13. COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH’S INTERIOR
CRUST
OUTER
CORE
MANTLE
INNER
CORE
40 km
thickness
2900 km
thickness
2200 km
thickness
1278 km
thickness
Illustration above shows the relative thickness of the different layers of the
Earth.
20. MANTLE
Lower part of the mantle
consists of more iron than the
upper part.
The lower mantle is denser than
the upper portion.
21. MANTLE
Beneath the lithosphere lies the
soft, weak layer, made of hot molten
material. Its temperature is about
300 – 800˚C. Facilitates the
movement of the lithospheric plates.
ASTHENOSPHERE
37. OUTER CORE
Fe, Ni (molten/liquid)
2900 kilometers below the
Earth’s surface
2250 kilometers thick
2000˚C temperature
38. OUTER CORE
The outer core is mainly
made up of iron and
nickel moving around the
solid inner core, creating
Earth’s magnetic field
(magnetism).
39. INNER CORE
Fe, Ni (solid) 1300
kilometers
thick
Iron and nickel are believed to have
solidified as a result of pressure freezing,
which is common to liquids subjected under
tremendous pressure.
5000˚C temperature
40. What tells us that the
inner core is made up of
iron?
41. Some clues that the inner core and the outer core
are made up of iron include the following:
Iron and nickel
are both dense
and magnetic.
42. Some clues that the inner core and the outer core
are made up of iron include the following:
The overall density of the
earth is much higher than
the density of the rocks in
the crust. This suggests
that the inside must be
made up of something
denser than rocks.
43. Some clues that the inner core and the outer core
are made up of iron include the following:
Meteorite analysis have revealed
that the most common type is
chondrite. Chondrite contains iron,
silicon, magnesium and oxygen;
some contains nickel. The whole
earth and the meteorite roughly have
the same density, thus the Earth’s
mantle rock and a meteorite minus
its iron, have the same density.
49. 1. Miners dig into the Earth in search for
precious rocks and minerals. In which layer
is the deepest explorations made by miners?
a. Crust
b. Mantle
c. Outer core
d. Inner core
50. 2. The layer which is made up of molten
(liquid) Iron and Nickel?
a. Crust
b. Mantle
c. Outer core
d. Inner core
51. 3. Iron and nickel are believed to have
solidified because of under tremendous
pressure which is common to liquids.
a. Convection current
b. Plasticity
c. Pressure Freezing
d. Subduction
52. 4. A layer which is made up of iron and
nickel moving around, creating Earth’s
magnetic field (magnetism).
a. Crust
b. Mantle
c. Outer core
d. Inner core
53. 5. How do you compare the densities of the
Earth’s crust, mantle and core?
a. The mantle is less dense than the core but
denser than the crust.
b. The mantle is less dense than both the core
and the crust.
c. The mantle is denser than the core but less
dense than the crust.
d. The mantle is denser than both the core
and the crust.
55. 1. Miners dig into the Earth in search for
precious rocks and minerals. In which layer
is the deepest explorations made by miners?
a. Crust
b. Mantle
c. Outer core
d. Inner core
56. 2. The layer which is made up of molten
(liquid) Iron and Nickel?
a. Crust
b. Mantle
c. Outer core
d. Inner core
57. 3. Iron and nickel are believed to have
solidified because of under tremendous
pressure which is common to liquids.
a. Convection current
b. Plasticity
c. Pressure Freezing
d. Subduction
58. 4. A layer which is made up of iron and
nickel moving around, creating Earth’s
magnetic field (magnetism).
a. Crust
b. Mantle
c. Outer core
d. Inner core
59. 5. How do you compare the densities of the
Earth’s crust, mantle and core?
a. The mantle is less dense than the core but
denser than the crust.
b. The mantle is less dense than both the core
and the crust.
c. The mantle is denser than the core but less
dense than the crust.
d. The mantle is denser than both the core
and the crust.
60. Here is where your presentation begins
End of the
Lesson
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INTRODUCTIO
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64. -SOMEONE FAMOUS
“This is a quote, words full of wisdom that
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66. VENUS
MARS
MERCURY
STUDY OBJECTIVES
It’s the closest planet to the
Sun and the smallest one
in the Solar System
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place. It’s
full of iron oxide dust
Venus has a beautiful
name and is the second
planet from the Sun
67. THEORY 1 THEORY 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
Mercury is the closest planet to
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has nothing to do with the liquid
metal
Venus has a beautiful name
and is the second planet from
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second-brightest natural object
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68. VENUS SATURN MARS
NEPTUN
E
SCHEDULE
01 02 03 04
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
Despite being red,
Mars is actually a cold
place
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
69. METHODOLOGY
Despite being red,
Mars is very cold
Neptune is far away
from Earth
Mercury is the
smallest planet
INFORMATION
DATA STUDY
COMPARISON
THESIS
Saturn is a gas giant
with rings
AUTHORS
RESEAR
CH
ANALYSI
S
70. TABLE
EARTH
LAYER
DESCRIPTIO
N
DEPTH TEMPERATU
RE
MARS
Despite being red,
Mars is very cold
100 km 1,600 F°
MERCURY
Mercury is the
smallest planet
400 km 3,000 F°
VENUS
Venus has a
beautiful name
5,000 km 4,000 F°
SATURN
Saturn is a gas
giant with rings
10,000 km 9,000 F°
71. 35%
40%
25%
RESULTS ANALYSIS
Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
Despite being red, Mars
is actually a cold place
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
Follow the link in the graph to modify its data and then
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MARS
NEPTUN
E
SATURN
72. MAP
Despite being red,
Mars is cold
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Saturn is a gas giant
with rings
MARS
VENUS
SATURN
77. Is the distance between Earth and the Moon
Earths is the Sun’s mass
333,000
386,000 km
78. NEPTUNE
MARS
SATURN
VENUS
JUPITER
MERCURY
Jupiter is the biggest
planet of them all
MINERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Mercury is the smallest
planet of them all
Venus is the second
planet from the Sun
Saturn is composed of
hydrogen and helium
Despite being red, Mars is
actually a cold place
Neptune is the farthest
planet from the Sun
79. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
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● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
● AUTHOR (YEAR). Title of the publication. Publisher
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“Despite being red,
Mars is actually a
very cold place”
“Mercury is closest
planet to the Sun
and the smallest”
“Neptune is the
farthest-known
planet from the Sun”
“Saturn is a gas
giant and has
several rings”
“Venus has a
beautiful name and
is the second planet”
Premium infographics
103. “Mercury is closest
planet to the Sun
and the smallest”
“Mercury is closest
planet to the Sun
and the smallest”
“Mercury is closest
planet to the Sun
and the smallest”
“Mercury is closest
planet to the Sun
and the smallest”
TITLE 1
75%
75%
Premium infographics
The Earth’s composition tells a story about itself. It gives us clues to its past and proofs about the gradual and slow changes that it has undergone for over 4.6 billion years.
The crust is the thinnest and the outermost layer of the Earth that extends from the surface to about 32 kilometers below. Underneath some mountains, the crust’s thickness extends to 72 kilometers. The Earth’s crust, as gleaned from Figure, is subdivided into two regions: the continental crust and the oceanic crust.
The continental crust is mainly made up of silicon, oxygen, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium. The thickness of the continental crust is mostly 35-40 kilometers. Continental crust, found under land masses, is made of less dense rocks such as granite. The oceanic crust is around 7-10 kilometers thick which its average thickness is 8 kilometers. It is found under the ocean floor and is made of dense rocks such as basalt. The oceanic crust is heavier than the continental crust. The crust consists of two layers. The upper layer is composed of granite and is only found in the continental crust. Below the granite is a layer made mainly of basalt. This is found on both under the continents and the oceans.
The oceanic crust is around 7-10 kilometers thick which its average thickness is 8 kilometers. It is found under the ocean floor and is made of dense rocks such as basalt. The oceanic crust is heavier than the continental crust. The crust consists of two layers. The upper layer is composed of granite and is only found in the continental crust. Below the granite is a layer made mainly of basalt. This is found on both under the continents and the oceans.
The oceanic crust is around 7-10 kilometers thick which its average thickness is 8 kilometers. It is found under the ocean floor and is made of dense rocks such as basalt. The oceanic crust is heavier than the continental crust. The crust consists of two layers. The upper layer is composed of granite and is only found in the continental crust. Below the granite is a layer made mainly of basalt. This is found on both under the continents and the oceans.
Extends to about 2900 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. It makes up about 80% of the Earth’s total volume and about 68% of its total mass. The mantle is mainly made up of silicate rocks, and contrary to common belief, is solid, since both S-waves and P-waves pass through it.
Extends to about 2900 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. It makes up about 80% of the Earth’s total volume and about 68% of its total mass. The mantle is mainly made up of silicate rocks, and contrary to common belief, is solid, since both S-waves and P-waves pass through it.
This explains that the lower mantle is denser than the upper portion. The temperature and the pressure increase with depth. The high temperature and pressure in the mantle allows the solid rock to flow slowly.
Extends to about 2900 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. It makes up about 80% of the Earth’s total volume and about 68% of its total mass. The mantle is mainly made up of silicate rocks, and contrary to common belief, is solid, since both S-waves and P-waves pass through it.
Extends to about 2900 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. It makes up about 80% of the Earth’s total volume and about 68% of its total mass. The mantle is mainly made up of silicate rocks, and contrary to common belief, is solid, since both S-waves and P-waves pass through it.
Extends to about 2900 kilometers from the Earth’s surface. It makes up about 80% of the Earth’s total volume and about 68% of its total mass. The mantle is mainly made up of silicate rocks, and contrary to common belief, is solid, since both S-waves and P-waves pass through it.
The core is subdivided into two layers: the inner and the outer core.
2900 kilometers below the Earth’s surface. It is 2250 kilometers thick and is made up of iron and nickel. The temperature in the outer core reaches up to 2000oC at this very high temperature, iron and nickel melt.
2900 kilometers below the Earth’s surface. It is 2250 kilometers thick and is made up of iron and nickel. The temperature in the outer core reaches up to 2000oC at this very high temperature, iron and nickel melt.
The inner core is made up of solid iron and nickel and has a radius of 1300 kilometers. Its temperature reaches to about 5000˚C. The extreme temperature could have molten the iron and nickel but it is believed to have solidified as a result of pressure freezing, which is common to liquids subjected under tremendous pressure.
The inner core is made up of solid iron and nickel and has a radius of 1300 kilometers. Its temperature reaches to about 5000oC. The extreme temperature could have molten the iron and nickel but it is believed to have solidified as a result of pressure freezing, which is common to liquids subjected under tremendous pressure.
Some clues that the inner core and the outer core are made up of iron include the following.
Some clues that the inner core and the outer core are made up of iron include the following.
Some clues that the inner core and the outer core are made up of iron include the following.