E1a4 self fulfilling prophecy as an explanation for criminality
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This document discusses the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy and how it may help explain criminality. It defines self-fulfilling prophecy as when one's expectations or treatment by others influences their own behavior. For example, if a person is expected or treated as if they will engage in criminal behavior, they may conform to this expectation. The document provides the example of a study by Rosenthal and Jacobsen where teachers' expectations affected students' IQ test performance and achievement. It also discusses a study of birth order names and arrest rates among the Ashanti people of Ghana, which could potentially be explained by self-fulfilling prophecy. However, it notes that self-fulfilling prophecy is difficult to prove as a cause of criminality
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This document discusses dating and relationships. It defines dating as a planned activity between two people, traditionally arranged by males, to engage in socialization, recreation, and mate selection. The document provides dos and don'ts for dates, such as being attentive to your partner and avoiding speaking about past relationships. It examines theories of physical and emotional attraction, noting that physical attraction draws initial interest but compatibility and shared interests promote long-term relationships.
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Edward Bowlby was a British psychiatrist who developed attachment theory. He was raised primarily by a nanny and experienced the early loss of his mother figure. This fueled his later interest in attachment between caregivers and children. Bowlby believed that the bonds formed in early childhood have a lasting impact. His research found that children develop secure, avoidant, or anxious attachments depending on the responsiveness of their caregiver. Attachment styles influence relationships throughout life.
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E1a4 self fulfilling prophecy as an explanation for criminality
E1a4 self fulfilling prophecy as an explanation for criminality
Iivela impermeabilizzanti edilizia www.iivela.it catalogo listino-prodotti-li...
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Similar to E1a4 self fulfilling prophecy as an explanation for criminality
hi dear,I just need to 2 responses to the assignments.Plea
hi dear,
I just need to 2 responses to the assignments.
Please be thorough with your response and be sure to back up all information with reputable sources.
1.
Children as young as six years old already have assumed beliefs about how gender plays a role in society (Berk 2009). They are already beginning to assume personality traits and societal status of their peers based on their gender (Gelman 2004). When these stereotypes are reinforced at such an early age they can have long lasting effects on the child’s development later in life. Gender roles in society assume everything for academic aptitude to career proficiency, which have a direct affect how children begin to imagine their life trajectory (Rainey 1999).
Children from an early age in to adolescence are most strongly influenced by their parents. In order to equalize the perceptions of gender roles in this country, we have to identify how parents can positively affect their children’ perceptions of the roles of their own gender, and the genders of their peers. In general, parent’s views on gender roles tend to transfer to their children of the same gender more strongly (Halpern 2015). Daughters of mothers who wouldn’t fit in a traditional gender role tend to have a more open opinion on the gender roles of all women. There is a similar effect seen in the relationship between a father’s perception of gender roles and those of their sons (Halpern 2015).
More directly than a parent’s views on gender roles, a parent’s behavior is a predictor for children’s perceptions of gender roles (Halpern 2015). In order to meaningfully change how gender roles are perceived in future generations, adults now have to begin to demonstrate gender equality. Change can be affected much faster if as a nation we can all begin to actively take on roles in the family or at work that are traditionally done by a different gender. Parents now have to commit to show their children through action that gender doesn’t confine people to a particular way of life.
2. Development of Gender Roles
Personally, I believe that the parents have the largest influence on a child's gender roles. Gender roles are pushed by parents as soon as the baby is born. Babies are assigned a gender based on the physical anatomy of their bodies, and as their cognitive development starts, they are manipulated to believe all of the stereotypes associated with their assigned gender. During this early stage of a child's life their primary source of knowledge comes from their caregivers, and parents. According "Human Sexuality Diversity in Contemporary America "parents manipulate their children from infancy onward, they treat their daughters gently and tell her she is pretty, and they treat their sons roughly and tel him that he is strong" (Sayad, Yarber, 2013). Parents teach their children what is appropriate, and what is inappropriate for their genders.
If a dad see's his son playing with a Barbie, he will likely distract ...
SEX ED
Sex education provides instruction on issues relating to human sexuality including relationships, anatomy, sexual activity, reproduction, consent, and health. Traditionally, these topics were considered taboo but progressive education led to their introduction in school curricula. While early information came informally, deficiencies led to programs being introduced to address issues like teenage pregnancy. Comprehensive sex education in schools can help children by answering questions, encouraging responsibility and awareness, and reducing risks like abuse, myths, and STDs. However, barriers include opposition, lack of skilled teachers, and conflicting with some religious views. Parent-child communication is also important for healthy development.
Gender identity
Gender identity develops through a complex interaction of biological, cognitive, social, and environmental factors from a very young age. Children begin showing preferences for gender-typed toys and behaviors between 18 months and 3 years old. Between ages 2 and 4, children progress through stages of gender identity development, gaining the ability to correctly label themselves and others by gender and understand that their gender remains constant. Nurture also plays an important role, as parents influence children's development of gender schemas by encouraging gender-typed behaviors and preferences in toys and activities from a young age.
Case Study
The document describes a case study of a child's development during early childhood between ages 2-6. Researchers observed and interviewed a child and parent at a daycare center to learn about the child's experiences and development from their perspective. The case history provides background on the child, a 4-year-old boy, and details the researchers' observations and the parent interview on the child's physical, psychosexual, cognitive, motor, moral, emotional, and social development during this stage.
Preschool’s affect on gender
This document summarizes a student's research project on how preschool affects children's understanding of gender. The student interviewed parents and children about dress, activities, and friends. The results showed that children who attended preschool were more likely to describe themselves and their friends in gendered ways compared to children who did not attend preschool. However, the sample size was small so conclusions could not be generalized. Overall, the research provided some support that preschool reinforces gender norms, but many factors like home and media also influence children's perceptions of gender.
Chap9.earlychildsocemo
This document summarizes key topics in early childhood socioemotional development from ages 2-5 years old, including:
- Emotional development including expanding emotion vocabulary and understanding of emotions.
- Development of self-understanding and initiative vs. guilt in exploring their environment.
- Influence of parenting styles (e.g. authoritative vs. authoritarian) and discipline techniques on children's development.
- Gender development influenced by biological factors and socialization by parents and peers.
- Importance of peer relationships and play in children's social and cognitive growth.
Parental Sensitivity and Pro-social Behavior vs. Parent Hostility and Child B...
This document summarizes two studies on the effects of parental sensitivity and hostility on child development. The first study found that children of more sensitive parents developed better social skills and self-confidence, while children of hostile parents showed more shyness and less interest in social activities. The second study of adopted children also found that hostile parenting was correlated with children having poorer social skills and motivation. Both studies indicate parenting style has significant impacts on how children interact socially.
Gender slides
This document discusses how gender affects parenting and child development. It notes that with more women working, children are spending more time with other caregivers, potentially impacting gender development. The family is the starting point for children to develop gender stereotypes, which can influence later career goals. Parents unconsciously pass on their own views of gender through their interactions with children based on gender. The author conducted a small survey finding mothers spend more time on schoolwork and childcare while fathers were more satisfied with the parent-child relationship, demonstrating how gender influences parenting roles and child development.
A life span journey by gerlyn limba
my life span development was not very interesting but inspiring, i decided to share this in public to be able to make others realized that no matter what we experience in the past whether good or bad as long as we accepted it and we know who we really are. we can change it for the better and not repeated to our children on the future.
E1a2 social explanations for criminality
Family patterns and experiences during childhood can influence whether a person turns to crime. Divorce can lead to children living in single-parent households, and research shows these children are twice as likely to become criminals. Separation from the primary caregiver before age 2, a phenomenon called maternal deprivation, has also been linked to criminal behavior later in life. Children from larger families of 6 or more children are more likely to engage in criminal acts due to less parental attention and supervision. No single factor determines criminality on its own, but negative childhood experiences like prolonged separation from caregivers or frequent arguments at home increase a child's vulnerability.
E1a2 social explanations for criminality
Family patterns and experiences during childhood can influence whether a person turns to crime. Divorce can lead to children living in single-parent households, and research shows these children are twice as likely to become criminals. Separation from the primary caregiver before age 2, a phenomenon called maternal deprivation, has also been linked to criminal behavior later in life. Children from larger families of 6 or more children are more likely to engage in criminal acts due to less parental attention and supervision. No single factor determines criminality on its own, but negative childhood experiences like prolonged separation from caregivers or arguments within the family can increase a child's vulnerability to criminal behavior.
Parents and caregivers role towards child
Parents are the child's first role model. Children behave, react and imitate same as their parents. Parents play important role in encouraging and motivating their kids to learn. Good parental support helps child to be positive, healthy and good life long learner.The proper role of the parent is to provide encouragement, support, and access to activities that enable the child to master key developmental tasks. A parent is their child's first teacher and should remain their best teacher throughout life. Parental involvement not only enhances academic performance, but it also has a positive influence on student attitude and behavior. A parent's interest and encouragement in a child's education can affect the child's attitude toward school, classroom conduct, self-esteem, absenteeism, and motivation.
So, the role of parents and caregivers are very important for every child. Some of the renowned theorist have also have given their views and ideas through research.
Let's implement their ideas in our daily life.
Gender development and disorder
The document discusses gender identity development from childhood through adulthood. It covers several theories of gender development including psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive theories. It defines key terms like sex, gender, gender identity and discusses factors that influence gender identity formation such as parenting, socialization, and cognitive development. The document also covers gender dysphoria and criteria for diagnosis. It discusses treatments for gender dysphoria at different stages of life as well as for intersex conditions.
Session 2 1 lllc 2222 defining social construction 2016
This document discusses social construction theory and human development. It provides definitions of social construction and examines how social interactions and institutions shape reality and human nature. Several topics are explored, including the nature vs nurture debate, the social construction of childhood and crime, and how social policy and media influence perceptions. Examples are given of how views of childhood, crime, and morality are socially constructed and have varied over time and between societies rather than being fixed or biologically determined.
Similar to E1a4 self fulfilling prophecy as an explanation for criminality (14)
hi dear,I just need to 2 responses to the assignments.Plea
hi dear,I just need to 2 responses to the assignments.Plea
Parental Sensitivity and Pro-social Behavior vs. Parent Hostility and Child B...
Parental Sensitivity and Pro-social Behavior vs. Parent Hostility and Child B...
Session 2 1 lllc 2222 defining social construction 2016
Session 2 1 lllc 2222 defining social construction 2016
More from Aarono1979
Section a revision
The optic chiasma is not found in the retina. It is located where some of the optic nerve fibers from each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain.
The other three structures are all found in the retina:
- Rods and cones are the light-sensitive cells located in the retina.
- The blind spot is an area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye, containing no photoreceptors.
So the optic chiasma is the structure not found in the retina from the options given. It is located where the optic nerves meet after leaving the eyes.
Section d revision
1) The document summarizes research on classical conditioning and social learning theory as they relate to phobias. It discusses studies showing how phobias can develop from conditioning, like Little Albert's fear of rats, and through social learning by observing others, as in monkeys learning snake fears.
2) Preparedness theory proposes that humans more easily learn associations between stimuli that were threatening in our evolutionary past, like snakes. We are less likely to fear stimuli like clothing that held no evolutionary risk.
3) Research also found people tend to fear animals perceived as ugly, slimy, fast-moving or acting suddenly, supporting both nature and nurture influences in phobia development.
E3c2 becoming a forensic psychologist1
Forensic psychologists deal with issues related to criminality, primarily working in prisons and with prisoners. They may work for the HM Prison Service, NHS secure hospitals, social services young offender units, probation services, or as independent consultants or researchers at universities. The role requires strong communication, observation, and problem-solving skills. Qualifications include a BPS-recognized psychology degree and a masters in forensic psychology, along with relevant work experience. Forensic psychologists carry out assessments, interventions, evaluations, and research to understand and manage criminal behavior within ethical guidelines focusing on competency, confidentiality, and privacy.
E4a1 how defendant characteristics affect jury decision making
Psychologists have studied how defendant characteristics can affect jury decision-making. Research has found that racial stereotypes can influence jurors, with mock juries more likely to find black defendants guilty compared to white defendants who committed the same crime, and give black defendants harsher sentences. Additional research has shown attractive defendants are judged as less guilty and given lower sentences than unattractive defendants. Accent also influences jurors, with regional accents viewed more negatively than posh accents in some cases. These findings suggest jurors may be swayed by superficial characteristics rather than just the evidence.
E3c3 how a forensic psychologist might help treat
A forensic psychologist may help treat offenders through rehabilitation programs that focus on developing skills like anger management, appropriate social interaction, and treating addictions. Therapies used may include personal construct therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and behavior modification. The goal is to treat the behaviors and underlying issues that led to offending, such as intimacy problems, social skills deficits, lack of empathy, and cognitive distortions, in order to reduce recidivism risk. However, effectively treating issues like drug abuse can be challenging as environmental factors may trigger relapse.
The mouse and the child
The document summarizes the play "The Mouse and His Child" by Tamsin Oglesby, which is based on the novel of the same name by Russell Hoban. It follows a clockwork mouse and his child as they are discarded on Christmas day and embark on a journey to return to the toy shop. The play explores themes of escape, freedom, and reunited families through the relationship between the mouse and his child. It originally played at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre from November 2012 to January 2013 and was directed by Paul Hunter.
E1a1 biological explanations for criminality
1. The document examines several biological explanations for criminality, including family and twin studies that look at the genetic links between relatives with criminal histories.
2. Family and twin studies have shown that individuals are more likely to commit crimes if their parents or grandparents were also criminals, suggesting a genetic component. Identical twins were also more likely to both be criminals compared to non-identical twins.
3. However, there are limitations to these studies, as shared environment and observational learning within families could also explain criminal behavior patterns. Chromosome abnormalities have also been linked to aggression and criminality in some studies, but the links are not definitive.
E3c2 becoming a forensic psychologist
Forensic psychologists deal with issues related to criminality, primarily working in prisons and with prisoners. They may work for the HM Prison Service, NHS secure hospitals, social services young offender units, probation services, or as independent consultants or researchers at universities. The role requires strong communication, observation, and problem-solving skills. Qualifications include a BPS-recognized psychology degree and further experience and qualifications in forensic psychology, such as a masters degree and two years of supervised practice. Forensic psychologists carry out assessments, interventions, and evaluations using treatment methods to manage prisoner behavior while adhering to ethical guidelines regarding competency, confidentiality, and privacy.
E3c1 the job of a forensic psychologist
A forensic psychologist works in the legal system to uncover psychological issues related to criminal activity and the treatment of criminals. They assess risks of reoffending, evaluate treatment programs, conduct research, train staff, and provide advice to courts, parole boards, and other agencies. Forensic psychologists work with prisoners, victims, witnesses, judges, and juries, carrying out assessments, treatments, and presenting findings to help manage offender behavior and reduce stress. They require skills in psychology, research, assessment, and working with multiple agencies.
E3a1 offender profiling
Offender profiling aims to narrow down suspects by analyzing clues left at crime scenes, such as the type of victim and location. Profiles are created through a two-step process: 1) detailed analysis of the crime, and 2) using this information to construct probable features of the criminal, including their sex, age, and where they live. While some profiles have successfully helped police catch criminals, others have led to the wrongful targeting of innocent people. Most police find profiles useful, but traditional policing methods are generally more effective for solving crimes.
E2b2 gathering information from convicted offenders
Gathering information from convicted offenders presents both practical and ethical challenges. Practically, offenders may lie or withhold information to gain early release, glorify their crimes, or avoid retribution. Ethically, talking about crimes could be therapeutic for some but distressing for others, and offenders have the same human rights as participants, including the rights to withdraw, privacy, and debriefing without fear of self-incrimination or retaliation. Researchers must consider these issues to ensure valid and ethical treatment of offender participants.
E2a3 madon (2004) self fulfilling prophecy
Parents' expectations of their children's drinking behavior can become a self-fulfilling prophecy, according to a study by Maldon (2004). The study asked parents to predict how much alcohol their children would consume over the next year. One year later, the children's actual alcohol consumption aligned with their parents' predictions - children whose parents expected greater alcohol use tended to drink more. The findings suggest parents' beliefs can significantly influence their children's drinking behaviors.
E2a2 signall and ostrove (1975) attractiveness
In a 1975 study, Signall and Ostrove sought to determine whether attractiveness affects jury decision making. They presented 120 participants with a crime scenario and photo of the defendant, Barbara Helms. Participants were split into groups that saw an attractive or unattractive photo of Barbara accused of either burglary or fraud. The results showed that attractive defendants received shorter prison sentences for burglary but longer sentences for fraud, suggesting attractiveness can influence juror perceptions of guilt based on the type of crime committed.
E1b1 comparing theories of criminality
This document compares biological and social theories of criminality and the nature vs nurture debate. Biological theories focus on inherited criminal behavior through genes or chromosome abnormalities. Social theories examine external influences like family structure, parenting, and self-fulfilling prophecies. Both sides present evidence but neither fully explains criminality on its own. The conclusion is that considering both biological tendencies and social vulnerabilities provides a safer perspective, as criminal behavior likely results from an interaction between nature and nurture.
E1a3 chidrearing as expl criminality
Hoffman identified three childrearing strategies: induction, love withdrawal, and power assertion. Induction encourages empathy by explaining wrongdoings and consequences. Love withdrawal manipulates a child's feelings and undermines their independence. Power assertion, especially if inconsistent or excessive, is associated with low self-esteem, aggression, and delinquency later in life. The example of Lee shows how inconsistent punishment from his parents led to confusion and taking anger out on others. While parenting strategies influence delinquency, many factors are involved.
E2al theilgaard (1984) the criminal gene
This document discusses research into whether chromosomal abnormalities like XYY could be linked to criminal behavior. It summarizes a 1984 study by Alice Theilgaard that took blood samples from over 30,000 men to check for XXY and XYY patterns. Men with these patterns were interviewed and given intelligence and personality tests to see if they displayed more aggression. While XYY men tended to be slightly less intelligent and more aggressive, the sample sizes were small and a link between the abnormalities and criminality was not definitively proven. The study had limitations and left open ethical dilemmas about how such information could be used.
E3a1 offender profiling
Offender profiling aims to narrow down suspects by analyzing clues left at crime scenes, such as the type of victim and location. Profiles are created using a detailed analysis of the crime and evidence to construct a list of probable characteristics of the criminal, including their sex, age, and where they live. While some profiles have successfully helped police identify criminals, others have led to the wrongful accusation and victimization of innocent people. Overall, offender profiling can provide guidance to police but is not always accurate, and traditional investigative methods remain the most effective approach.
E2b2 gathering information from convicted offenders
Gathering information from convicted offenders presents both practical and ethical challenges. Practically, offenders may lie or withhold information to gain early release, glorify their crimes, or protect themselves, their families, or criminal groups. Ethically, talking about crimes could be therapeutic for some but distressing for others, and offenders have the same human rights as other research participants, including the rights to withdraw, privacy, and debriefing. The information provided could also potentially lead to distress if offenders fear it being used to convict others.
Differentiation
Differentiation strategies should provide multiple ways for students to engage with content and demonstrate understanding, through open-ended responses, various learning resources that cater to different styles, and choice in tasks and activities. A positive learning environment is important, where students feel respected and teachers get to know each student as an individual rather than just data. Regular review and improvement allows students to assess their work and progress with feedback. While differentiation takes more planning, there are also strategies to help save time like self-levelling activities, strategic questioning, and peer learning techniques.
Unit 1 from page to stage
This document provides guidance for students on bringing a published script to life for an audience. It outlines that the focus is on establishing the playwright's original intention, not devising new work. Students must understand the script's context, genre, characters and design elements to develop an effective performance that supports their chosen interpretation. The working process involves preparation, exploration, rehearsal, performance and review aligned to the professional model. Assessment is based on a working record of ideas and the final performance.
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E4a1 how defendant characteristics affect jury decision making
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E2b2 gathering information from convicted offenders
E2b2 gathering information from convicted offenders
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বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
E1a4 self fulfilling prophecy as an explanation for criminality
- 1. Self fulfilling Prophecy as an explanation for criminality WHAT IS MEANT BY SELF FULFILLING PROPHECY HOW CRIMINALITY IS CAUSED BY THE WAY WE ARE TREATED BY OTHERS
- 2. Using the calendar on your phone Find the exact day and year you were born. Mondays sit together Tuesdays together Wednesdays together Etc..
- 3. So far: Family Patterns: Mednick (1984) 14,427 Adopted Children, Criminal records compared to biological parents Chritiansen (1977) 3586 pairs of twins Theilgarrd (1984) Criminal Gene John Bowlby (1946) Maternal Deprivation 44 boy offenders, 14 boys felt no guilt. Farrington (2002) Family size. 6 or 7 children more likely to be linked to criminality. Western (2003) Mothers Blue collar job, not fathers David Farrington (2002) Longitudinal study 411 boys from East end from 8 years old to when they were 46.
- 4. So far: Child rearing. Hoffman (1984) Induction Love Withdrawal Power assertion
- 5. These are all to do with the family. How can people outside of the family influence your behaviour? Everyone you meet can influence your behaviour. In your books make a list of how other people see you. E.g. funny, Class clown, emotional, friendly, moody. Do you think that how other people see you can influence your behaviour. E.g. Burn toast so must be a bad cook. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s8GvLKTsTuI
- 6. Self Fulfilling prophecy Can criminal behaviour be explained by the way people treat us? People do see us in a certain way. This effects their expectation of us. One theory is people expect us to behave badly or in a criminal way, then we will conform* to that expectation. Self fulfilling prophecy when the expectation of others influence our behaviour. If we are seen or expected to be criminal, then that is all that we can do. * To adjust to expectations made of us.
- 7. Give an example of Self fulfilling prophecy from school. Rosenthal and Jacobsen (1968) Conducted an experiment to see whether achievement could be self fulfilling. They gave children an IQ test and then told their teachers which children were going to be average and which children were going to be ‘Bloomers’. This however was a lie, it was just a random list of children's names. They found that the teachers did not expect too much from the average children and gave all the attention to the Bloomers. After about a year they came back and retested the children's intelligence. Bloomers IQ had risen, Average had fallen. Teachers expectations had altered the way the children were treated and this had affected their ability.
- 8. Mondays Child Monday's child is fair of face, Tuesday's child is full of grace, Wednesday's child is full of woe, Thursday's child has far to go, Friday's child is loving and giving, Saturday's child must work for a living, But the child that's born on the Sabbath day, Is fair and wise and good and gay. Read more at http://www.scrapbook.com/poems/doc/2727.html#MQIe76mCdGg5Uajo.99
- 9. Gustav Johoda (1954) studied the Ashanti people. They have a custom of naming their children based on the day they were born. They believe the names of boys can be linked to their temperament. ◦ E.g. Boys born on monday are called Kwadwo thought to be clam and peaceful children. ◦ Wednesday children Kwadku are believed to be aggressive and angry. When studying arrest records he found. 22% of boys arrested were born on a Wednesday compared to 6.9% who were born on a Monday. How could you explain this using Self Fillfilling Prophecy?
- 10. Understanding Self fulfilling Prophecy. Jahoda, only found a link between child's name and criminal behaviour using correlation. It would be unethical to study a self fulfilling prophecy as a cause of crime by treating someone differently and seeing if it affected their behaviour. This is the main problem with this theory is that it can not be studied in a way that can prove it causes criminal behaviour. Another weakness is that many of us reject the way we are treated by others and so do not fulfil the prophecy. I.e. if a teacher believes you will not do well, you work harder to prove them wrong. Does not take into account that there are many more reasons for crime. From biology and the families we are raised in.