This document summarizes a research paper on the drivers of supply chain performance. It finds that there are six key drivers - facilities, inventory, transportation, information, sourcing and pricing - that organizations must manage to enhance performance. These drivers are interrelated and organizations need to balance efficiency and responsiveness in their supply chain practices. Properly managing these six drivers through integration, goals, market identification, and other practices can help firms increase performance and gain a competitive advantage through effective supply chain management. The paper provides a framework for organizations to manage the different drivers of supply chain performance.
Effect of Supply Chain Management Competencies on Organization Performance a ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Supply chains as one of the governance aspect are complex systems with different structures and power proportions between partners. Managers would be in a better position to meet the challenges of global supply chain processes if they understand the implementation issues and their roles on supply chain effectiveness. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of supply chain management competencies on organizational performance and specifically the effect of innovation Orientation on organizational performance. Explanatory research design was used. The population of study comprised 244 employees from selected Parastatals in Nairobi City County. Questionnaires were used to collect data and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like means, frequencies, and percentages, and inferential statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple regressions. Results indicated that innovation orientation has significant and positive effect on organizational performance. This concludes that firms whose managers have innovation orientation improve performance. It is recommended that there should be further research and development on innovative and leading organizational practices in order to enhance performance and need for supply chain management policies and procedures that follow an appropriate sequence and structure.
Determinantsof Strategic Supply Chain Management in Enhancing Organization Pe...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate the determinantsof strategic supply chain management in enhancing organization performance, a case of Eldoret Water and Sanitation Company. The target population consisted of all the managers and employees at ELDOWAS. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, in which both stratified and simple random sampling techniques were utilized in selecting the participants for the study. This study used a sample of 60 employees and management representatives. Questionnaire, interview schedule and document analysis were be used to collect data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistical technique that included frequencies, percentages and means. Findings of the study found out that 53.3% of organisation performance was influenced by the four determinants studied in the research. Results on coefficient of variation showed that a unit change in supply chain infrastructure would affect organisation performance by (0.14β1), resource sharing (0.062β2), information flow (0.457β3) and organisation linkage (0.215β4). All the four determinants looked in this research were found to have positive influence; supply chain infrastructure (r=0.505), resource sharing (r=0.567), information flow (r=0.705) and organisation linkage (r=0.322) on organisation performance. The study recommends that ICT should be fully integrated and utilised in sharing information between the organisation and partner in the supply chain management, information systems and flow need to be enhanced to ensure that the suppliers and customers receive it on time.
Keywords: Determinants, Information flow, Infrastructure,Supply Chain Management & Resource sharing.
Implications Of Human Resource Variables On Supply Chain Performance And Comp...CSCJournals
This paper proposes a conceptual model indicating the effect of Human Resource (HR) variables on supply chain (SC) performance and to suggest best approach suited for Indian manufacturing organizations, in general, and automotive industries, in particular. This study is a part of a larger research project exploring SC related practices. The methodology of critical evaluation involved literature review of empirical research articles on performance measurement, SCM and HR practices. A critical analysis is carried out so as to identify research gaps in content of effect of HR on performance measurement of supply chains, as well as to propose directions for future research. A conceptual model is also proposed. Critical investigation of selected articles led to an idea that there can be significant effect of the role of human involvement on overall SC Performance. It is to be seen that how various parameters, taken from the literature review, affect SC performance and ultimately contributing to its competitiveness. The study is limited to supply chains of the automotive industries and their ancillaries located in Malwa region of M.P., India. Further research can be carried out by using data of various supply chains located in other parts of India to generalize the research. Also, other sectors and industries can be included.
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORM...muo charles
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICE INDUSTRY IN KENYA. A CASE OF SAFARICOM LIMITED KENYA
Supply Chain Efficiency Evaluation: A Contemporary Theoretical ModelWorld-Academic Journal
Supply chain management has gained a prodigious amount of attention from both practitioners and industriessince the last decade. Until now, there are many articles, and dissertations that address supply chain management, but there is still a lack of integration between the current efficiency evaluation methods and practical requisites for the supply chain management. A contemporary efficiency evaluation method is proposed to provide necessary support for efficiency improvement in supply chain management. The proposed method will address this aim in the
following main aspects: a basic supply chain model; concrete and unconcrete efficiency measurement in various dimensions; a cross-organizational efficiency evaluation; and weighted average and fuzzy set theory method.
Effect of Supply Chain Management Competencies on Organization Performance a ...paperpublications3
Abstract: Supply chains as one of the governance aspect are complex systems with different structures and power proportions between partners. Managers would be in a better position to meet the challenges of global supply chain processes if they understand the implementation issues and their roles on supply chain effectiveness. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of supply chain management competencies on organizational performance and specifically the effect of innovation Orientation on organizational performance. Explanatory research design was used. The population of study comprised 244 employees from selected Parastatals in Nairobi City County. Questionnaires were used to collect data and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics like means, frequencies, and percentages, and inferential statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple regressions. Results indicated that innovation orientation has significant and positive effect on organizational performance. This concludes that firms whose managers have innovation orientation improve performance. It is recommended that there should be further research and development on innovative and leading organizational practices in order to enhance performance and need for supply chain management policies and procedures that follow an appropriate sequence and structure.
Determinantsof Strategic Supply Chain Management in Enhancing Organization Pe...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate the determinantsof strategic supply chain management in enhancing organization performance, a case of Eldoret Water and Sanitation Company. The target population consisted of all the managers and employees at ELDOWAS. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, in which both stratified and simple random sampling techniques were utilized in selecting the participants for the study. This study used a sample of 60 employees and management representatives. Questionnaire, interview schedule and document analysis were be used to collect data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistical technique that included frequencies, percentages and means. Findings of the study found out that 53.3% of organisation performance was influenced by the four determinants studied in the research. Results on coefficient of variation showed that a unit change in supply chain infrastructure would affect organisation performance by (0.14β1), resource sharing (0.062β2), information flow (0.457β3) and organisation linkage (0.215β4). All the four determinants looked in this research were found to have positive influence; supply chain infrastructure (r=0.505), resource sharing (r=0.567), information flow (r=0.705) and organisation linkage (r=0.322) on organisation performance. The study recommends that ICT should be fully integrated and utilised in sharing information between the organisation and partner in the supply chain management, information systems and flow need to be enhanced to ensure that the suppliers and customers receive it on time.
Keywords: Determinants, Information flow, Infrastructure,Supply Chain Management & Resource sharing.
Implications Of Human Resource Variables On Supply Chain Performance And Comp...CSCJournals
This paper proposes a conceptual model indicating the effect of Human Resource (HR) variables on supply chain (SC) performance and to suggest best approach suited for Indian manufacturing organizations, in general, and automotive industries, in particular. This study is a part of a larger research project exploring SC related practices. The methodology of critical evaluation involved literature review of empirical research articles on performance measurement, SCM and HR practices. A critical analysis is carried out so as to identify research gaps in content of effect of HR on performance measurement of supply chains, as well as to propose directions for future research. A conceptual model is also proposed. Critical investigation of selected articles led to an idea that there can be significant effect of the role of human involvement on overall SC Performance. It is to be seen that how various parameters, taken from the literature review, affect SC performance and ultimately contributing to its competitiveness. The study is limited to supply chains of the automotive industries and their ancillaries located in Malwa region of M.P., India. Further research can be carried out by using data of various supply chains located in other parts of India to generalize the research. Also, other sectors and industries can be included.
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORM...muo charles
ROLE OF SUPPLIER MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN OPTIMIZATION OF OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICE INDUSTRY IN KENYA. A CASE OF SAFARICOM LIMITED KENYA
Supply Chain Efficiency Evaluation: A Contemporary Theoretical ModelWorld-Academic Journal
Supply chain management has gained a prodigious amount of attention from both practitioners and industriessince the last decade. Until now, there are many articles, and dissertations that address supply chain management, but there is still a lack of integration between the current efficiency evaluation methods and practical requisites for the supply chain management. A contemporary efficiency evaluation method is proposed to provide necessary support for efficiency improvement in supply chain management. The proposed method will address this aim in the
following main aspects: a basic supply chain model; concrete and unconcrete efficiency measurement in various dimensions; a cross-organizational efficiency evaluation; and weighted average and fuzzy set theory method.
The aim of this conceptual paper is to explicate the impact of effective supply chain management in creating customers’ value. This study applied secondary source to collect all the relevant information in order to derive the conceptual framework. The findings suggest that effective supply chain management has a positive impact on the sustainability, organizational performance, competitiveness and innovativeness in way to creating ultimate value for the customers.
A new fuzzy dematel todim hybrid method for evaluation criteria of knowledge ...ijmvsc
Knowledge management (KM) adoption in the supply chain network needs a good investment as well as
few changes in the culture of the entire SC. Knowledge management is the process of creating,
distributing and transferring information. The goal of this study is to Rank KM criteria in supply chain
network in Iran which is important for firms these days. Criterion used in this paper were extracted from
the literature review and were confirmed by supply chain experts. The proposed approach for ranking and
finding out about these criterion is hybrid fuzzy DEMATEL-TODIM, with using fuzzy number as data for
our studies we could avoid uncertainty. The data was gathered from PhD. And Ms. Students in industrial
engineering of Kharrazmi university of Tehran and PhD. And Ms. Students of the management department
of Semnan university. A new hybrid approach was used for achieving the results of this study. This new
hybrid approach ranks data criteria respect to each other, then by using TODIM for ranking respect to
the best situation (gains), the rates of criterion were determined which is a very important advantage.
La combinación de gestión del conocimiento y gestión del cambio en procesos y servicios de Consultoría.
En este trabajo se analiza la relación entre los procesos de cambio y la gestión del conocimiento, entre los partidarios de gestión del cambio y facilitadores de la Gestión del Conocimiento.
The relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance: A...AI Publications
The main purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance in selected furniture companies in Kurdistan.The researcher used quantitative research method to analyze the relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance of furniture companies in Kurdistan. The researcher printed and distributed 100 questionnaires, but received only 76 questionnaires from participants. Accordingly the sample size of this study is 76 unitsThe findings of this study revealed that the three generic strategies (cost strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategy) have positive relationship with organizational performance in selected furniture companies in Kurdistan. A research could be completed in different businesses to see if similar outcomes will be gotten. This research likewise recommends that an exploration study could be done to decide factors impacting successful execution of effective strategy in the business.
The study presents a conceptual framework showing the moderating role of technological turbulence on the relationship between total quality management and firms performance. Literature was reviewed before arriving at the proposed conceptual framework. From the model, it is proposed that the relationship between total quality management and organizational performance will be stronger when technological turbulence is supportive and taken in to consideration by Nigerian banking industry. Organizations that leverages on opportunities that evolves around its external environment in terms of change in technology has an edge in attaining competitive edge and improving performance of their organizations more efficiently and effectively than competitors do.
The Influence of Supply Chain Integration on the Intrapreneurship in Supply C...IJERA Editor
These days, SMEs pay a lot of attention to concept of Supply Chain Management (SCM) in order to achieve
competitiveness. The logic behind such act is integrating the activities of value creation within any kind of
organizational context. Such integrity would collaborate with managers to accomplish the competitive edge that
they are aiming to achieve. The goal of current research is to identify scopes of a unique construct which is
known as Entrepreneurial Supply Chain Management competency. Therefore, the notions of SCM and
entrepreneurship are being aligned together for evaluating the organizational performance. The outcomes
demonstrate that SCM in fact is a critical issue that can alter the organizational performance, thus, through
consideration of SCM, we should focus on supply chain integration and its impacts on intrapreneurship and
innovation of an organization. In order to be successful in such competitive context, SMEs need to provide
novel competences which are not imitable and to increase their application in supply chain and also to improve
their total performance.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLIER EFFECTIVENESS ON ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE AT KENYA SEED C...paperpublications3
Abstract:Achieving competitive advantage in this competitive business environment is a challenge many managers face. Most organizations are faced with the delays in product delivery, ability of suppliers to concert their operating environment to create value. The supplier ineffectiveness, which affects organizational performance, which is as a result of reluctance to develop suppliers, build relations, and establish quality management and failure to use strategies which make suppliers a competitive advantage tool is a challenge. Even the process of developing suppliers, selection and retention has not helped either. The study was carried out to establish the effect of supplier effectiveness on organizational performance at Kenya Seed Company, Kitale. The main objectives which guided the research included: to establish the effects of Supplier agility on organizational performance; to investigate the process visibility on organizational performance; to find out the effect of supplier willingness on organizational performance and to determine effect of supplier capabilities on organizational performance. To explore these, a cross sectional study design was used. The target population was 360 from which 190 sample size was deduced for the study. Data was collected using focused group discussions and small groups discussions self-administered questionnaires, interview guides and content analysis to investigate the effect of supplier effectiveness on organizational performance. Findings showed that supplier effectiveness has significant positive and negative effects on performance. It was found that all the four components of supplier effectiveness influence the three dimensions of performance. The study also found out that where supplier effectiveness is high, the performance on organization is also higher, especially in areas that are affected by suppliers even though they may be internal to the buyer organization. It was therefore concluded that supplier effectiveness is an essential strategic tool for performance improvement. Hence organizations need to build relations that enhance supplier effectiveness so that performance of both the suppliers and buyer organizations can realize the benefits of this relationship in the supply chain network.
Impact of Cost of Quality on Total Quality Management in Garment Industryijtsrd
There is a very much need to take a new perspective to gain a competitive advantage in this modern era of consistently increasing of competition. This has accommodated to implement quality management in RMG Ready made garment Sector. As it has much importance in maximizing the productivity and minimizing the cost of operation. But it requires spending huge cost expenses which doesn't guarantee a desired outcome. This study is taken up with the intention to evaluate the extent how cost spend on quality is advantageous to organization. To perform this study we have used some data analysis tools to analyze the collected data which were collected through survey method and discovered that evaluation of cost of poor quality will help to implement appropriate quality policy which minimize the cost and helps to reach the standard of the customer. Prof. Lakshminarayana. N | Kusuma. P ""Impact of Cost of Quality on Total Quality Management in Garment Industry"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23857.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/23857/impact-of-cost-of-quality-on-total-quality-management-in-garment-industry/prof-lakshminarayana-n
An introduction to supply chain management and role of transportataionBehzad Behdani
This presentation provides a brief introduction about “supply chain management” and especially, the role of transportation in the smooth operation of “modern” supply chains is discussed.
The aim of this conceptual paper is to explicate the impact of effective supply chain management in creating customers’ value. This study applied secondary source to collect all the relevant information in order to derive the conceptual framework. The findings suggest that effective supply chain management has a positive impact on the sustainability, organizational performance, competitiveness and innovativeness in way to creating ultimate value for the customers.
A new fuzzy dematel todim hybrid method for evaluation criteria of knowledge ...ijmvsc
Knowledge management (KM) adoption in the supply chain network needs a good investment as well as
few changes in the culture of the entire SC. Knowledge management is the process of creating,
distributing and transferring information. The goal of this study is to Rank KM criteria in supply chain
network in Iran which is important for firms these days. Criterion used in this paper were extracted from
the literature review and were confirmed by supply chain experts. The proposed approach for ranking and
finding out about these criterion is hybrid fuzzy DEMATEL-TODIM, with using fuzzy number as data for
our studies we could avoid uncertainty. The data was gathered from PhD. And Ms. Students in industrial
engineering of Kharrazmi university of Tehran and PhD. And Ms. Students of the management department
of Semnan university. A new hybrid approach was used for achieving the results of this study. This new
hybrid approach ranks data criteria respect to each other, then by using TODIM for ranking respect to
the best situation (gains), the rates of criterion were determined which is a very important advantage.
La combinación de gestión del conocimiento y gestión del cambio en procesos y servicios de Consultoría.
En este trabajo se analiza la relación entre los procesos de cambio y la gestión del conocimiento, entre los partidarios de gestión del cambio y facilitadores de la Gestión del Conocimiento.
The relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance: A...AI Publications
The main purpose of this research is to examine the relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance in selected furniture companies in Kurdistan.The researcher used quantitative research method to analyze the relationship between generic strategies and organizational performance of furniture companies in Kurdistan. The researcher printed and distributed 100 questionnaires, but received only 76 questionnaires from participants. Accordingly the sample size of this study is 76 unitsThe findings of this study revealed that the three generic strategies (cost strategy, differentiation strategy and focus strategy) have positive relationship with organizational performance in selected furniture companies in Kurdistan. A research could be completed in different businesses to see if similar outcomes will be gotten. This research likewise recommends that an exploration study could be done to decide factors impacting successful execution of effective strategy in the business.
The study presents a conceptual framework showing the moderating role of technological turbulence on the relationship between total quality management and firms performance. Literature was reviewed before arriving at the proposed conceptual framework. From the model, it is proposed that the relationship between total quality management and organizational performance will be stronger when technological turbulence is supportive and taken in to consideration by Nigerian banking industry. Organizations that leverages on opportunities that evolves around its external environment in terms of change in technology has an edge in attaining competitive edge and improving performance of their organizations more efficiently and effectively than competitors do.
The Influence of Supply Chain Integration on the Intrapreneurship in Supply C...IJERA Editor
These days, SMEs pay a lot of attention to concept of Supply Chain Management (SCM) in order to achieve
competitiveness. The logic behind such act is integrating the activities of value creation within any kind of
organizational context. Such integrity would collaborate with managers to accomplish the competitive edge that
they are aiming to achieve. The goal of current research is to identify scopes of a unique construct which is
known as Entrepreneurial Supply Chain Management competency. Therefore, the notions of SCM and
entrepreneurship are being aligned together for evaluating the organizational performance. The outcomes
demonstrate that SCM in fact is a critical issue that can alter the organizational performance, thus, through
consideration of SCM, we should focus on supply chain integration and its impacts on intrapreneurship and
innovation of an organization. In order to be successful in such competitive context, SMEs need to provide
novel competences which are not imitable and to increase their application in supply chain and also to improve
their total performance.
EFFECTS OF SUPPLIER EFFECTIVENESS ON ORGANIZATION PERFORMANCE AT KENYA SEED C...paperpublications3
Abstract:Achieving competitive advantage in this competitive business environment is a challenge many managers face. Most organizations are faced with the delays in product delivery, ability of suppliers to concert their operating environment to create value. The supplier ineffectiveness, which affects organizational performance, which is as a result of reluctance to develop suppliers, build relations, and establish quality management and failure to use strategies which make suppliers a competitive advantage tool is a challenge. Even the process of developing suppliers, selection and retention has not helped either. The study was carried out to establish the effect of supplier effectiveness on organizational performance at Kenya Seed Company, Kitale. The main objectives which guided the research included: to establish the effects of Supplier agility on organizational performance; to investigate the process visibility on organizational performance; to find out the effect of supplier willingness on organizational performance and to determine effect of supplier capabilities on organizational performance. To explore these, a cross sectional study design was used. The target population was 360 from which 190 sample size was deduced for the study. Data was collected using focused group discussions and small groups discussions self-administered questionnaires, interview guides and content analysis to investigate the effect of supplier effectiveness on organizational performance. Findings showed that supplier effectiveness has significant positive and negative effects on performance. It was found that all the four components of supplier effectiveness influence the three dimensions of performance. The study also found out that where supplier effectiveness is high, the performance on organization is also higher, especially in areas that are affected by suppliers even though they may be internal to the buyer organization. It was therefore concluded that supplier effectiveness is an essential strategic tool for performance improvement. Hence organizations need to build relations that enhance supplier effectiveness so that performance of both the suppliers and buyer organizations can realize the benefits of this relationship in the supply chain network.
Impact of Cost of Quality on Total Quality Management in Garment Industryijtsrd
There is a very much need to take a new perspective to gain a competitive advantage in this modern era of consistently increasing of competition. This has accommodated to implement quality management in RMG Ready made garment Sector. As it has much importance in maximizing the productivity and minimizing the cost of operation. But it requires spending huge cost expenses which doesn't guarantee a desired outcome. This study is taken up with the intention to evaluate the extent how cost spend on quality is advantageous to organization. To perform this study we have used some data analysis tools to analyze the collected data which were collected through survey method and discovered that evaluation of cost of poor quality will help to implement appropriate quality policy which minimize the cost and helps to reach the standard of the customer. Prof. Lakshminarayana. N | Kusuma. P ""Impact of Cost of Quality on Total Quality Management in Garment Industry"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23857.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/23857/impact-of-cost-of-quality-on-total-quality-management-in-garment-industry/prof-lakshminarayana-n
An introduction to supply chain management and role of transportataionBehzad Behdani
This presentation provides a brief introduction about “supply chain management” and especially, the role of transportation in the smooth operation of “modern” supply chains is discussed.
This study pursued to investigate the effects of supply chain management practices on organizational
performance in the food complex industries in Asella town. A cross-sectional survey research design was
employed in this study. The population of interest comprised of all suppliers, employees, customers, retailers
were involved and multistage sampling was employed and 158 sample
Effect of Supply Chain Management Practices on Organizational Performance of ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of supply chain management practices on the
performance of Kenya’s state corporations. The study adopted a descriptive research design. A total of 142
parastatals were targeted from which 15 of them were selected to participate in the study. Purposive sampling
was used to select two senior managers from each of the 15 parastatals. These respondents were selected from
the finance and procurement departments. Questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the state
corporations. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in the study. Inferential statistics conducted
were regression analyses. Results indicated that outsourcing practices (p=0.205>0.05) have a negative but
insignificant effect on organizational performance. On the other hand, inventory management practices
(p=0.006<0.05), lean practices (p=0.006<0.05), and strategic supplier relationship management practices
(p=0.001<0.05) all have a positive and significant effect on the performance of state corporations.
KEYWORDS:Outsourcing, Inventory Management Practices, Lean Supply Chain Management Practices,
Strategic Supplier Relationship Practices, Organizational Performance,
Implementation of Supply Chain Management and its Effectiveness on Marketing ...ijtsrd
Supply chain control has assumed a good sized role in firms performance and has attracted serious research interest over the last few years. A literature reviewreveals a massive spurt in studies in principle and exercise of SCM Combining and informing on capabilities of deliver control and distribution management. This integration hasresulted within the concept of prolonged. Employer and the supply chain is now appear as the collaborative deliver chain across intercompany borders to maximise the value throughout the complete deliver chain. A massive variety of research papers had been published in numerous journals in ultimate many years. On this paper an attempt is made to study the popularity of literature on supply Chain management. A literature classification scheme is proposed. a complete of 588 articles from thirteen refereed academic journals are categorised into articles in 5 methodologies i.e. Exploratory, Normative, methodology, Literature review and hypothesis testing. This literature evaluation reveals that exploratory kind of studies is normally favoured it is expected that with the maturity of SCM the hypothesis trying out approach will choose up. The articles are similarly categorised in fifteen categories on the basis of content analysis. Based on this assessment, some feasible studies issues are recognized. Prof. Rekha D. M | Sowmya A V ""Implementation of Supply Chain Management and its Effectiveness on Marketing of Business Organisations"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23876.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/23876/implementation-of-supply-chain-management-and-its-effectiveness-on-marketing-of-business-organisations/prof-rekha-d-m
Determinants of Strategic Supply Chain Management in Enhancing Organization P...paperpublications3
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to investigate the determinantsof strategic supply chain management in enhancing organization performance, a case of Eldoret Water and Sanitation Company. The target population consisted of all the managers and employees at ELDOWAS. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design, in which both stratified and simple random sampling techniques were utilized in selecting the participants for the study. This study used a sample of 60 employees and management representatives. Questionnaire, interview schedule and document analysis were be used to collect data. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistical technique that included frequencies, percentages and means. Findings of the study found out that 53.3% of organisation performance was influenced by the four determinants studied in the research. Results on coefficient of variation showed that a unit change in supply chain infrastructure would affect organisation performance by (0.14β1), resource sharing (0.062β2), information flow (0.457β3) and organisation linkage (0.215β4). All the four determinants looked in this research were found to have positive influence; supply chain infrastructure (r=0.505), resource sharing (r=0.567), information flow (r=0.705) and organisation linkage (r=0.322) on organisation performance. The study recommends that ICT should be fully integrated and utilised in sharing information between the organisation and partner in the supply chain management, information systems and flow need to be enhanced to ensure that the suppliers and customers receive it on time.
Determinants of Supply Chain Performance of Indian Manufacturing OrganizationsWaqas Tariq
This paper aims at proposing various determinants of supply chain performance of Indian manufacturing organizations. The determinants are summarized based on extensive literature review of empirical research articles on supply chain management (SCM) and performance measurement approaches. This study is a part of a larger research project exploring SC related practices. A critical analysis is carried out so as to identify research gaps in context of performance measurement of supply chains, as well as to propose directions for future research. A conceptual model is also proposed. Critical investigation of selected articles led to an idea that there can be significant effect of selected variables on SC Performance. It is to be seen that how various parameters, taken from the literature review, affect SC performance and ultimately contributing to its competitiveness. The various parameters like supplier-buyer relations, external supply chain, environmental factors, human metrics, information sharing and performance measurement approaches are taken in a single study in the context of Indian manufacturing organizations. Based on a pilot study with sample size of 100, empirical tests resulted in reduction of items. Based on the obtained results, the organizations can enhance the SCM performance by improving the current practices/strategies through focusing on the determinants that significantly influence SCM performance. Further research can be carried out by using data of various supply chains of other sectors and industries of India to generalize the research.
Globalization and managing across cultures and borders make the business sense of efficient supply chain management more challenging than ever before. The demand and supply chain can now be as long or as short as the distance between suppliers and consumers who have critical influence on the value chain. This is important because the demand and supply chain processes often have profound effect on productivity levels of the organization. The exploratory research design was deployed for the investigation to gauge the effect of supply chain management on productivity. Through regression analysis it was found that for a 1 percent increase in supply chain management productivity increases by 1.88 percent. Organizations around the globe are getting increasingly concerned about the process with which their goods and services reach the ultimate consumer or customer. It is believed that an effective and efficient supply chain management is the corner stone for customer satisfaction, and to this extent, supply chain management is an important topic in business and management today. According to Chase, et al (2001) the critical idea of supply chain management is to apply a total system approach to managing the entire flow of information, materials and services from raw materials suppliers, through factories and warehouses to the end customer. They posit that the idea of supply chain management comes from a picture of how organizations are linked together as a particular company. Such linkage is typically between suppliers that provide inputs, manufacturing and service support operations that transform the inputs into products and services, and the distribution and local service providers that localize the products. They argue that localization can involve just the delivery of the products or some other processes that tailors the products or services to the needs of the local markets and customers. Enterprises have come to realize that achieving significant competitive advantage depends to a great extent on the way they configure and manage their supply chain operations. Stevenson (2002) states that a supply chain is a sequence of organizations – their facilities, functions, and activities that are involved in producing and delivering a product or service. According to him, the sequence begins with basic suppliers of raw materials and extends all the way to the final customer. Basic facilities in supply chain management include warehouses, factories, processing centres, distribution centres, retail outlets, and offices. On the other hand, the major activities in supply chain management include forecasting, purchasing, scheduling, production, distribution, delivery, and customer service (Copacino, 1997, Marshall, 1997, Handfield, et al, 1999). Stevenson (2002) elaborates that supply chains are sometimes referred to as value chains; a term that reflects the concept that value is added as goods and services progress through the chain supply or value chains
JOSCM | Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management - Volume 8 number 2 - July/December 2015
This issue of Journal of Operations and Supply Chain Management counts with eight papers that focus on strategic, tactical and operational aspects of supply chain management.
The paper from Nyaoga, Magutu and Aduda (2015) explores the link between supply chain strategies and firm performance. Based on data from 627 companies, the authors show that supply chain strategies account for a significant share of firms´ performance; reinforcing that companies should investments in supply chain practices. Radanliev (2015), in its turn, develops a framework based on the supply chain architecture, design, and engineering literature that offers guidelines on how practitioners can decompose and build a green-field (new and non-existent) supply chain. We also have three papers on specific supply chain strategies. Pereira and Silva (2015) and Bradaschia and Pereira (2015), for instance, explore the concept of supply chain resilience and its antecedents. With the use of case studies, the former shows how the management of buyer and supplier interfaces, of risk, and of knowledge can enhance resilience in a supply chain while the latter adds that flexibility is also a vital enabler of supply chain resilience. Ferreira, Bertan and Pimenta (2015) then show the importance of inter-organizational integration to achieve the outcomes expected by companies.
This volume also counts with papers focused on logistic services, transportation, and inventory management - key decision areas in supply chain management. Liane Okdinawati, Simatupang and Sunitiyoso (2015) review the literature on collaborative transportation management and suggest areas for future research in the field and Yang (2015) provides an overview of the third-party logistics providers in the United States for investigating how the industry has evolved to meets customers' needs in an environment marked by global supply chains. Finally, this issue has a technical note on a stochastic two-echelon model to solve the petrol station replenishment problem. This model offers insights on how firms can devise a replenishment policy to minimize inventory costs, in the long run, given the demand pattern.
For more information on this issue, visit the FGV Library System: http://bit.ly/2livlzW
Management Control in Contemporary Organization: Opportunities, Challenges an...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper deals with management control as an
important instrument for managing performances in modern
organizations. The paper indicates to the circumstances in
which classical theory of management control was created,
and describes its process of functioning, with the specifics in
large organizations. The aim is to point to some open questions
and directions of further development of the management
control, as well as to at least partially fill the gap that exists in
the domestic literature. The conclusion is that the existing
management control framework remains still valid. Open
questions can be best resolved within the concept that observes
this matter as a "package" of different control systems, not
just those that are oriented to accounting-based performance
measures.
Please go through the Review Article and submit a summary of.pdfkitty811
Please go through the Review Article and submit a summary of 500-800 words to include.
a. Focal points discussed regarding SCM.
b. Important issues and challenges concerning supply chain management.
c. Important conclusion drawn for improving overall supply chain performance.
plz solve asap I want this with in 2 hours
Abstract India is becoming a global manufacturing hub. Increasing demand in domestic and
international markets is opening a new world of opportunities for the Indian Industry. Increasing
competition, due to globalization is making inevitable for the Indian industries to provide cost
effective quality output with stringent delivery schedules. Issues in supply of inferior quality,
delayed supply, unwarranted cost escalation, etc. would adversely impact the credibility and
business potential of the Indian industry. Amongst many difficulties faced by Indian manufacturers,
supply chain disruption management is a major issue, which can result in large tangible and non-
tangible losses. In current study lot of research has been done to understand what the Supply
Chain Management is and how it is affecting organizations, what are different challenges and it
can be proved as a tool for improving overall performance in today's global competitive
environment. Keywords: Supply chain management. 1. Introduction his suppliers and through his
suppliers' suppliers and so on back. By having the program driven by the customer, it is In the
current competitive scenario supply chain hoped that inventories, caused by uncertainties and
slow management assumes a significant importance and calls response, will be significantly
eliminated. While there are for serious research attention, as companies are challenged sales
incentives to major suppliers with the carrot of with finding ways to meet ever-rising customer
category management or similar programs, the success of expectations at a manageable cost. To
do so, businesses supply chain management rests with logistics. must search out which parts of
their supply-chain process are not competitive, understand which customer needs are Functional
areas of Logistics: not being met, establish improvement goals, and rapidly 1. Network Design
implementnecessaryimprovements.2.InformationTechnology The term 'supply chain management'
has not only 3. Transportation been used to explain the logistics activities and the 4. Inventory and
Storage planning and control of materials and information flows 5. Warehousing internally within a
company or externally between 6. Materials Handling, Loading and unloading companies
(Christopher 1992, Cooper et al.,1997 and 7. Packaging and Re-packaging Fisher, 1997).
Researchers have also used it to describe strategic, inter organizational issues (Cox, 1997,
Harland It should be noted that supply chain management has both et al., 1999), to discuss an
alternative organizational form "hard" (i.e., technical) and "soft" (i.e., people) aspects, to vertical
integration (Thorelli ,1986 H.
The Importance of Supply Network Development and Firm’s Capabilities in Build...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper discusses the advantages and importance of supply chain network development and firm’s capability to enhance competitive advantage. Supplier network supply network plays an importance role for the company so that they will be able to play a more active role and optimal in the management and operation of the network of suppliers that include product design, production, suppliers, marketing and distribution. In large companies, a strong distribution network is needed, as well as in small and medium scale companies. Companies are required distribution network that is robust in the entire territory of Indonesia. To succeed in this objective, Companies need a distribution strategy, which is an area of marketing strategy aimed primarily at increasing sales and the number of customers to support sustainable growth. Robertus Sigit Haribowo Lukito | Lena Ellitan "The Importance of Supply Network Development and Firm’s Capabilities in Building Business Performance: A Theoretical Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39903.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/strategic-management/39903/the-importance-of-supply-network-development-and-firm’s-capabilities-in-building-business-performance-a-theoretical-review/robertus-sigit-haribowo-lukito
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Drivers of supply chain performance enhancing organizational output an exploratory study for manufacturing sector
1. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.14, 2013
53
Drivers of Supply Chain Performance Enhancing Organizational
Output: An Exploratory Study for Manufacturing Sector
Irum Shahzadi, Saba Amin, Kashif Mahmood Chaudhary*
President GCUF Toba Tek Singh Group
Department of Business Administration, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
* Tel: +923016517083, E-mail: kashifmahmood5970@yahoo.com, www.km5970.webs.com
Abstract
Purpose - The Purpose of this study is to explore the drivers of supply chain performance and give a framework
that how organizations can manage these drivers for their survival. This paper is written especially for the
students of business management to enhance their knowledge about supply chain practices.
Methodology - The paper contains qualitative approach. In first phase the authors reviewed literature about the
drivers of supply chain performance. In second phase the data from internationally published articles were
collected and suggest a framework to manage the drivers of supply chain performance.
Findings - The whole study concluded that there are six drivers of supply chain performance in literature that
need to be managed to enhance organizational performance. These drivers are; Facilities, Inventory,
Transportation, Information, Sourcing and pricing. These drivers are closely related with each other and have a
greater impact on organizational performance. Organizations need to find a situation where both efficiency and
responsiveness in supply chain practices are at average level to enhance their performance. This average level
can only be achieved through better management of drivers of supply chain performance.
Paper Limitation - The paper is limited by the fact that it focuses only manufacturing sector.
Originality/value - This paper provides a collective framework for managing all drivers of supply chain
performance.
Keywords - Drivers of supply chain performance, Efficiency, Responsiveness, Supply chain management,
Supply chain performance
Paper Type - Research paper
1. Introduction
Supply chain management refers to what is at outside the firm to create high values for customers (Lalonde,
1996). Supply chain management includes the activities inside and outside the organization that are done by that
particular organization in order to deliver the high values to customers. It means the management of organization
must create check and balance on internal and external activities of organization.
To increase organizational efficiency the integration among supply chain activities is very necessary. We can not
oppose this concept of integration. Because in the contrast of integration another concept of disintegration is
always exist (Mouritsen et al., 2003). Integration means whole activities around the globe of supply chain
management must be closely linked with each other. It must always be exist if one activity ends than
automatically the next begins with a particular sequence. In the second thought if integration among supply chain
activities not exist than their will be disintegration. And in this way of disintegration supply chain management
have no meaning for organizations.
Supply chain management includes how a company share information and take action in order to ensure the best
flow of product from raw material to end user (Chiappe and Herrero, 1997). Supply chain management is also
the distribution of information to verify what sequence of activities an organization adopted to create and deliver
high values to its customers. Any organization can not makes its customers loyal until it adopted the smooth flow
of raw material to production and final product to end user that delivers product just in time with efficiency.
Synchronized supply is new and emerging phenomenon in business world. Sequenced supply chain activities are
much valuable for any organization in enhancing performance and efficiency (Bannett and Kane, 2006). This
concept focusing on sequenced activities in supply chain management are required to make products and
services on standard. It means it must be well defined and documented that what activity to be performed in what
manner and at what time.
In recent days the organizations competes on supply chain management rather than individually. Any
organization can get a competitive advantage on another organization through effective and efficient supply
chain management (Hassini, 2008). This concept concluded that supply chain management is the basis for all
organizational worlds to compete with each others. It shows that there is nothing else but supply chain
management on which the organizations can survive.
Any organization’s ability to show effective performance always based on successful and effective adoption of
supply chain activities with proper sequence and practices. These practices includes information distribution,
2. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online)
Vol.5, No.14, 2013
54
facilities management and be objective. And barriers to supply chain management actually increase a firm’s
performance when a firm competes with those barriers to create linkage between supply chain activities (Richey
et al., 2009). If any firm want to perform effectively it must adopt the ways of information distribution,
management of facilities such as logistics, transportation and where housing. It also exists in reality that barriers
of supply chain management are actually play to increase the organization’s performance when it compete with
them to create smooth flow among the supply chain activities.
To increase a firm’s performance the drivers of supply chain management are much valuable (Soni and Kodali,
2010). Drivers of supply chain performance management are as facilities, logistic management, transportation,
inventory management, information distribution, pricing and sourcing. The better management of all these
activities leads to increase a firm’s performance.
Organizations must follows seven points in their supply chain practices such as integration between supply chain
and business strategy, create goals for supply chain, identify the market demands, link with suppliers, link with
customers through logistic management, supply chain information distribution system, and adopt cross
functional activities (Lummus and Vokourka, 1999). Integration between supply chain strategy and business
strategy give birth to effective business operations that lead to increase firm’s performance. Create goals for
supply chain are just like to creating objectives and after creating objectives be specific to goals. Identification
and verification of market demands in creating link with suppliers and customers by information distribution and
facilities management will always be the priority for all organizations.
Research in the field of supply chain management give rise to two issues that are research in this field always
open for challenge and debate and research not only drive from industrial sector alone (New Stephen, 1997).
This is new angle of research in the field of supply chain management. It refers to research in this field is not
close ended it must be open ended. We can further explore the different angles in this field. And research must
not only be of industrial sector. There are so many other sectors exist in which we can explore and study supply
chain management.
Dr. Kevin McCormack and Dr. Archie Lockamy III, indicated following five maturity levels of supply chain
management in their research paper. Ad Hoc: in this phase the processes of supply chain management were ill
defined. Organizations were using traditional ways at that time. In this situation cost of supply chain
management remains high and customer satisfaction low. Defined: processes in this phase were well defined and
documented. There was improvement in organizational structure but still remained traditional. Linked: this was
the break through level. Managers took strategic decisions. Cross functional teams formed and link between
companies to other companies developed. Integrated: in this phase the parties of supply chain management
involved in the actual process and advance management practices. Extended: in this phase competition based not
among organizations but on mass level and among their supply chain practices. Horizontal integration and
customer focus developed.
2. Literature Review
2.1 Overview of Past Papers
The 23 research papers relating to drivers of supply chain management and one book of supply chain
management are viewed on the basis of this view points reported as: In this phase we elaborate the previous
research on drivers of supply chain management that focused on enhancing the efficiency of the firm and
developed frame work for future studies. In the literature, Nazali and Pitt (2009) argued that how new emerging
phenomena’s can lower the problems in facilities management. The implementation of supply chain
management activities is indispensable for the ease of facilities management in service delivery problems. It is a
good effort to overcome the gap between demand and supply of facilities management. Supply chain
management helps organizations to adopt market position in the competitive environment. Facilities would be
effectively managed by strategic planning in supply chain management through faster services and by decreasing
costs as facilities management is a driver of supply chain management. Jensen (2011) discussed that facilities
management always supports supply chain activities. Core business concept creates value for external customers
while facilities management creates value for internal customers with the support of core business. The purpose
of long term facilities management is to create strategic relationship between core business needs and provisions
of facilities. This paper shows that the concept of core business can only be effective if the relationship between
core business concept and facilities management exists that drive supply chain activities with efficiency and
effectiveness.
Baker (2007) explored the importance of buffer inventory in international supply chains and told that it is very
difficult to eliminate this type of inventory. The proper check and balance on lead time is required. It is not
necessary to check whether the inventory good or bad but the necessary is to find whether it is at correct level or
not. This was the traditional way of inventory management. In the current scenario the authors used to tell about
how inventory reduction strategies, risk management and inventory control functions can be done that can
3. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
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Vol.5, No.14, 2013
55
enhance efficiency of supply chain activities. Stanger et al. (2010) gave frame work about the two key research
questions on inventory management practices and performance. Authors explored in this research paper about
what happen with perishable inventory in blood supply chain management. And the research paper suggested
that the inventory theory is generally correct. But the usability and application of these practices can be
challenging in real world. After conclusions six key points evaluated for how managers can enhance the
performance of perishable inventory. They need to adopt simple management procedures that boosts up by the
experienced staff for enhancing organizational efficiency. Reza Nasiri et al. (2010) suggested an attempt to
define how supply chain distribution network leads to location of inventory, allocation of inventory and decision
about inventory. Authors in this paper told about how we can use inventory policies for the better management
and use of inventory. Inventory policies refer to at what level we demand inventory and how control it. This
model consists non-linear mixed programming and solved for the location, allocation module in warehousing
and stores. And this paper also investigates performance measures affected by multi-capacity levels.
Verwijmeren et al (1996) have analyzed that the increasing customer requirements are a great stimulus for
networked and integrated inventories management. High level of competition in the result of emergence of new
markets boosts up the customer requirements. Businesses that have the networked and organized system of
inventory management in supply chain activities can stand in changing environment of business world.
Networked inventory management system is a key concept that can be used to enhance organizational efficiency
and performance. Chandra and Kumar (2001) discussed that the taxonomy concept can be explained to inventory
management in supply chain using the example of United States textile industry. This research paper explored
the strategic importance of inventory management in supply chain practices. The product and process life cycles
are analyzed to study inventory management. Authors told about the empowered business entities generalized
the inventory models and techniques in business environment. Through this study three generic models evaluated
for the inventory management decisions.
Shin et al. (2012) provided framework for rout finding mechanism of transportation system in supply chain
management. This paper helps to give explanation and full understanding to managers that how they save their
supply chain activities from various unusual and unwanted risks. By using this assessment and route finding
approach the managers can find the ways from which their unexpected cost become low and also supply chain
risks reduced. Transportation is considered to be big problem in the management of supply chain activities. Huq
et al. (2010) argued on the different effects of transportation system on the supply chain modeling. The critical
factor of this study is how the managers can manage transportation and controls the transportation cost. And also
evaluated the important issues of transportation that play in the integrated supply chain management costs.
Managers can also analyze from this study that how they can save the supply chain transportation activities from
unnecessary insufficiencies and costs. Better management of transportation system can drive supply chain
activities with efficiency and effectiveness. Creazza et al. (2010) explored the logistic network in supply chain
management. This study develops five suitable logistic networks and at the end suggests one best logistic
network for manufacturing business. The five assumptions for networking are as overall demand, demand
between suppliers and customers, the supplier geographical dispersion, the product values density and
differential labor cost. In this context it is evaluated that the direct shipment with full container load (FCL) is
much better to enhance transportation efficiency and to reduce insufficient costs. Ellram and Cooper (1990) have
founded the third party relationship in shipping and transportation activities of supply chain management. This
paper examines forces that have shaped and organized the relationship between supply chain management and
third party partnership. Third party relationship in shipping, transportation, logistics and warehousing boosts up
the work efficiency and increase organizational performance. This relationship is beneficial both for
manufacturers and for service providers and this relationship also reduce the cost of supply chain activities.
Lummus et al. (2001) discussed the relationship of logistics to supply chain management. The authors argued
that the terms “supply chain management” and “logistics” are closely linked with each other. This paper shown
the activities included in both the concepts and develop hierarchical relationship between these activities.
Logistics management includes planning, implementing and controlling the effective flow and storage of goods
from supplier to manufacturer and from manufacturer to end customer in order to meet with customer
requirement.
Walter (2006) has analyzed the role of information management in supply chain efficiencies. Management
information system is an essential part of any organization whether it manufacturing or service organization.
This research paper argued that before analyzing the supply chain activities we would needs to check what is
demand and perform functions in accordance with demand. And this activity can be performed in better way if
the management information system in the organization is well established that enhance organizational
efficiency. Karkkainen et al. (2007) provided frame work of information system in supply chain management.
The purpose of this paper to explore how and for what the companies use inter-firm information system in
supply chain management and how the inter-firm information system work in good manner. The following three
4. European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org
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categories of inter-firm information system use for supply chain management as transaction processing, supply
chain planning and collaboration, order tracking and delivery co-ordination. Further they explored the drivers of
these inter-firm information systems. Better inter-firm information system can reinforce the efficiency of supply
chain activities and organizational efficiency. Tibin et al. (2012) proposed the information sharing in supply
chain management activities. In supply chain activities, supply information reinforce by demand information
makes input of material to be value added process that increased its market value for purchasing, manufacturing
and distribution. The final output of supply chain activities can be determined by input of these activities. The
paper shows the dynamic impact analysis of supply chain information. They suggested the overall mechanism of
information sharing in supply chain co-ordination. Pieter Van Donk (2008) argued upon the challenges in supply
chain management and information and communication management. The output of this paper is to define the
integration between supply chain management and information and communication technologies and relates it to
managerial and organization theories. Managers would needs to implement information and communication
technologies in the field of supply chain management for the better output. Information sharing and
communication technologies considered to be driver that enhances organizational efficiency in the context of
supply chain management. Mclaren and Vuong (2008) explored and classified supply chain management
information system as a plus point for enhancing organizational efficiencies. This paper explored the supply
chain management information using hierarchical rather than traditional flat taxonomies. This paper developed
83 major functional attributes that tells about five top level categories as primary supply chain processes, data
management, decision support relationship management and performance improvement. Selection and analysis
of supply chain management information system is difficult but a better information system is considered to be
driver that drives supply chain activities.
Cox et al. (2007) supported that how an appropriate sourcing strategy can be choose for a business and also
includes the interrelationship among firm’s sourcing, marketing and branding strategy. Basically this paper was
written to explore the sourcing of beef supply chain management in United Kingdom to highlight the need of
government agencies. We link these sourcing strategies to other supply chain management decisions. Sourcing
means the appropriate inputs for making and delivering goods and services to final customers. Pazireandeh
(2011) argued upon the sourcing in global health supply chains for developing countries. The author explored
that if we want to find best sourcing strategy we would need to investigate product, organization and country
factors. And quality is considered to be a key factor while selecting sourcing strategy. This paper presented a
decision making frame work for sourcing strategies. Sourcing in supply chain activities is a key driver that drives
the organizational functions in order to achieve organizational efficiencies.
Yong et al. (2012) suggested on the dynamic pricing in supply chain activities. There is an interrelationship exist
between price expectation and price fluctuation. The maximum output in form of money can only be generated
through supply chain integration. This paper reflects the influence of whole pricing factors on different
advantages and on supply chain activities. This paper also suggested upon the price models under E-commerce
functions. Pricing function is a way to earn what we deserve from our output. Aramyan and Kuiper (2009) gave
frame work and analyzed price transmission in agro-food supply chains. This paper identified three key factors
in price fluctuation in agro-food supply chains that are structure of supply chain, factors affecting price
transmission and supply response. This paper proposed to empirically investigate how the price can fluctuate in
supply chain activities and in what manner we can earn good output price from these activities. Yan and Wang
(2010) explored pricing strategy and firm’s performance in supply chain management issues. Authors derived
service level and pricing strategy by two market structures that are non-coordinative structure and coordinative
structure. In order to maximize profit the management and giant retailer must employ coordinative structure.
Coordinative structure includes the proper sequencing in supply chain activities and interrelationship among
these activities.
Gopal and Thakkar (2012) in the summary of their literature review show data of representation of supply chain
management papers year wise and approach wise that are in figure 1 and figure 2 respectively,
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Sunil Chopra and Meindl (2007) mentioned in their book about six drivers of supply chain performance. A
company can enhance its responsiveness and efficiency by the good management of six drivers of supply chain
performance. They elaborated following six drivers of supply chain performance as facilities, inventory,
transportation, information, sourcing and pricing. (a) Facilities mean the actual physical placement of raw
material, work in process material and finished goods. For example, warehouses and storerooms are the facilities
in supply chain management. (b) Inventory means flow of all material in supply chain activities such as from raw
material to finished goods. (c) Transportation means by which medium and route the inventory flow from one
place to another place. (d) Information refers to data flow and analysis of data and distribution of this final
information among supply chain personnel’s. (e) Sourcing means how and by whom different activities of
supply chain management to be performed such as manufacturing, storing and transportation. (f) Pricing refers to
price setting that how much the company can demand for its products.
2.2 Findings of Past Papers
By collecting data from 23 research papers and from 1 book various angles upon supply chain performance
evaluated and find out. These all factors tell about the different stories of how any firm’s performance and
efficiency can be increased and in what manner the existing researchers explored these factors. All these factors
can implements the supply chain network in firms with strong financial position and with potential supply chain
personnel’s. Form above literature review summery we find there six drivers of supply chain performance exists
in business world of supply chain management. These six drivers are as facilities, inventory, transportation,
information, sourcing and pricing. All the six drivers are interrelated with each other and supports each other in
enhancing the firms output.
3. Discussion about How Drivers of Supply Chain Performance can be managed
3.1 Facilities
Facilities are where a product is being stored, assembled and fabricated. The better management about the role,
location, capacity and flexibility of these facilities having a positive affect towards supply chain performance. In
facilities management a company proved to be more responsive or more efficient but not at same For example,
an auto parts distributor have many warehousing facilities exist near to the customers for providing them quick
and better access of products. These many warehousing facilities show responsiveness of distributor but at the
same time his efficiency becomes low because he is paying high cost for warehousing. In contrast if he has fewer
warehouses exists only at main points than he is more efficient because of low cost of warehouses but his
responsiveness is very low (Sunil Chopra and Meindl, 2007)
Shutdown of production and other facilities leads to downsizing in a firm. Managers should carefully consider
the eight factors before closure of one site out of a set of two or more having similar activities. These eight
factors are as (a) Plant Size, the efficiency of small plants is less than large plants. At small plants the average
cost of each unit produced is higher. So, the managers would need to close the plants of small size rather than
large size. (b) Site Constraints, this factor is important in number of ways. Extra space is indispensable for
vehicles and car parking. Extra space is also helpful for the future modification of production and storage
facilities. Managers would decide for closure of less space and high constraints sites. (c) Capacity, this factor is
closely related with size of plant or site. It may be occurs the capacity of one site is different from the other. The
few activities and small capacity associated with small size plants and sites respectively. Lower and small
capacity plants and sites can not survive and managers would close these types of plants and sites. (d) Labor
Productivity, managers must check and balance the labor characteristics and productivity regarding each plant.
Closure should be given to those plants and sites where the labor productivity is low. (e) Distance from Head
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Office, if the production plants or sites are far from firm’s head office than the authority of head office top
management is limited. They have less information about their subordinates at concerned site. Therefore, if a
firm having two plants one near to head office and other far from head office than closure would be given to high
distant site. (f) Age of Building or Plant, old age building and plants require high cost of maintenance. So,
managers must give closure to those plants or sites where the building or machinery is old and requires high cost
for operations. (g) Remoteness, this factor includes transportation cost associated with different production and
storage sites and managerial time involved to maintain it. Closure would be given to those sites where these
types of activities are considered to be unusual. (h) Grants Elsewhere, this factor includes plant expansion,
building rehabilitation and training cost. Grants are given to those site where above three activities could be
done. Those sites would subject for closure where the grants for above activities is not helpful for the
productivity of company (Kirkham et al., 1998).
If a plant has no formal manufacturing strategy it would be adopted one of these three processes: pattern of
action must be choose, improvement in manufacturing process and manufacturing competency (Swamidass et
al., 2001).
3.2 Inventory
A clothing retailer proved to be more responsible by storing large inventory but efficiency becomes low because
of high inventory cost and low work quality (Sunil Chopra and Meindl, 2007).
Perishable inventory can be management in supply chains through following six ways. (a) Hire the experienced
staff and give them training, this step includes that human resources planning in any manufacturing firm plays a
vital role to hire efficient personnels. Organizations needs to hire experienced personnels and after hiring
organizations would give them training for better output in relation to inventory management. (b) Define target
stock levels and order patterns, includes that the personnels for inventory management to be well known about
the targeted stock levels and must know order patterns of respective organizations. This leads to ensure just in
time delivery of inventory. (c) Organize and control transparency of inventories, inventory management
personnels must be well known about their inventory in home to forecast about what their next requirement of
inventory. (d) Simple inventory procedures, organizations must follow up the simple inventory management
procedures. (e) Fresh stock and check and balance on shelf life, this step tell that organizations must keep fresh
stock in their inventory and maintain check and balance on the shelf life of inventory. They must use inventory
before its expiry. (f) Collaboration with other businesses, organizations must create valuable relations with
businesses outside the organization. This step leads to the vertical and forward integration (Stanger et al., 2012)
Vendor-managed inventory (VMI) is efficient in construction sites and also for other manufacturers. Authors
apply their methodology on three selected pilot sites and find that the efficiency and responsiveness of vendor
managed inventory is higher than that of organization's self managed inventory. Authors argued upon eight key
steps that are; time for finding item, receiving and storing item, order v/s recording, rushed orders, hardware
store visits, time for invoice handling, total time spent at site and remaining inventory (Tanskanen et al., 2009).
The results regarding above eight key points are shown in following figure 3,
There are following four approaches for inventory. (a) Inventory speculation, means holding inventory with
business in accordance with quick delivery of raw material for manufacturing. In this context the advantage is
the just in time delivery of inventory but the disadvantage is that the organizations face high cost of holding the
inventory and capital investment. (b) Inventory postponement, this approach includes that delay in inventory
purchasing. It means organizations using this approach are totally out of cost speculation, free from holding cost
and free from large speculative capital investment. But this approach is limited by the fact that quick delivery of
raw material is not possible. (c) Inventory consignment, according to this approach inventory physically holds by
the manufacturer but ownership still in the hand of supplier. When manufacturer used a part of inventory than he
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pays the price of used inventory to supplier. In this way manufacturing firms can use inventory quickly without
any investment. This approach has disadvantage that inflation may occur in the price of inventory. (d) Reverse
inventory consignment, in this approach inventory is owned by the manufacturer and manufacturer pay price to
supplier but physical possession held in the hand of supplier. Whenever manufacturer wants than supplier supply
the inventory. This approach decrease the inflation risk and having low cost of holding the inventory. But
disadvantage of this approach is the capital investment in inventory. Any organization can adopt one from the
above four approaches for inventory management by forecasting these three factors that are; customer demand
requirement, nature of supply line and bargaining power of firm relative to the supplier (Wallin et al., 2006). The
forecasting of these three factors is indispensable for any manufacturing firm if it wants to adopt one inventory
management approach from above four.
3.3 Transportation
By using fast transportation service we can increase responsiveness but efficiency becomes low because of high
cost of fast transportation and more chances of damage (Sunil Chopra and Meindl, 2007).
A better transportation approach for manufacturing firms is joint routs planning. This concept includes that to
enhance efficiency and responsiveness the manufacturing firms must continue their transportation function in
collaboration with the firms outside internal environment. Joint route planning can be achieved by two ways that
are outsourcing transportation function or horizontal cooperation with other transportation service providers.
These two concepts lead to achieve the economies of scale by decreasing the distribution cost. Joint route
planning concept save 30.7 percent costs in comparison with traditional transportation system (Cruijssen et al.,
2007). Outsourcing means the organizations contracts with third parties to distribute their final product to
customers on their own behalf so that the transportation cost of manufacturing firms become low. Horizontal
cooperation means the manufacturing firms contracts with the firms of same size and level for collaboration to
distribute the products.
In manufacturing firm the performance of transportation activity can be increased by a model of smart
transportation management system. This model includes three components that are smart freight, smart vehicle
and smart infrastructure. (a) Smart freight, it means instead of using traditional identification of barcodes for
individual products the firms must needs to develop and use new technology that identify the whole freight unit.
This concept of smart freight can be achieved by developing automatic identification software, integration of
organizations and data exchange, decentralize information setup and enabler’s technology etc. (b) Smart
vehicles, it means the organizations needs to develop special smart vehicles in which management information
channel installed. This information system automatically provides information at database about the goods in
vehicle loads and unloads. This concept can be managed by developing goods identification system in vehicle
and the vehicle system (vehicle management, transportation management and driver management). (c) The smart
infrastructure, this concept of smart infrastructure can be achieved by the collaboration of physical infrastructure
and digital infrastructure (Stefansson and Lumsden, 2009).
3.4 Information
Information provides customer taste to supplier that leads supplier’s responsiveness and efficiency because
supplier forecasts customer demand and only supplies required product (Sunil Chopra and Meindl, 2007).
In January 2000, the manager of Swedish post office started a programme to involve their customers in
developing new transportation services. At that time company losing their customers and wanted to know about
the needs and wants of customers to satisfy them. Company’s managers decided to conduct direct meetings with
their customers to provide services in accordance with customer demands. This process done through exchange
information between company and customers. After knowing the customer demand they started their
transportation services and use one vehicle instead of five and pollution problem also reduced that resulting in
increase efficiency (Lundkvist and Yakhlef, 2004). This increase in cost efficiency of the firm can only be
achieved through direct information sharing between firm and customer.
Continuous conversation with customers plays a vital role in strategy development that resulting in creation a
planning team for company. A company can identify its customers or distributor companies for strategic
planning input by these four ways. (a) Use 80/20 rule, according to this rule the company must in conversation
with those specific top 20 percent customers that generate 80 percent of company income. (b) Choose the
companies in different conversation channels. (c) Choose that company that considers your product or service
for different applications. (d) Continue with companies that want to continue with you. The conversation in
above four steps can be done through following five ways. (a) Marketing department, best way for conversation
to identify the customer for strategic planning input. (b) Customer service manager, this conversation channel is
good only if their conversational level match with customer level. (c) Sales staff, they considered to be excellent
in conversation but it is only for short term purpose. (d) CEO’s conversation, a good way but the conversation
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not at good time. (e) Outside agencies, working as third parties and valuable for good information distribution to
customers (Oleksak, 2005).
Business information system can be developed by these twelve ways. (a) Geographical information system, this
information system enables the companies to know about the customer income level, population and lifestyle. (b)
Inventory management system, it involves just in time delivery of inventory by exchanging information about
the inventory level. (c) Warehouse management system, information sharing about warehouse that how much the
stock available for customer and how much required by the customer. (d) Smart chip technology system, this is
technology in which smart cards developed to know the customer habits and for tracking the customers. (e)
Customer relationship management system, through this step the firms develop such information system through
which they know the customer needs and wants and than manufacture to enhance relationship with customers. (f)
Supply chain management system, this information system exchanges information among the different stages of
supply chain management. (g) Transportation management system, this system provides information about the
orders and shipments. (h) Self check out stands, through these systems the cartons scanned and payment to be
made without human interactions. (i) Kiosks, these are the system just like the online stores. (j) Electronic
commerce system, this system provides the facility of sales electronically. (k) Electronic data interchange
system, this system provides easy and quick access of data from business to business. (l) Global information
system, this system is useful for those organizations working in many countries through satellites information
sharing system (Kadiyala and Kleiner, 2005).
Knowledge creation for the customers is a valuable concept to attract the customers. Organizations can provide
knowledge and information to customers by these four steps, Socialization, Externalization, Combination and
internalization (Ramırez, 2012). The interrelationship of these four steps is indispensable for distribution of
knowledge from customers’ needs to the end process of attracting the customers.
3.5 Sourcing
When Motorola outsourced its production functions to China manufacturers its efficiency increased but
responsiveness became low because of long distances (Sunil Chopra and Meindl, 2007).
Outsourcing has many positive implications for organizations in relation to house functions of organizations
(Juma’h and Wood, 2000). These implications are in following figure 4,
There are four key strategies of outsourcing to be adopted in any firm that are as follows. (a) Focus – Nike and
Dell, always adopt the strategy of focusing in corporate resources. For example, Nike started its business in
1960’s. By the end if its first decade its sales were just $ 2 Million. Even with low volume of sales and profits
the managers continued to focus primarily on activities and outsource most of production functions. At the start
of second decade Nike was core competent in brand building and design. At the end of second decade Nike’s
sales reached at $ 700 Million. Nike still adopts this outsourcing strategy that’s why it has much share in UK
market. (b) Scaling with-out mass – Nokia and Nortel, outsourcing leads organization to exist in market with out
expansion in business size. For example, in 2000, when the employees at Nokia were increasing at 1000 per
month and approaching 6000, the CEO of Nokia decided to outsourced most of its production function to third
parties to maintain same high share in market with out expansion in business. (c) Disruptive innovation – IKEA,
Canon and Ryanair, disruptive includes setting prices low at starting to attract customers and than increase step
wise to show the improvements in business. In this concept firms not only outsource their production functions
but also outsource the final assembly to others. For example, IKEA’s entry into furniture retailing, Canon into
photocopying makes and Ryanair into European airline industry. (d) Strategic repositioning – IBM, for example,
IBM’s traditional strategy was to provide services tied only to final product that they sold. But IBM adopted
innovative strategy of providing consultancy and solutions to problems of customers. In this strategy IBM also
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plays as provider of outsourcing services for other manufacturers and companies (Leavy, 2004).
Medium clock-speed firms are always benefited from the outsourcing strategies because they can create long
term relations with third parties in medium duration that is unachievable by very low or very high clock-speed
firms (Perrons and Platts, 2005).
3.6 Pricing
If a transportation company charges high and low costs for quick and late delivery respectively than efficiency
oriented customers demand quick delivery and responsiveness oriented customers demand late delivery (Sunil
Chopra and Meindl, 2007).
There are two approaches of pricing in relevant research paper that are linear pricing approach and strategy
matrix pricing approach. Standard linear approach includes following five steps to determine the correct price.
(a) Company pricing objective, a company pricing objective is may be profit maximization, sales volume,
market share target return on investment level or survival. (b) Pricing policies, a company can choose pricing
strategy as skimming pricing, penetration pricing, life cycle pricing, above/at/below competitors or customer
value. (c) Develop list price, by using above strategies a price list to be developed. This list can be developed by
using cost based, competitive based or demand based methods. (d) Discounts, discounts are to be given on the
basis of variation in quantity, season, credit, special sales or allowances for distribution channels to perform
services. (e) Adjustments and final pricing, adjustments to be made for different geographical locations. It
involves the difference of standard prices and shipping zone prices. After adjustment final prices decide. Strategy
matrix pricing approach includes price setting in relation with customer characteristics. In this approach
company objectives compare with competitive situation and evaluate alternatives (Duke, 1994). These
approaches are in following figure 5,
The Rowley’s solution of pricing policy and pricing methods is as follows. There are following four pricing
policies for business world. (a) Pioneer pricing policy, in this policy the organizations evaluate their
development cost and their aim of pay back period. It includes price skimming (setting price at high level to
capture profit in short term and penetration pricing (setting price at low level to enhance market share). (b)
Psychological pricing, in the context of this policy organizations set price on emotional response rather than
rational response. It includes odd even pricing (set price as 49.99 rather than 50), customary pricing (the price
that customer willing to pay even in ups and downs of market situations) and set price high (to create prestige
image as jewelry). (c) Professional pricing, set price at standard weather the customer is willing to pay or not.
For example, fee of a doctor or consultant. (d) Promotional pricing, this policy is to be adopted when
organizations want to draw customer attention towards a specific product. It includes to options, price leaders
(set price near to cost or below and earn revenue from other product) and special event pricing (aims to increase
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sales volume and generate operating expense on special event). To calculate the price Rowley also suggested
following nine price calculation methods. (a) Cost plus pricing, this is to be used when the production costs are
undeterminable. In this way manufacturer forecast the seller’s cost and add a percentage of overall production
cost to it. (b) Mark up pricing, includes predetermined percentage of cost. (c) Demand oriented pricing,
organizations use this method when demand of a product is high. (d) Price differentiation, it includes different
price of a same product at different segments or channels. For example, the different price at restaurants and at
supermarkets. (e) Geographical pricing, include different prices at different geographical locations. For example,
price of a cold-rink is high at airport as compare to a general store. (f) Competition oriented pricing, prices are to
be set in relation to competitors. (g) Historical pricing, set today’s price in relation with yesterday’s price
because customers accept prices relating to early prices. (h) Discounts, in this pricing method organizations offer
various types of discounts in prices to customers. (i) Bundling, in this method the price of bundle of one product
is less than if the customer purchase one unit of same product (Rowley, 1997).
4. Summary and Conclusions
In the modern era of technology firms whether manufacturing or service they are looking forward to increase
their efficiencies and performances. Supply Chain Management is one of the major tools that play a vital role in
enhancing organizational efficiency in this world of new technology. This research paper is written to explore
the factors or drivers included that are indispensable for any organization to increase efficiency in supply chain
management. Supply chain management is focusing on management of activities from raw material to final
product and end user. It includes the suppliers of raw material, transformational process, final product and the
activities of how deliver final product or service to end user.
A company’s supply chain needs to achieve balance in efficiency and responsiveness that leads company’s
competitive strategy (Sunil Chopra and Meindl, 2007).The whole study concluded that there are six drivers of
supply chain performance that need to be managed to enhance organizational performance and output. These
drivers are; Facilities, Inventory, Transportation, Information, Sourcing and pricing. These drivers are closely
related with each other and have a greater impact on organizational performance. Organizations need to find a
situation where both efficiency and responsiveness in supply chain practices are at average level to enhance
organizational performance and output. This average level can only be achieved through better management of
drivers of supply chain performance. High efficiency and maximum responsiveness could never ever to be
achieved at same time.
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