next 6 hours.[2]
The Morbi dam failure was listed as the worst dam burst in the Guinness Book of
Records[9] (before the death toll of the 1975 Banqiao Dam failure was declassified in
2005).[10] The book No One Had A Tongue To Speak by Tom Wooten and Utpal Sandesara
debunks the official claims that the dam failure was an act of God and points to structural and
communication failures that led to and exacerbated the disaster.[11] There was great
economic loss. The flood damaged farmland, leading to a decrease in productivity of crops.
12. MORBI DAM DISASTER
12
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
The
Morbi Dam Failure
Failed earthen embankment of Machchhu-2 dam
Location Morbi and villages of Rajkot
district, Gujarat, India
Deaths 1,800-25,000 (estimated)
[1]
Property damage Estimated ₹100 crore (equivalent
to ₹22 billion or US$270 million in
2020)
[2]
13. “WHAT IS BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY ?”
The Bhopal gas tragedy (commonly referred to as Bhopal disaster) was a
gas leak inciden...y
The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was a chemical accident on the night of 2–3
December 1 984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh, India. Considered the world's worst industrial disaster,[1] over 500,000 people in the
small towns around the plant were exposed to the highly toxic gas methyl isocyanate (MIC).[2]
Estimates vary on the death toll, with the official number of immediate deaths being 2,259. In
2008, the Government of Madhya Pradesh paid compensation to the family members of 3,787
victims killed in the gas release, and to 574,366 injured victims.[3]A government affidavit in
2006 stated that the leak caused 558,125 injuries, including 38,478 temporary partial injuries
and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.[4]Others estimate that
8,000 died within two weeks, and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related
diseases.[5]
13
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
Image Source:
14. 14
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
The owner of the factory, UCIL, was majority owned by the
Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) of the United States, with
Indian government-controlled banks and the Indian public
holding a 49.1 percent stake. In 1989, UCC paid $470 million
(equivalent to $907 million in 2021) to settle litigation
stemming from the disaster. In 1994, UCC sold its stake in
UCIL to Eveready Industries India Limited (EIIL), which
subsequently merged with McLeod Russel (India) Ltd.
Eveready ended clean-up on the site in 1998, when it
terminated its 99-year lease and turned over control of the
site to the state government of Madhya Pradesh. Dow
Chemical Company purchased UCC in 2001, seventeen years
after the disaster.
16. 16
Date 2 December 1984 – 3 December 1984
Time (UTC+05:30)
Location Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Also known as Bhopal gas tragedy
Type Chemical accident
Cause Methyl isocyanate leak from the E610
storage tank on the Union Carbide India Limited plant,
the cause of which is disputed between corporate
negligence or employee sabotage
Deaths At least 3,787; over 16,000 claimed
Non-fatal injuries At least 558,125
Impotant Things About Bhopal Gas Tragedy
17. 17
COVID-19
Introdution :-
• Corona Virus which is commonly known as COVID-19 is an infectious disease
that causes illness in the respiratory system in humans.
• The term Covid 19 is sort of an acronym, derived from “Novel Corona Virus
Disease 2019”.
• Corona Virus has affected our day to day life.
• COVID-19 is a new virus that is impacting the whole world badly as it is spreading
primarily through contact with the person.
17
18. 18
COVID-19
Origin of Coronavirus:-
• Coronavirus (or COVID-1 9) was first identified in December 201 9 in Wuhan city of
China.
• In March 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the Corona Virus
outbreak a pandemic.
• Due to Corona Virus, the Government of India under Prime Minister Narendra Modi
announced nationwide lockdown for 21 days on 23 March 2020, limiting the
movement of the entire 1 .3 billion population of India as a preventing measure
against the Coronavirus pandemic in India.
18
t
19. 19
COVID-19
Symptoms :-
• People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported – ranging
from mild symptoms to severe illness. Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after
exposure to the virus. Anyone can have mild to severe symptoms.
• Possible symptoms include:
1.Fever or chills 2. Cough
3.Fatigue 4.Diarrhea
5.Nausea or vomiting 6.Sore throat
7.Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
19
20. 20
COVID-19
Prevention :-
• Thus, the emphasis is on taking extensive precautions such as extensive
hygiene, regularly washing of hands with sanitizers or soap, avoidance of face-to-
face interaction, social distancing, and wearing a mask, etc.
20
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
21. 21
COVID-19
21
FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
what to do if another virus like corona come :-
• Don’t go around in a crowd .
• Follow the insruction of the government .
• If it is virus medicine or vechine then take it .
• We should keep the area clean around us .
• We eat a healthy food .
22. Us Topic
TECHNILOGICAL DESASTER
Technical disaster is an event or series of events that
results in the destruction or disruption of technology-based
systems and services, potentially leading to significant data loss
and economic damage. This can include the failure of hardware,
software, networks, or other components of a technology
infrastructure. It can also involve the unauthorized access and
destruction of data or services.
23.
24. Cyber attack
Cyber attacks are malicious activities that aim to damage or
disrupt computer networks, systems, and services. Cyber attacks
can take the form of viruses, malware, ransomware, phishing,
and other malicious software or activities. Cyber attacks can be
used to steal data, spread malware, disrupt services, and cause
financial harm. Cyber attacks can also be used to target critical
infrastructure and disrupt operations. Cyber attacks can be
launched by individuals, groups, or governments, and can be
targeted at any organization or individual.
26. HACKING
This type of attack involves unauthorized access to
confidential data, such as financial information, customer
records, and intellectual property. Hackers use various
techniques, such as phishing, malware, and social engineering,
to gain access to sensitive information. The goal of this type of
attack is typically to steal data for financial gain, to damage the
victim's reputation, or to disrupt operations.
27. ETHICAL HACKAL
Ethical hacking is the practice of testing a computer
system, network, or web application to find security vulnerabilities that an
attacker could exploit. Ethical hackers use the same knowledge and tools as a
malicious hacker, but instead of taking advantage of the discovered
vulnerabilities, they report them to the organization so that they can be fixed.
28. GREY HAT HAKER
The term "gray hat hacker" is used to describe a computer
security expert who sometimes works with the law and sometimes
works outside of it.
29. BLACK HAT HAKER
A black hat hacker is an individual who attempts to gain
unauthorized access to computer systems or networks with
malicious intent. These hackers are often motivated by financial
gain, though they may also be motivated by a desire to disrupt or
damage systems and networks.
30. 30
Summary
A Technological disaster is an event
caused by a malunction of a
technological structure and/some
human error in controling and handling
the technology.