E2a2 signall and ostrove (1975) attractiveness
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In a 1975 study, Signall and Ostrove sought to determine whether attractiveness affects jury decision making. They presented 120 participants with a crime scenario and photo of the defendant, Barbara Helms. Participants were split into groups that saw an attractive or unattractive photo of Barbara accused of either burglary or fraud. The results showed that attractive defendants received shorter prison sentences for burglary but longer sentences for fraud, suggesting attractiveness can influence juror perceptions of guilt based on the type of crime committed.
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Model Hannum dan Hansen merupakan model reka bentuk pengajaran sistematik yang terdiri daripada beberapa fasa utama seperti analisis, reka bentuk, pembangunan, pelaksanaan dan penilaian. Model ini memberi tumpuan kepada proses menyeluruh dalam pembangunan bahan pengajaran untuk mencapai matlamat pendidikan yang lebih berkesan.
E1a2 social explanations for criminality
Family patterns and experiences during childhood can influence whether a person turns to crime. Divorce can lead to children living in single-parent households, and research shows these children are twice as likely to become criminals. Separation from the primary caregiver before age 2, a phenomenon called maternal deprivation, has also been linked to criminal behavior later in life. Children from larger families of 6 or more children are more likely to engage in criminal acts due to less parental attention and supervision. No single factor determines criminality on its own, but negative childhood experiences like prolonged separation from caregivers or frequent arguments at home increase a child's vulnerability.
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The researchers conducted a bystander effect experiment at Taylor's University to observe 127 participants' reactions when witnessing a staged laptop theft. They found that females reacted faster than males, with 2 females taking direct action to inform the victim. Most participants in groups did not notice the theft, while almost half of individuals noticed and 22% reacted. The results supported the hypothesis that individuals are more likely to help than people in groups, demonstrating the bystander effect.
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The document describes a study on the bystander effect conducted at Taylor's University. The study involved staging a laptop theft in public areas on campus and observing 127 participants' reactions. The results showed that females and individuals alone were more likely to notice the theft, with two females taking action. Those in groups were less likely to notice or help. The study supports the hypothesis that people are less likely to help when in a group than alone.
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IB Psychology Paper 1 Sociocultural Level of Analysis
I reccomend psychology IB students to see this presentation.
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Principles
Studies supporting principles
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Situational and dispositional factors in explaining behaviour
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Social Identity Theory
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Conformity
I hope you like it :D Good luck everyone!
Psychology video slides
The document describes a group project for a social psychology class. It involves 6 students divided into two groups - a stronger dominant group and a weaker subordinate group. A crime is committed where a model is stolen, and one student from the weaker group is wrongly accused based on his appearance and race. He is verbally and physically assaulted by the other students. Eventually, the lecturer intervenes and uses persuasion to resolve the conflict and motivation to encourage the falsely accused student.
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The document describes a group project for a social psychology class. It involves 6 students divided into two groups - a dominant group and a submissive group. A crime is committed when one group's model is stolen, and the submissive group's member is wrongly accused due to racial stereotyping and profiling. The lecturer later determines the real thief and motivates the accused student.
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According to neutralization theory, juveniles may justify delinquent acts through techniques like denial of responsibility, injury, or the victim. A probation officer should look out for signs the juvenile uses these techniques, such as excuses for their behavior or feelings of entitlement. To prevent delinquency, parents and teachers can strengthen a child's social bonds through positive involvement in prosocial activities and reinforcement of conventional values and behaviors. Associating with delinquent peers can weaken these bonds and increase criminal behavior.
Jury psychology of criminal investigation
- Jurors make decisions about guilt or innocence based on how convincing the narratives presented by the prosecution and defense are, rather than careful, deliberate consideration of evidence.
- Many factors can influence jury decisions, including the characteristics of the defendant, jurors, and psychological factors like attribution theory.
- Researching actual juries is difficult, so mock and shadow juries are used instead to study the effects of these influencing factors, though they have limitations compared to real trials.
Crime and society criminal profiling
This document provides an overview of criminal profiling, including definitions, goals, types of crimes profiled, and the profiling process. Criminal profiling is an investigative tool that analyzes offender behavior and crime scenes to infer offender characteristics. A criminal profiler examines evidence to develop a psychological and demographic description of the offender. The goals of profiling are to provide leads to investigators and help narrow the suspect pool. Profiling is especially useful for crimes like murder, rape, arson and bombings. The profiling process involves two phases - an investigative phase to discern unknown offender features, and a trial phase to provide information about known offenders. The profiling steps analyzed are crime scene analysis, profile generation, decision making, reconstruction, and developing the final profile. Case studies
Evaluation Task 4 - who is your audience and what have you learned from them?
The document discusses research conducted on the target audience for a horror film trailer. It was found that the film should target both males and females, as there were only slight gender differences. However, there was a significant difference in opinions between younger and older people, so the target audience was identified as young adults. Research also found that supernatural horror was the most popular genre. The document then discusses theories around why audiences consume media and how they can be passive or active. It provides examples of how horror films may influence or manipulate certain audiences. Feedback on the created trailer showed that it was an effective horror trailer that made the intended audience want to see the full film.
CRJ 320Suicide and Elder Abuse Please respond to the follow.docx
This document discusses two topics: suicide concealment and elder abuse. For the first topic, the document analyzes reasons why family members may conceal a suicide, such as to avoid criminal charges, insurance issues, or feelings of embarrassment, anger or guilt. It recommends that law enforcement fully investigate possible suicide crimes by interviewing all involved parties. For the second topic, the document discusses why elder abuse often goes unreported, such as facilities trying to avoid trouble or seniors feeling ashamed. It suggests citizens and family members speak up about any suspected abuse and remove elders from abusive situations.
E2b2 gathering information from convicted offenders
Gathering information from convicted offenders presents both practical and ethical challenges. Practically, offenders may lie or withhold information to gain early release, glorify their crimes, or avoid retribution. Ethically, talking about crimes could be therapeutic for some but distressing for others, and offenders have the same human rights as participants, including the rights to withdraw, privacy, and debriefing without fear of self-incrimination or retaliation. Researchers must consider these issues to ensure valid and ethical treatment of offender participants.
Executing The Innocent 1
Wrongful convictions are a serious problem, with an estimated 200,000 innocent people imprisoned in the US at any given time. The two main causes of wrongful conviction are eyewitness misidentification and false confessions. Eyewitnesses often get significant details wrong in their identification of a perpetrator, and police identification techniques can skew the process. False confessions are also a major issue, sometimes resulting from psychological interrogation methods or even physical torture. Solutions proposed include videotaping interrogations and eyewitness identifications to avoid improper influences, as well as better training police to understand the risks of wrongful conviction.
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Section c revision lesson
The lesson focused on revising Section C of an essay. Students were instructed to carefully reread their work to check for errors in content, organization, word choice, and sentence structure. They then refined and polished their writing by clarifying ideas, tightening prose, and correcting any issues. The goal was to thoughtfully review and improve their initial draft before final submission.
Section a revision
The optic chiasma is not found in the retina. It is located where some of the optic nerve fibers from each eye cross over to the opposite side of the brain.
The other three structures are all found in the retina:
- Rods and cones are the light-sensitive cells located in the retina.
- The blind spot is an area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye, containing no photoreceptors.
So the optic chiasma is the structure not found in the retina from the options given. It is located where the optic nerves meet after leaving the eyes.
Section d revision
1) The document summarizes research on classical conditioning and social learning theory as they relate to phobias. It discusses studies showing how phobias can develop from conditioning, like Little Albert's fear of rats, and through social learning by observing others, as in monkeys learning snake fears.
2) Preparedness theory proposes that humans more easily learn associations between stimuli that were threatening in our evolutionary past, like snakes. We are less likely to fear stimuli like clothing that held no evolutionary risk.
3) Research also found people tend to fear animals perceived as ugly, slimy, fast-moving or acting suddenly, supporting both nature and nurture influences in phobia development.
E3c2 becoming a forensic psychologist1
Forensic psychologists deal with issues related to criminality, primarily working in prisons and with prisoners. They may work for the HM Prison Service, NHS secure hospitals, social services young offender units, probation services, or as independent consultants or researchers at universities. The role requires strong communication, observation, and problem-solving skills. Qualifications include a BPS-recognized psychology degree and a masters in forensic psychology, along with relevant work experience. Forensic psychologists carry out assessments, interventions, evaluations, and research to understand and manage criminal behavior within ethical guidelines focusing on competency, confidentiality, and privacy.
E3c3 how a forensic psychologist might help treat
A forensic psychologist may help treat offenders through rehabilitation programs that focus on developing skills like anger management, appropriate social interaction, and treating addictions. Therapies used may include personal construct therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and behavior modification. The goal is to treat the behaviors and underlying issues that led to offending, such as intimacy problems, social skills deficits, lack of empathy, and cognitive distortions, in order to reduce recidivism risk. However, effectively treating issues like drug abuse can be challenging as environmental factors may trigger relapse.
The mouse and the child
The document summarizes the play "The Mouse and His Child" by Tamsin Oglesby, which is based on the novel of the same name by Russell Hoban. It follows a clockwork mouse and his child as they are discarded on Christmas day and embark on a journey to return to the toy shop. The play explores themes of escape, freedom, and reunited families through the relationship between the mouse and his child. It originally played at the Royal Shakespeare Theatre from November 2012 to January 2013 and was directed by Paul Hunter.
E1a2 social explanations for criminality
Family patterns and experiences during childhood can influence whether a person turns to crime. Divorce can lead to children living in single-parent households, and research shows these children are twice as likely to become criminals. Separation from the primary caregiver before age 2, a phenomenon called maternal deprivation, has also been linked to criminal behavior later in life. Children from larger families of 6 or more children are more likely to engage in criminal acts due to less parental attention and supervision. No single factor determines criminality on its own, but negative childhood experiences like prolonged separation from caregivers or arguments within the family can increase a child's vulnerability to criminal behavior.
E1a1 biological explanations for criminality
1. The document examines several biological explanations for criminality, including family and twin studies that look at the genetic links between relatives with criminal histories.
2. Family and twin studies have shown that individuals are more likely to commit crimes if their parents or grandparents were also criminals, suggesting a genetic component. Identical twins were also more likely to both be criminals compared to non-identical twins.
3. However, there are limitations to these studies, as shared environment and observational learning within families could also explain criminal behavior patterns. Chromosome abnormalities have also been linked to aggression and criminality in some studies, but the links are not definitive.
E3c2 becoming a forensic psychologist
Forensic psychologists deal with issues related to criminality, primarily working in prisons and with prisoners. They may work for the HM Prison Service, NHS secure hospitals, social services young offender units, probation services, or as independent consultants or researchers at universities. The role requires strong communication, observation, and problem-solving skills. Qualifications include a BPS-recognized psychology degree and further experience and qualifications in forensic psychology, such as a masters degree and two years of supervised practice. Forensic psychologists carry out assessments, interventions, and evaluations using treatment methods to manage prisoner behavior while adhering to ethical guidelines regarding competency, confidentiality, and privacy.
E3c1 the job of a forensic psychologist
A forensic psychologist works in the legal system to uncover psychological issues related to criminal activity and the treatment of criminals. They assess risks of reoffending, evaluate treatment programs, conduct research, train staff, and provide advice to courts, parole boards, and other agencies. Forensic psychologists work with prisoners, victims, witnesses, judges, and juries, carrying out assessments, treatments, and presenting findings to help manage offender behavior and reduce stress. They require skills in psychology, research, assessment, and working with multiple agencies.
E1b1 comparing theories of criminality
This document compares biological and social theories of criminality and the nature vs nurture debate. Biological theories focus on inherited criminal behavior through genes or chromosome abnormalities. Social theories examine external influences like family structure, parenting, and self-fulfilling prophecies. Both sides present evidence but neither fully explains criminality on its own. The conclusion is that considering both biological tendencies and social vulnerabilities provides a safer perspective, as criminal behavior likely results from an interaction between nature and nurture.
E1a3 chidrearing as expl criminality
Hoffman identified three childrearing strategies: induction, love withdrawal, and power assertion. Induction encourages empathy by explaining wrongdoings and consequences. Love withdrawal manipulates a child's feelings and undermines their independence. Power assertion, especially if inconsistent or excessive, is associated with low self-esteem, aggression, and delinquency later in life. The example of Lee shows how inconsistent punishment from his parents led to confusion and taking anger out on others. While parenting strategies influence delinquency, many factors are involved.
E2al theilgaard (1984) the criminal gene
This document discusses research into whether chromosomal abnormalities like XYY could be linked to criminal behavior. It summarizes a 1984 study by Alice Theilgaard that took blood samples from over 30,000 men to check for XXY and XYY patterns. Men with these patterns were interviewed and given intelligence and personality tests to see if they displayed more aggression. While XYY men tended to be slightly less intelligent and more aggressive, the sample sizes were small and a link between the abnormalities and criminality was not definitively proven. The study had limitations and left open ethical dilemmas about how such information could be used.
Differentiation
Differentiation strategies should provide multiple ways for students to engage with content and demonstrate understanding, through open-ended responses, various learning resources that cater to different styles, and choice in tasks and activities. A positive learning environment is important, where students feel respected and teachers get to know each student as an individual rather than just data. Regular review and improvement allows students to assess their work and progress with feedback. While differentiation takes more planning, there are also strategies to help save time like self-levelling activities, strategic questioning, and peer learning techniques.
Unit 1 from page to stage
This document provides guidance for students on bringing a published script to life for an audience. It outlines that the focus is on establishing the playwright's original intention, not devising new work. Students must understand the script's context, genre, characters and design elements to develop an effective performance that supports their chosen interpretation. The working process involves preparation, exploration, rehearsal, performance and review aligned to the professional model. Assessment is based on a working record of ideas and the final performance.
Areas of study guidance sheet for logbooks
This document provides guidance for planning areas of study for a performance, including character, context, plot, structure, audience engagement, improvisation, genre, performance style, and semiotics. It asks the reader to consider how they are currently planning to approach each area, such as how they will communicate their character's motivation, involve the audience, use improvisation to develop ideas, demonstrate the chosen genre and performance style, and employ techniques like voice, gestures, proxemics, music, costumes and lighting to communicate meaning to the audience. The planning in these areas will help guide lessons and development of the performance.
B1c1 the biological theory of dreaming
The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming proposes that:
1) During REM sleep, the brain generates random neural signals that are interpreted into dream narratives.
2) These random signals occur because sensory input is blocked and movements are inhibited during REM sleep.
3) The brain synthesizes the random neural activations into coherent stories that make up our dreams.
B2d1 little hans.
Freud's case study of Little Hans showed how dream analysis can reveal the unconscious desires and fears of the dreamer. The case study followed the dreams and anxieties of a 5-year old boy who developed a fear of horses. Freud determined the boy's early dreams and phobia represented his unconscious Oedipus complex, in which the boy unconsciously desired his mother and feared his father. One dream where the boy dreamed of a giraffe represented his unconscious desire for his mother and fear of his father through symbolism.
B1c2 evaluating activation synthesis theory
The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming proposed by Hobson and McCarley suggests that dreams are caused by random brain activity during REM sleep. Evidence for this comes from studies showing regular REM sleep patterns. However, the theory has been criticized for overstating the randomness of dreams, as many people report dreams relating to their daily lives. Lucid dreaming, where people are aware they are dreaming, also does not fit with the idea of dreams being random. The theory may also not explain why young children dream less even though they experience normal amounts of REM sleep.
B1d1 comparing dream theories
Freud's theory of dreams proposed that dreams are symbolic fulfillments of unconscious desires and wishes, often relating to sexual urges. Activation-synthesis theory proposed that dreams are caused by random neural firing during sleep which the brain interprets and synthesizes into dream narratives. While Freud used case studies and free association, activation-synthesis used more objective methods like animal experiments, brain scanning, and EEG tests. Activation-synthesis theory is considered more credible due to its use of scientific evidence from objective research methods, whereas Freud's theory lacks credibility since the unconscious cannot be measured scientifically.
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E2a2 signall and ostrove (1975) attractiveness
- 1. E2a2 Signall and Ostrove (1975) attractiveness and jury decision making WHY AND HOW SIGNALL AND OSTROVE CONDUCTED THEIR STUDY, AND WHAT THEY FOUND STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE STUDY HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=JCA_P_3FCWA
- 2. Aim Whether attractiveness affected jury decision making Whether there was a relationship between attractiveness and the type of crime committed. They used two crimes of Burgalry and Fraud in the study. Would an attractive person be more likely to be guilty of committing fraud, or breaking into a house?
- 3. Procedure 120 participants were given a piece of card with a crime written on it and a photograph of a woman, known as Barbara Helms. Split into 6 different groups. Each group saw either an attractive or unattractive photograph of Barbara and read about a fraud or a burglary that she had committed. 1. Attractive photo of Barbara accused of Burglary 2. Unattractive photo of Barbara accused of burglary 3. No photo with the burglary case (Control Group) 4. Attractive photo of Barbara accused of Fraud 5. Unattractive photo of Barbara accused of fraud 6. No photo with the Fraud case (Control Group)
- 4. Firstly all were asked to rate Barbara on attractiveness before they started to make sure they agreed which one was attractive and unattractive. Then researchers asked the individual ‘jurors’ in each group to give Barbara a prison sentence ranging from 1 to 15 years.
- 5. Results Attractive Photo Unattractive Photo No Photo Burglary 2.80 5.20 5.10 Fraud 5.45 4.35 4.35 The attractive photo had a big effect on the participants decision. Longer in prison for fraud, less for Burglary. Attractive people are associated with crimes like Fraud because they use their looks. Victims would see them as trustworthy. However we do not associate good looking people with burglary as we believe a good looking person could not beak into a flat and steal.
- 6. Conclusion It highlights the importance looks have on the jury decision making. Good looking people do get away with some crimes, but if they have used their looks to commit a crime they are less likely to get away with it.
- 7. Strengths The study used good controls. Participants given the same instructions, similar cases to read and a sentence to decide. Meaning there are fewer extraneous variables that could have affected the decision. The findings are reliable and repeatable. Control group is very useful to see whether the photograph effected decision or not. Less likely to guess the aim of the study as did not know what the other groups were doing. Demand characteristics. The study can be used in real life to inform jurors not to base the decision on what the defendant looks like. Asked to rate the attractiveness of the photo to make sure all agreed the photo shown was one of an attractive person.
- 8. Weakness Not realistic as not what a normal juror would experience. Jurors only decide if a defendant is guilty or not guilty, they do not sentence.
- 9. Now Copy down key definitions. Answer question 1 and 2 in books.