The document discusses several technical disasters including the Morbi bridge collapse in India, the Morbi dam failure, the Bhopal gas tragedy, and the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides background details on each event, including location, death tolls, causes, and investigations. The Morbi bridge collapse in 2022 resulted in over 130 deaths when the bridge reopened and hundreds of people were on it, far exceeding its weight limit. The Morbi dam failure in 1979 caused over 1,800 deaths due to heavy rains overwhelming the dam. The Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984 involved a toxic gas leak from a pesticide plant that killed thousands of people. COVID-19 originated in China in 2019 and was declared a global pandemic,

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2. Technical disaster
Group ID:
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Prepared By:
SANKET KOTAK –922009381 60.
PRIYANKA CHAUHAN– 922009381 61
TIRTHA SURANI – 922009381 62.
ROHAN J ALU – 922009381 34.
CHIRAG RATHOD – 922009381 79.
Subject Faculty
Prof. Kishankumar P. Savaliya
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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department

3. INTRODUCTION
Image Image
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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
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4. CONTENT
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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
1.Morbi Bridge Collapse
2.Morbi Dam Failure
3.Bhopal Gas Tragedy.
4.Covid-19.
5.Cyber Attack

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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
Morbi or Morvi is a city known as a ceramics capital of India is in the
Morbi district in the state of Gujarat, India. It is situated on the Kathiawar
peninsula. In 2011, the city's population was determined to be 194,947.[2]
The city is on the Machhu River, 35 km (22 mi) from the sea and 60 km
(37 mi) from Rajkot.

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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
On 30 October 2022, five days after reopening, the bridge collapsed at 6:40 p.m. More
than five hundred people were on the bridge at the time of the collapse, far exceeding the
official capacity of 125. Security footage of the bridge showed the structure shaking
violently and people holding onto cables and fencing on either side of the bridge before
the walkway gave way. Images of rescue and recovery operations showed the walkway had
divided at its midpoint, with some pieces still hanging from snapped cables.

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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
A survivor said that so many people on the bridge could barely move and that pieces of the bridge
crushed some victims. Mohan Kundariya, a Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha who lost twelve
family members including his sister in the incident, said he believed the cause was overloading. A
spokesperson for Oreva said that it appeared too many people were in the middle section of the
bridge "trying to sway it".

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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
VICTIMS:-At least 135 people were confirmed dead, and more than 180 were rescued.
A large number of the victims were women, the elderly,[19] and children (39 boys
and 16 girls) with the youngest fatality being an 18-month-old baby. The government
of Gujarat announced an ex gratia payment of ₹4 lakh (US$5,000) to the next of kin
of each person who died, and ₹50,000 (US$630) to the injured.
INVESTIGATION:-Initial reports said that the bridge was reopened early after repairs,
without the required certificate of fitness from the local civic authorities. The chief
officer of the municipality, who had agreed on the contract for repairs after the 2001
earthquake, said the private firm responsible for the renovations "threw the bridge
open to visitors without notifying us, and therefore, we couldn't get a safety audit of
the bridge conducted".

9. MORBI DAM DISASTER
INTRODUCTION:
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The first dam on the Machchhu river, named Machchhu I, was built in 1959, having
a catchment area of 730 square kilometres (280 sq mi). The Machchhu II dam was
constructed downstream of Machchhu I in 1972, and has a catchment area of 1,929 square
kilometres (745 sq mi).[5]
It was an earthfill dam. The dam was meant to serve an irrigation scheme. Considering the
long history of drought in Saurashtra region, the primary consideration at the time of design
was water supply, not flood control. It consisted of a masonry spillway of 206 metres (676 ft)
consisting 18 sluice gates across the river section and long earthen embankments on both
sides. The spillway capacity provided for 5,663 cubic metres per second
(200,000 cu ft/s).[6] The embankments were of 2,345 metres (7,694 ft) and 1,399 metres
(4,590 ft) of length on left and right side respectively.[7] The embankments had a 6.1 m top
width, with upstream and downstream slopes 1:3 (V:H) and 1:2 respectively; and a clay core
extending through alluvium to bedrock. The upstream face consisted of 61 cm small gravel
and a 61 cm hand packed rip-rap. The dam stood 22.6 metres (74 ft) above the river bed and
its overflow section was 164.5 metres (540 ft) long. The reservoir had a storage capacity of
101,020 cubic decametres (81,900 acre-feet).[8]

10. MORBI DAM DISASTER
 Detail information
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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
The failure was caused by excessive rain and massive flooding
leading to the disintegration of the earthen walls of the four
kilometre long Machchhu-2 dam. The actual observed flow
following the intense rainfall reached 16,307 m3/s, thrice what
the dam was designed for, resulting in its collapse. 762 metres
(2,500 ft) of the left and 365 metres (1,198 ft) of the right
embankment of the dam collapsed.[7] Within 20 minutes the
floods of 12 to 30 ft (3.7 to 9.1 m) height inundated the low-
lying areas of Morbi industrial town located 5 km below the
dam.[6]

11. MORBI DAM DISASTER
 Detail information
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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
Around 3.30 pm the tremendous swirling flow of water struck Morbi. Water level rose to 30
feet (9.1 m) within the next 15 minutes and some low lying areas of city were under 20 feet
(6.1 m) of water for the next 6 hours.[2]
The Morbi dam failure was listed as the worst dam burst in the Guinness Book of
Records[9] (before the death toll of the 1975 Banqiao Dam failure was declassified in
2005).[10] The book No One Had A Tongue To Speak by Tom Wooten and Utpal Sandesara
debunks the official claims that the dam failure was an act of God and points to structural and
communication failures that led to and exacerbated the disaster.[11] There was great
economic loss. The flood damaged farmland, leading to a decrease in productivity of crops.

12. MORBI DAM DISASTER
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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
The
Morbi Dam Failure
Failed earthen embankment of Machchhu-2 dam
Location Morbi and villages of Rajkot
district, Gujarat, India
Deaths 1,800-25,000 (estimated)
[1]
Property damage Estimated ₹100 crore (equivalent
to ₹22 billion or US$270 million in
2020)
[2]

13. “WHAT IS BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY ?”
The Bhopal gas tragedy (commonly referred to as Bhopal disaster) was a
gas leak inciden...y
The Bhopal disaster or Bhopal gas tragedy was a chemical accident on the night of 2–3
December 1 984 at the Union Carbide India Limited (UCIL) pesticide plant in Bhopal, Madhya
Pradesh, India. Considered the world's worst industrial disaster,[1] over 500,000 people in the
small towns around the plant were exposed to the highly toxic gas methyl isocyanate (MIC).[2]
Estimates vary on the death toll, with the official number of immediate deaths being 2,259. In
2008, the Government of Madhya Pradesh paid compensation to the family members of 3,787
victims killed in the gas release, and to 574,366 injured victims.[3]A government affidavit in
2006 stated that the leak caused 558,125 injuries, including 38,478 temporary partial injuries
and approximately 3,900 severely and permanently disabling injuries.[4]Others estimate that
8,000 died within two weeks, and another 8,000 or more have since died from gas-related
diseases.[5]
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The owner of the factory, UCIL, was majority owned by the
Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) of the United States, with
Indian government-controlled banks and the Indian public
holding a 49.1 percent stake. In 1989, UCC paid $470 million
(equivalent to $907 million in 2021) to settle litigation
stemming from the disaster. In 1994, UCC sold its stake in
UCIL to Eveready Industries India Limited (EIIL), which
subsequently merged with McLeod Russel (India) Ltd.
Eveready ended clean-up on the site in 1998, when it
terminated its 99-year lease and turned over control of the
site to the state government of Madhya Pradesh. Dow
Chemical Company purchased UCC in 2001, seventeen years
after the disaster.

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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department

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Date 2 December 1984 – 3 December 1984
Time (UTC+05:30)
Location Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Also known as Bhopal gas tragedy
Type Chemical accident
Cause Methyl isocyanate leak from the E610
storage tank on the Union Carbide India Limited plant,
the cause of which is disputed between corporate
negligence or employee sabotage
Deaths At least 3,787; over 16,000 claimed
Non-fatal injuries At least 558,125
Impotant Things About Bhopal Gas Tragedy

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COVID-19
 Introdution :-
• Corona Virus which is commonly known as COVID-19 is an infectious disease
that causes illness in the respiratory system in humans.
• The term Covid 19 is sort of an acronym, derived from “Novel Corona Virus
Disease 2019”.
• Corona Virus has affected our day to day life.
• COVID-19 is a new virus that is impacting the whole world badly as it is spreading
primarily through contact with the person.
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COVID-19
 Origin of Coronavirus:-
• Coronavirus (or COVID-1 9) was first identified in December 201 9 in Wuhan city of
China.
• In March 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) declared the Corona Virus
outbreak a pandemic.
• Due to Corona Virus, the Government of India under Prime Minister Narendra Modi
announced nationwide lockdown for 21 days on 23 March 2020, limiting the
movement of the entire 1 .3 billion population of India as a preventing measure
against the Coronavirus pandemic in India.
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COVID-19
 Symptoms :-
• People with COVID-19 have had a wide range of symptoms reported – ranging
from mild symptoms to severe illness. Symptoms may appear 2-14 days after
exposure to the virus. Anyone can have mild to severe symptoms.
• Possible symptoms include:
1.Fever or chills 2. Cough
3.Fatigue 4.Diarrhea
5.Nausea or vomiting 6.Sore throat
7.Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
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COVID-19
 Prevention :-
• Thus, the emphasis is on taking extensive precautions such as extensive
hygiene, regularly washing of hands with sanitizers or soap, avoidance of face-to-
face interaction, social distancing, and wearing a mask, etc.
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COVID-19
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FoDS – Civil Engineering Department
 what to do if another virus like corona come :-
• Don’t go around in a crowd .
• Follow the insruction of the government .
• If it is virus medicine or vechine then take it .
• We should keep the area clean around us .
• We eat a healthy food .

22. Us Topic
TECHNILOGICAL DESASTER
 Technical disaster is an event or series of events that
results in the destruction or disruption of technology-based
systems and services, potentially leading to significant data loss
and economic damage. This can include the failure of hardware,
software, networks, or other components of a technology
infrastructure. It can also involve the unauthorized access and
destruction of data or services.

24. Cyber attack
 Cyber attacks are malicious activities that aim to damage or
disrupt computer networks, systems, and services. Cyber attacks
can take the form of viruses, malware, ransomware, phishing,
and other malicious software or activities. Cyber attacks can be
used to steal data, spread malware, disrupt services, and cause
financial harm. Cyber attacks can also be used to target critical
infrastructure and disrupt operations. Cyber attacks can be
launched by individuals, groups, or governments, and can be
targeted at any organization or individual.

25. Cyber attack types

26. HACKING
 This type of attack involves unauthorized access to
confidential data, such as financial information, customer
records, and intellectual property. Hackers use various
techniques, such as phishing, malware, and social engineering,
to gain access to sensitive information. The goal of this type of
attack is typically to steal data for financial gain, to damage the
victim's reputation, or to disrupt operations.

27. ETHICAL HACKAL
 Ethical hacking is the practice of testing a computer
system, network, or web application to find security vulnerabilities that an
attacker could exploit. Ethical hackers use the same knowledge and tools as a
malicious hacker, but instead of taking advantage of the discovered
vulnerabilities, they report them to the organization so that they can be fixed.

28. GREY HAT HAKER
 The term "gray hat hacker" is used to describe a computer
security expert who sometimes works with the law and sometimes
works outside of it.

29. BLACK HAT HAKER
 A black hat hacker is an individual who attempts to gain
unauthorized access to computer systems or networks with
malicious intent. These hackers are often motivated by financial
gain, though they may also be motivated by a desire to disrupt or
damage systems and networks.

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Summary
A Technological disaster is an event
caused by a malunction of a
technological structure and/some
human error in controling and handling
the technology.

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