This document discusses external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and brachytherapy. It provides details on various types of EBRT including superficial x-rays, orthovoltage x-rays, and megavoltage x-rays. It also discusses target delineation in radiotherapy planning and techniques to conform treatment fields to the target. Brachytherapy applications and equipment are described including prostate seed implants, endovascular brachytherapy, and ophthalmic applicators. Radiation therapy techniques like total body irradiation and stereotactic radiosurgery are also summarized.
CT Dose Issues.pptx on the factors to be considered on radiation protectionsanyengere
summary, mobile radiography allows for the diagnostic imaging of patients who are unable to be seen in the X-ray examination room. Therefore, mobile X-ray equipment is useful for patients who have difficulty with movement. However, staff are exposed to scattered radiation from the patient, and can receive potentially harmful radiation doses during radiography. The protection of staff is of utmost importance; therefore, we investigated the occupational radiation doses received by RTs, particularly eye doses, using phantom measurements. RTs can be located close to a patient (i.e., the source of scattered radiation) during mobile radiography. As eye doses can be significant, protective measures are essential for RTs. Protective aprons are important for protecting RTs, as is increasing the distance from the radiation source (i.e., the patient). Lead glasses may also be necessary for protecting the eyes of RTs. To reduce RT radiation exposure, RTs should remain distant from the patient if possible. However, because this distance may hinder verification of the patient’s condition, RTs sometimes work in close proximity to patients. This is a patient phantom study. In future, the data may need validation by comparison with personal RT dosimeter records. It is important to evaluate the radiation doses delivered to RTs during mobile radiography, as well as the scattered radiation distribution, to ensure adequate protection. Further comparison studies may be needed using the Monte Carlo method.
radiographers and nurses have a responsibility to ensure that no one is within the radiation field during the X-ray exposure of the patient. This is achieved by informing all persons in the immediate area that an X-ray exposure is about to be made and asking them to stand a safe distance from the radiation field area.
Shielding
Placing a barrier of lead or concrete between the radiation source and an individual provides protection from X-radiation (Jones and Taylor, 2006; Ehrlich and Coakes, 2017). During mobile radiography, anyone assisting in an examination and staying in the radiation field should wear a lead-rubber apron or stand behind a mobile lead screen. Generally, walls in special care units where ionising radiation is used are designed to contain the radiation produced by the mobile X-ray tube within a set of criteria and limits determined by relevant legislation (Hart et al, 2002).
Radiation protection during mobile radiography
Nurses' understanding and adherence to radiation protection control measures during mobile radiography is of paramount importance in protecting patients, themselves and members of the public visiting the ward/unit. However, some research studies have found limited awareness and non-adherence to radiation protection control measures among nurses during mobile radiography (Anim-Sampong et al, 2015; Luntsi et al, 2016; Azimi et al, 2018). This can be attributed to a lack of radiation protection awareness programmes for nurses working
CT Dose Issues.pptx on the factors to be considered on radiation protectionsanyengere
summary, mobile radiography allows for the diagnostic imaging of patients who are unable to be seen in the X-ray examination room. Therefore, mobile X-ray equipment is useful for patients who have difficulty with movement. However, staff are exposed to scattered radiation from the patient, and can receive potentially harmful radiation doses during radiography. The protection of staff is of utmost importance; therefore, we investigated the occupational radiation doses received by RTs, particularly eye doses, using phantom measurements. RTs can be located close to a patient (i.e., the source of scattered radiation) during mobile radiography. As eye doses can be significant, protective measures are essential for RTs. Protective aprons are important for protecting RTs, as is increasing the distance from the radiation source (i.e., the patient). Lead glasses may also be necessary for protecting the eyes of RTs. To reduce RT radiation exposure, RTs should remain distant from the patient if possible. However, because this distance may hinder verification of the patient’s condition, RTs sometimes work in close proximity to patients. This is a patient phantom study. In future, the data may need validation by comparison with personal RT dosimeter records. It is important to evaluate the radiation doses delivered to RTs during mobile radiography, as well as the scattered radiation distribution, to ensure adequate protection. Further comparison studies may be needed using the Monte Carlo method.
radiographers and nurses have a responsibility to ensure that no one is within the radiation field during the X-ray exposure of the patient. This is achieved by informing all persons in the immediate area that an X-ray exposure is about to be made and asking them to stand a safe distance from the radiation field area.
Shielding
Placing a barrier of lead or concrete between the radiation source and an individual provides protection from X-radiation (Jones and Taylor, 2006; Ehrlich and Coakes, 2017). During mobile radiography, anyone assisting in an examination and staying in the radiation field should wear a lead-rubber apron or stand behind a mobile lead screen. Generally, walls in special care units where ionising radiation is used are designed to contain the radiation produced by the mobile X-ray tube within a set of criteria and limits determined by relevant legislation (Hart et al, 2002).
Radiation protection during mobile radiography
Nurses' understanding and adherence to radiation protection control measures during mobile radiography is of paramount importance in protecting patients, themselves and members of the public visiting the ward/unit. However, some research studies have found limited awareness and non-adherence to radiation protection control measures among nurses during mobile radiography (Anim-Sampong et al, 2015; Luntsi et al, 2016; Azimi et al, 2018). This can be attributed to a lack of radiation protection awareness programmes for nurses working
A primer of oncology basics for nursing students. Includes basic oncology, understanding cancer and understanding radiation therapy in an easy to comprehend manner.
A 4 part seminar on 3D cbct technology for seminar presentations. with added technical details and considerations with differences between a CT technology.
Also it features the technical parameters ,uses and how it is considered useful in each departments of medicine and dentistry.
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
A primer of oncology basics for nursing students. Includes basic oncology, understanding cancer and understanding radiation therapy in an easy to comprehend manner.
A 4 part seminar on 3D cbct technology for seminar presentations. with added technical details and considerations with differences between a CT technology.
Also it features the technical parameters ,uses and how it is considered useful in each departments of medicine and dentistry.
A summary of recent innovations in radiation oncology focussing on the priniciples of different techniques and their application. An overview of clinical results has also been given
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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2. Contents of the Lecture :
Types of radiotherapy
Notion of Simulator
EBRT - treatment approaches
Brachytherapy Sources and Equipment
1. Clinical brachytherapy applications
2. Implant techniques and applicators
3. Delivery modes and equipment
4. Special techniques
– A. Prostate seed implants
– B. Endovascular brachytherapy
– C. Ophthalmic applicators
3. Radiation therapy given before surgery is called pre-
operative or neoadjuvant radiation. Neoadjuvant
radiation may be given to shrink a tumor so it can be
removed by surgery and be less likely to return after
surgery.
Radiation therapy given during surgery is called
intraoperative radiation therapy (IORT). IORT can be
external-beam radiation therapy (with photons or
electrons) or brachytherapy. When radiation is given
during surgery, nearby normal tissues can be
physically shielded from radiation exposure. IORT is
sometimes used when normal structures are too
close to a tumor to allow the use of external-beam
radiation therapy.
4. •Radiation therapy given after surgery
is called post-operative or adjuvant
radiation therapy.
•Radiation therapy given after some
types of complicated surgery
(especially in the abdomen or pelvis)
may produce too many side effects;
therefore, it may be safely if given
before surgery in these cases
6. External Beam Therapy (EBT)
Non-invasive
Target localization important and beam
placement may be tricky
Usually multiple beams to place target
in the focus of all beams
patient
Single beam Three coplanar beam
Multiple non-
coplanar beams
9. Simulator
Important to mimic
isocentric treatment
environment
However, some
functions can be
replaced by other
diagnostic X Ray units
provided the location
of the X Ray field can
be marked on the
patient
unambiguously
Other functions
(isocentricity) can then
be mimicked on the
treatment unit
10. Radiotherapy simulator
A diagnostic X Ray unit mimicking the
geometry of a treatment unit
Diagnostic aspects covered in course of
diagnostic radiology
Additional features:
– field defining wires
– centre of field indication
– couch matches treatment couch
12. Virtual simulation
All aspects of simulator work are
performed on a 3D data set of the patient
This requires high quality 3D CT data of
the patient in treatment position
Verification can be performed using
digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs)
14. Digitally Reconstructed Radiographs
as reference image for verification
View and print
DRRs for all
planned fields:
Improved
confidence for
planning and
reference for
verification
18. Target delineation
Treated Volume =
volume that receives
dose considered
adequate for clinical
objective
Irradiated volume =
dose considered not
negligible for normal
tissues
21. Customization of blocks
Pour low melting
alloy into foam
Customized blocks
include divergence
of the beam
Blocks are mounted
on trays
22. Conformal radiotherapy
Conform the
treated volume
(receiving a
therapeutic dose)
to the planning
target volume
shield all areas
surrounding it
micrologic circuit is
an option for this
23. Compensator manufacturing
Sheets of lead
glued together
Automatic
milling into
foam - this can
be filled with
low melting
alloy or steel
shot
24. Volume effects
The more normal tissue is irradiated in
parallel organs
– the greater the pain for the patient
– the more chance that a whole organ fails
Rule of thumb - the greater the volume the
smaller the dose should be
In serial organs even a small volume
irradiated beyond a threshold can lead to
whole organ failure (e.g. spinal cord)
25. 2. External beam radiotherapy
(EBRT) treatment approaches
Superficial X Rays
Orthovoltage X Rays
Telecurie units
Megavoltage X Rays
Electrons
Heavy charged particles
Others
26. Superficial radiotherapy
50 to 120kVp - similar to diagnostic X Ray
qualities
Low penetration
Limited to skin lesions treated with single
beam
Typically small field sizes
Applicators required to collimate beam on
patient’s skin
Short distance between X Ray focus and skin
28. A kV X Ray unit
Two independent timers:
elapsed time and time
29. Operator control
kV and mA
indicator
Selection
of filter
Radiation on
indicator
Dual timer
Key for
lock-up
Emergency
off button
30. Orthovoltage radiotherapy
150 - 400kVp
Penetration sufficient for palliative
treatment of bone lesions relatively close
to the surface (ribs, spinal cord)
Largely replaced by other treatment
modalities
32. Megavoltage radiotherapy
60-Cobalt (energy 1.25MeV)
Linear accelerators (4 to
25MVp)
Skin sparing in photon
beams
Typical focus to skin
distance 80 to 100cm
Isocentrically mounted
33. Isocentric set-up
Result of the large
FSDs possible with
modern equipment
Places the tumour
in the centre -
multiple radiation
beams are easily
set-up to deliver
radiation from many
directions to the
target
Image from
VARIAN webpage
34. Other radiation types
Neutrons
– Complex radiobiology
– Complex interactions
– Potential advantages for hypoxic and
radioresistant tumors
– Not widely used
Protons - probably the most promising
other radiation type
35. Intensity modulation
Optimize the dose distribution
Make dose in the target homogenous
Minimize dose out of the target
Different techniques
– physical compensators
– intensity modulation using multileaf
collimators
37. Total body irradiation (TBI)
Target: Bone marrow
Different techniques available
– 2 lateral fields at extended focus
– AP and PA
– moving of patient through the beam
Typically impossible to do a
computerized treatment plan
Need many measurements
38. TBI: one possible patient position
Couch top
Breast board
Rice bags
Angle of breast board
adjusted for individual
patients
Placed all around body
to achieve two distinct
separations
Radiation field
at >3m FSD;
collimator rotated
40. Image registration
Variety of systems
Many frame
attachments to
allow for different
diagnostic
modalities (MRI,
CT, angiography)
41. Stereotactic procedures
Spatial accuracy around 1mm
High dose single fraction (e.g. for
arterio-venous malformations) =
stereotactic radiosurgery using an
invasively mounted head frame
Multiple fractions for tumour
treatment = stereotactic radiotherapy
using a re-locatable head
immobilisation
42. EBT verification tools
Correct location
– portal films
– electronic portal imaging
Correct dose
– phantom measurements
– in vivo dosimetry
43. Gammaknife
Used for stereotactic brain irradiations
201 sources of Co-60 around a patients
head - only sources which shall contribute
to the irradiation are ‘unplugged’
alignment crucial
46. Brachytherapy overview
Brachytherapy uses encapsulated
radioactive sources to deliver a
high dose to tissues near the
source
brachys (Greek) = short (distance)
Inverse square law determines
most of the dose distribution
Per patient treated the number of
accidents in brachytherapy is
considerably higher than in EBT
47. Sealed sources
Closed radiopharmaceutical it is a radioactive drug,
which is located in capsule and at the cost of it the
spreading of ionizing chemical agent into surroundings is
absent. There are used the chemicals of radium drug,
caesium, iridium, radioactive gold and gamma ray (for
intracavitary gamma-therapy, contact gamma-therapy
and interstitial radiotherapy).
Opened radiopharmaceutical it is a radioactive drug
where the spreading of ionizing chemical agent into
surroundings is possible. Radiopharmaceuticals may be
taken inside (iodine 131), also may be used
intravenously (phosphorus 32) and implanted within the
organ (colloidal solution of radioactive yttrium).
49. Brachytherapy Sources
A variety of source shapes and forms:
– pellets = balls of approximately 3 mm diameter
– seeds = small cylinders about 1 mm diameter and 4 mm
length
– needles = between 15 and 45 mm active length
– tubes = about 14 mm length, used for gynaecological
implants
– hairpins = shaped as ‘hairpins’, approximately 60 mm active
length
– wire = any length, usually customised in the hospital -
inactive ends may be added
– HDR sources = high activity miniature cylinder sources
approximately 1mm diameter, 10mm length
51. Source form examples
Seeds:
– small containers for activity
– usually 125-I, 103-Pd or 198-Au for permanent
implant such as prostate cancer
Needles and hairpins:
– for ‘life’ implants in the operating theatre - activity
is directly introduced in the target region of the
patient
– usually 192-Ir for temporary implants e.g. of the
tongue
Scale in mm
53. A. Surface moulds
Treatment of superficial lesions with
radioactive sources in close contact
with the skin
A mould for the back
of a hand including
shielding designed to
protect the patient
during treatment
Hand
Catheters for
source transfer
63. Breast implants
Typically a boost
Often utilizes templates to improve source
positioning
Catheters or needles
64. Special techniques
A. Prostate seed implants
B. Endovascular brachytherapy
C. Ophthalmic applicators
D. Other special techniques
Both point B and C are examples for the use
of brachytherapy for non-oncological purposes
65. A. 125-I seeds for
prostate implants
Relatively new technique
Indicated for localized early stage prostate
cancer
Permanent implant
Preferred by many patients as it only
requires one day in hospital
69. HDR brachytherapy procedure
Implant of applicators, catheters or needles in theatre
For prostate implants as shown here use transrectal
ultrasound guidance
70. CT post-planning after 4 weeks
Swelling is gone - CT provides true three dimensional
information on the implant geometry
72. The issue: re-stenosis
After opening of a blocked blood vessel
there is a high (60%+) likelihood that the
vessel is blocked again: Re-stenosis
Radiation is a proven agent to prevent
growth of cells
Radiation has been shown to be effective
in preventing re-stenosis
73. Radioactive stents
Stents are used to
keep blood vessels
open
Can be impregnated
with radioactive
material (typically 32-
P) to help prevention
of re-stenosis
75. Isotopes for endovascular
brachytherapy
Gamma sources: 192-Ir
– the first source which has been clinically used
(Terstein et al. N Eng J Med 1996)
Beta sources: 32-P, 90-Sr/Y, 188-Rh
(Rhenium)
Activity around 1Ci
Dose calculation
76. Radiation safety in theatre
Application of
radiation in theatre:
– time is of the essence
- planning in situ
– shielding would be
difficult
– physicists must be
present
78. C. Ophthalmic applicators
Treatment of pterigiums
and corneal vasculations,
a non-oncological
application of
radiotherapy
Use of beta sources -
mostly 90-Sr/Y
Typical activity 40 to
200MBq (10-50mCi)
79. Ophthalmic applicators
Activity covered by thin plated gold or
platinum
Curvature to fit the ball of the eye
Diameter 12 to 18mm
Activity may only be applied to parts of
the applicator
Typical treatment time for several Gy
less than 1min
80. Intra-operative brachytherapy
In practice not often used because
– not always possible to predict if radiation
will be needed during the operation
– requires radiation oncologist to be
available
– radiation safety issues
shielded theatre costly
patient must be left alone during irradiation
even if less than 5min this is a risk due to
anesthetics