International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of dual core hexagonal pcf based polarization beam splitterAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the design and performance of polarization beam splitters based on dual core hexagonal photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The analysis uses finite element methods to calculate the effective refractive indices and coupling lengths of the even and odd supermodes for orthogonal polarizations. Numerical results show that coupling lengths increase with larger air hole diameters, and decrease with increasing operating wavelength. The analysis demonstrates that an 8.4 mm polarization beam splitter can achieve an extinction ratio of 250dB. This simple design of PCF polarization beam splitters may allow for easier fabrication while maintaining good performance.
The document describes two unique photonic crystal fiber (PCF) designs shaped like an S and a U. The S-shaped PCF exhibits zero dispersion at three points within the third optical window, while the U-shaped PCF has zero dispersion at the first optical window. Both designs show birefringence on the order of 10-5 and confinement loss on the order of 10-3. Simulation results show the S-shaped PCF has more suitable properties for applications like sensing.
Analysis of Highly Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber Employing Different Ge...ijsrd.com
In this paper we are proposed three different types of photonic crystal fibers and compared them for higher birefringence by using finite element method. Using elliptical holes instead of circular air holes we are getting high birefringence. We also obtained low dispersion for the same structure consist of a defect in the center design flexibility and high index contrast give a better birefringence in the range of 10-3 to 10-2.Also the characteristics of PCF are plotted for a range of wavelength
1. The document studies the mesh field and rotation in various planes of optical spherical nano antennas through mesh field analysis and three-dimensional polarization pattern analysis.
2. It measures the three-dimensional polarization patterns for near fields and far fields of right-hand circular polarization and left-hand circular polarization. The patterns show the antenna's capability to rotate in different planes.
3. Mesh analysis of the electric field, magnetic field, and current density on the antenna's outer surface is presented, showing enhanced field strength near the surface. The analysis provides insight into the antenna's performance and field visualization.
Comparison of 60GHz CSRRs Ground Shield and Patterned Ground Shield On-chip B...IOSR Journals
This document compares two 60GHz on-chip bandpass filters designed using a 0.18μm CMOS technology. The first filter uses complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) as the ground shield, while the second uses a patterned ground shield. Simulation results show that the CSRR ground shield filter has slightly lower insertion loss of -2.682dB, a narrower 3dB bandwidth of 10.8GHz, and a smaller chip size of 0.651mm^2. The patterned ground shield filter has a higher insertion loss of -2.77dB but a wider 3dB bandwidth of 14GHz and slightly smaller chip size of 0.527mm^2. Both filters demonstrate good return loss and
A design of novel bendable Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) structures has been presented in this paper in two selected of frequencies at 5G application. These designs started with a square patch shape and continued with the combination of circular and Jerusalem shape which resonate at a frequency of 18 GHz and 28 GHz. Details of the theory and the structures of AMCs are explained. The reflection phase, bandwidth, angular stability and dispersion diagram were studied. The simulated results plotted that the novel AMC has good bandwidth and size is reduced by 53 % and 55 % for both frequencies. Other than that, it is also proved that the novel AMC has a stable reflection phase and no band gap performs at the specific frequency. The good performances of this novel AMC make it useful in order to improve antenna’s performance.
Radiation resistant fibers with depressed claddings for fiber optic gyro sens...Kurbatov Roman
This document describes two types of single-mode optical fibers that could be used in fiber optic gyro sensing coils operating in space radiation environments:
1) A nitrogen-core W-profile Panda fiber with a depressed fluorine cladding. A sample fiber was fabricated with a nitrogen core and measured characteristics.
2) An isotropic fiber with a pure silica core and two fluorine claddings. A sample was fabricated and measured, showing tight fundamental mode packing and bend resistance.
Both fiber types are predicted to be radiation resistant according to the literature and properties of their material compositions. The fibers could provide improved performance for fiber optic gyro sensing coils in space applications.
Conical Shaped Monopole Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
This document describes a conical shaped monopole antenna designed for multiband wireless applications. The antenna is printed on low-cost FR4 substrate and measures 20x20mm with a thickness of 1.6mm. It is fed by a 4mm microstrip line and offers four operating bands: 3.35-3.75GHz, 5.1-5.25GHz, 6.85-7.1GHz, and 9.55-9.7GHz, which are suitable for S, C, and X band applications. Both simulated and measured results show good agreement, with gains between 2.12-2.65dBi across the bands and omnidirectional radiation patterns. The multiband behavior is achieved
Analysis of dual core hexagonal pcf based polarization beam splitterAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the design and performance of polarization beam splitters based on dual core hexagonal photonic crystal fiber (PCF). The analysis uses finite element methods to calculate the effective refractive indices and coupling lengths of the even and odd supermodes for orthogonal polarizations. Numerical results show that coupling lengths increase with larger air hole diameters, and decrease with increasing operating wavelength. The analysis demonstrates that an 8.4 mm polarization beam splitter can achieve an extinction ratio of 250dB. This simple design of PCF polarization beam splitters may allow for easier fabrication while maintaining good performance.
The document describes two unique photonic crystal fiber (PCF) designs shaped like an S and a U. The S-shaped PCF exhibits zero dispersion at three points within the third optical window, while the U-shaped PCF has zero dispersion at the first optical window. Both designs show birefringence on the order of 10-5 and confinement loss on the order of 10-3. Simulation results show the S-shaped PCF has more suitable properties for applications like sensing.
Analysis of Highly Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber Employing Different Ge...ijsrd.com
In this paper we are proposed three different types of photonic crystal fibers and compared them for higher birefringence by using finite element method. Using elliptical holes instead of circular air holes we are getting high birefringence. We also obtained low dispersion for the same structure consist of a defect in the center design flexibility and high index contrast give a better birefringence in the range of 10-3 to 10-2.Also the characteristics of PCF are plotted for a range of wavelength
1. The document studies the mesh field and rotation in various planes of optical spherical nano antennas through mesh field analysis and three-dimensional polarization pattern analysis.
2. It measures the three-dimensional polarization patterns for near fields and far fields of right-hand circular polarization and left-hand circular polarization. The patterns show the antenna's capability to rotate in different planes.
3. Mesh analysis of the electric field, magnetic field, and current density on the antenna's outer surface is presented, showing enhanced field strength near the surface. The analysis provides insight into the antenna's performance and field visualization.
Comparison of 60GHz CSRRs Ground Shield and Patterned Ground Shield On-chip B...IOSR Journals
This document compares two 60GHz on-chip bandpass filters designed using a 0.18μm CMOS technology. The first filter uses complementary split ring resonators (CSRRs) as the ground shield, while the second uses a patterned ground shield. Simulation results show that the CSRR ground shield filter has slightly lower insertion loss of -2.682dB, a narrower 3dB bandwidth of 10.8GHz, and a smaller chip size of 0.651mm^2. The patterned ground shield filter has a higher insertion loss of -2.77dB but a wider 3dB bandwidth of 14GHz and slightly smaller chip size of 0.527mm^2. Both filters demonstrate good return loss and
A design of novel bendable Artificial Magnetic Conductor (AMC) structures has been presented in this paper in two selected of frequencies at 5G application. These designs started with a square patch shape and continued with the combination of circular and Jerusalem shape which resonate at a frequency of 18 GHz and 28 GHz. Details of the theory and the structures of AMCs are explained. The reflection phase, bandwidth, angular stability and dispersion diagram were studied. The simulated results plotted that the novel AMC has good bandwidth and size is reduced by 53 % and 55 % for both frequencies. Other than that, it is also proved that the novel AMC has a stable reflection phase and no band gap performs at the specific frequency. The good performances of this novel AMC make it useful in order to improve antenna’s performance.
Radiation resistant fibers with depressed claddings for fiber optic gyro sens...Kurbatov Roman
This document describes two types of single-mode optical fibers that could be used in fiber optic gyro sensing coils operating in space radiation environments:
1) A nitrogen-core W-profile Panda fiber with a depressed fluorine cladding. A sample fiber was fabricated with a nitrogen core and measured characteristics.
2) An isotropic fiber with a pure silica core and two fluorine claddings. A sample was fabricated and measured, showing tight fundamental mode packing and bend resistance.
Both fiber types are predicted to be radiation resistant according to the literature and properties of their material compositions. The fibers could provide improved performance for fiber optic gyro sensing coils in space applications.
Conical Shaped Monopole Antenna for Multiband Wireless Applicationsiosrjce
This document describes a conical shaped monopole antenna designed for multiband wireless applications. The antenna is printed on low-cost FR4 substrate and measures 20x20mm with a thickness of 1.6mm. It is fed by a 4mm microstrip line and offers four operating bands: 3.35-3.75GHz, 5.1-5.25GHz, 6.85-7.1GHz, and 9.55-9.7GHz, which are suitable for S, C, and X band applications. Both simulated and measured results show good agreement, with gains between 2.12-2.65dBi across the bands and omnidirectional radiation patterns. The multiband behavior is achieved
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
This document describes the design and testing of several flower-shaped slotted microstrip patch antennas for circular polarization. Three antenna designs are proposed using different slot shapes: cross-circle, L-shaped, and flower-shaped slots. The antennas are designed to operate in the 2.45 GHz ISM band. Simulation and experimental results show that the cross-circle slotted design achieves the best performance with a return loss of -25 dB, 3.3 dBi gain, and 0.5 dB axial ratio bandwidth. In general, the slotted designs provide compact circularly polarized antennas suitable for applications such as RFID readers.
Flexible dual band dipole antenna incorporates with Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) to improve the well-known low profile characteristics of dipole antenna. The antenna operates at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz which is printed on Fast film with 0.13 mm thickness. While the EBG is designed at 5.8 GHz by using Arlon AD350 with 1.016 mm thickness. EBG works as a ground plane for the antenna and helps by improving the realized gainandradiation pattern. Besides, EBG also act as a filter as the resonant frequency of the antenna is close to the EBG band gap. The 2.45 GHz of is eliminated while the performances of antenna at 5.8 GHz is improved. Thus the realized gain is increased up to 6.86 dB and the back lobes are clearly reduced. The designs of dipole antenna with EBG application such as Wifi and others on-body communication devices.
Comparative performance study in multiplexed rzdpsk for smf抯 with fbgAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that compares the performance of a 45 Gbps per channel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system using 16 channels over 200 km of single mode fiber, with and without using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for dispersion compensation at the receiver. FBG is a type of fiber that can reflect specific wavelengths of light and compensate for chromatic dispersion. The study simulates the system using different types of single mode fibers and analyzes performance metrics like quality factor and bit error rate with FBGs providing dispersion compensation of -58 ps/nm, 23 ps/nm, and 100 ps/nm. The results show that using an FBG at the receiver can support longer fiber lengths and that G
11.comparative performance study in multiplexed rzdpsk for smf抯 with fbgAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study comparing the performance of a 720 Gbps wavelength division multiplexed return-to-zero differential phase shift keying system using 45 Gbps channels over 200 km of single mode fiber with and without using fiber Bragg gratings as external dispersion compensation. It finds that using fiber Bragg gratings at the receiver channels can support longer fiber lengths. It also finds that G655 (NZDSF) fiber shows better performance than other tested single mode fibers like G652 and G653. Key metrics like Q-factor and bit error rate were improved when using fiber Bragg gratings and the NZDSF fiber.
Bandwidth and Return Loss Improvement of H-shaped Patch Microstrip Antenna us...IJERA Editor
The future development of personal communication devices will aim to provide image, speech and data
anywhere around the world at any time. This indicates that the future communication terminal antennas must
meet the requirements of wideband to sufficiently cover the possible operating bands. The aim of this paper is to
improve the bandwidth and return loss of H-shaped patch microstrip antenna using EBG structure on ground
plane. EBG structure is a periodic arrangement of dielectric materials and metallic conductors on ground plane
of antennas. Microstrip antennas mounted can radiate only a small amount of its power into free space as more
power leakage through the dielectric substrate. To improve the efficiency of the antenna, the propagation through
the substrate must be prohibited so the antenna can radiate more power towards the main beam direction and
hence improve its efficiency. As the proposed antenna has resonant frequency at 2.496 GHz so suitable for ISMband
applications. For designing this, we uses CST software tool. The designed antenna offers much improved
bandwidth of 59.9 MHz and return loss is -30.02 dB as compared to conventional H-shaped patch microstrip
antenna which having bandwidth of 33 MHz and return loss is -12.43 dB.
Performance Analysis of Low Loss Gas Filled Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fibe...IOSRJECE
A Kagome lattice hollow core photonic crystal fiber was filled by pumping pressurized inert gases (Argon, Krypton, Xenon) through the hollow core and wave guidance properties were observed for terahertz (THz) frequency. By using finite element method (FEM), effective material loss and confinement loss have been observed for different strut width, core diameter and different inert gases. Confinement of light has achieved through the hollow core for THz frequency. Lowest EML of 7.90x10-4 cm-1 is found for 5 µm strut width and 800 µm core diameter at 1 THz frequency for Xenon gas pumped at 1000 bar pressure. Observation and findings of this paper will contribute in the ongoing research trends on THz waveguide
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a novel single-feed square microstrip patch antenna with polarization reconfigurability for wireless LAN systems. The antenna is designed to operate at 2.4GHz and uses a diagonal slot and a PIN diode placed on the slot to achieve switchable polarization. When the diode is off, the antenna radiates with circular polarization, and when on, it radiates with linear polarization. The antenna was simulated using HFSS software and was found to exhibit good impedance matching and radiation patterns for both polarization modes.
Comparison between Rectangular and Circular Patch Antennas Arrayijceronline
In this paper, several designs of micorstip arrays antennas, suitable for wireless communication applications, are presented. This paper demonstratesseveral shapesof microstrip array antennas, such as rectangular and circular patch antennas array. Specifically, 4x1, 2x1, and single element of both shapes are designed and simulated bya full wave simulator(IE3d). Moreover, this paper presents acomparison between both rectangular and circular antenna arrays.Since, the resonance frequency of these antennas is 2.4 GHz, these antennas are suitable for ISM band and WLAN.
Radiation Q bounds for small electric dipoles over a conducting ground planeYong Heui Cho
This document discusses theoretical bounds on the quality factor (Q) of small electric dipole antennas placed over a conducting ground plane. It finds that for vertically polarized dipoles, the Q can decrease by approximately a factor of two compared to an antenna of the same size in free space, indicating a doubling of bandwidth. This bandwidth enhancement is validated through simulations and measurements of small spherical helix dipole antennas over a ground plane. For horizontally polarized dipoles, the Q increases significantly compared to free space as the ground separation decreases. The analysis divides space into regions and uses vector spherical wave functions to calculate stored electric and magnetic energies, from which Q is determined following definitions by Chu and Thal.
Application of Bio-Inspired Optimization Technique for Finding the Optimal se...IDES Editor
In this paper the maximum sidelobe level (SLL) reductions
of three-ring concentric circular antenna arrays
(CCAA) without and with central element feeding are examined
using two different classes of evolutionary optimization
techniques to finally determine the global optimal three-ring
CCAA design. Apart from physical construction of a CCAA,
one may broadly classify its design into two major categories:
uniformly excited arrays and non-uniformly excited arrays.
The present paper assumes non-uniform excitations and uniform
spacing of excitation elements in each three-ring CCAA
design and a design goal of maximizing SLL reduction associated
with optimal beam patterns and beam widths. The design
problem is modeled as an optimization problem for each CCAA
design. Binary coded Genetic Algorithm (BGA) and Bacteria
Foraging Optimization (BFO) are used to determine an optimum
set of normalized excitation weights for CCAA elements,
which, when incorporated, results in a radiation pattern with
optimal (maximum) SLL reduction. Among the various CCAA
designs the three-ring CCAA containing (N1=4, N2=6, N3=8)
elements along with central element feeding proves to be global
optimal design. BFO yields global minimum SLL (-34.18
dB) and global minimum BWFN (81.50) for the optimal design.
An Improved Bandwidth for Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped Microstr...IJERA Editor
This paper presents simulation and analysis of a Stacked Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped
Microstrip Patch Antenna (SEGCRSMPA) to increase the bandwidth. The aim of this paper is to improve the
bandwidth of Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna (EGCRSMPA). To
improve the bandwidth, stacking principle has been used. In this paper an assembly of one central rectangular
patch with four triangular patches forming rhombus shaped microstrip patch antenna is discussed. IE3D
simulation software is used for simulation. The performance of the proposed microstrip patch antenna is
compared with that of a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna and EGCRSMPA having same dimensions.
The proposed designed microstrip patch antenna offers much improved impedance bandwidth 47.62%.
Different ShapedPatch Array Antenna with Liquid Crystal Substrate (LCS)IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper is mainly dealing with three different types of patch antennas which are list in fig(1), fig (2) and fig (3) respectively. These proposed antennas are design on liquid crystal substrate liquid crystal substrate. Enhancement factor to improve these proposed antenna performances are introduced. The selected operated frequencies is covering the rang between (1-45) GHz. The objective of these proposed antenna designs are to provide antenna dual band width as well as high gain. All the designs will be implemented on liquid crystal substrate of dielectric constant εr=2.2 and thickness of 0.175 mm. These antennas are narrow and dual band. The gain this work is satisfied our results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document discusses a proposed design for a wideband compact microstrip antenna using a finite ground plane. The design uses a modified square patch with corner cuts and slits to achieve a bandwidth of 37.47% around a center frequency of 4.35GHz. Simulation results show the antenna achieves good impedance matching and radiation characteristics for wireless communication applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Improvement of Microstrip antenna using Fractal EBG structure and...iosrjce
This document discusses improving the performance of a microstrip antenna using a fractal electronic band gap (EBG) structure and vias. A fractal EBG unit cell design is presented using a square shape with nested smaller squares. Microstrip antennas were designed with and without this EBG structure, and with and without vias connecting the EBG patches to the ground plane. Measurements showed the bandwidth and S11 were improved, back radiation was reduced, and directivity was increased for the antenna with both the EBG structure and vias compared to designs without them. Specifically, bandwidth increased by 1.125% and S11 decreased by 4.188dB with the EBG structure and vias.
Wideband msa for dual band operation using slot loaded finiteIAEME Publication
This document discusses a modified square microstrip patch antenna with slot loaded finite ground plane for dual band operation. Corner cuts and slits are inserted in the radiating patch to achieve dual band operation with wide bandwidth. Simulation results show operating frequencies of 3.21 GHz and 4.03 GHz with impedance bandwidths of 15.58% and 27.8%, respectively. The compact dual band antenna design with wide bandwidth makes it suitable for wireless communication applications.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de impresoras, incluyendo sus características y ventajas y desventajas. Explica que las impresoras de inyección de tinta funcionan expulsando gotas de tinta de diferentes tamaños sobre el papel y son populares debido a su bajo costo. También describe impresoras láser, que permiten impresiones de alta calidad a alta velocidad, e impresoras matriciales, que imprimen por impacto de forma similar a las máquinas de escribir.
This short document contains a list of random words with no clear theme or connection between the words. It jumps between different topics without any cohesive narrative or message.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
This document describes the design and testing of several flower-shaped slotted microstrip patch antennas for circular polarization. Three antenna designs are proposed using different slot shapes: cross-circle, L-shaped, and flower-shaped slots. The antennas are designed to operate in the 2.45 GHz ISM band. Simulation and experimental results show that the cross-circle slotted design achieves the best performance with a return loss of -25 dB, 3.3 dBi gain, and 0.5 dB axial ratio bandwidth. In general, the slotted designs provide compact circularly polarized antennas suitable for applications such as RFID readers.
Flexible dual band dipole antenna incorporates with Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) to improve the well-known low profile characteristics of dipole antenna. The antenna operates at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz which is printed on Fast film with 0.13 mm thickness. While the EBG is designed at 5.8 GHz by using Arlon AD350 with 1.016 mm thickness. EBG works as a ground plane for the antenna and helps by improving the realized gainandradiation pattern. Besides, EBG also act as a filter as the resonant frequency of the antenna is close to the EBG band gap. The 2.45 GHz of is eliminated while the performances of antenna at 5.8 GHz is improved. Thus the realized gain is increased up to 6.86 dB and the back lobes are clearly reduced. The designs of dipole antenna with EBG application such as Wifi and others on-body communication devices.
Comparative performance study in multiplexed rzdpsk for smf抯 with fbgAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that compares the performance of a 45 Gbps per channel wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system using 16 channels over 200 km of single mode fiber, with and without using a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) for dispersion compensation at the receiver. FBG is a type of fiber that can reflect specific wavelengths of light and compensate for chromatic dispersion. The study simulates the system using different types of single mode fibers and analyzes performance metrics like quality factor and bit error rate with FBGs providing dispersion compensation of -58 ps/nm, 23 ps/nm, and 100 ps/nm. The results show that using an FBG at the receiver can support longer fiber lengths and that G
11.comparative performance study in multiplexed rzdpsk for smf抯 with fbgAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study comparing the performance of a 720 Gbps wavelength division multiplexed return-to-zero differential phase shift keying system using 45 Gbps channels over 200 km of single mode fiber with and without using fiber Bragg gratings as external dispersion compensation. It finds that using fiber Bragg gratings at the receiver channels can support longer fiber lengths. It also finds that G655 (NZDSF) fiber shows better performance than other tested single mode fibers like G652 and G653. Key metrics like Q-factor and bit error rate were improved when using fiber Bragg gratings and the NZDSF fiber.
Bandwidth and Return Loss Improvement of H-shaped Patch Microstrip Antenna us...IJERA Editor
The future development of personal communication devices will aim to provide image, speech and data
anywhere around the world at any time. This indicates that the future communication terminal antennas must
meet the requirements of wideband to sufficiently cover the possible operating bands. The aim of this paper is to
improve the bandwidth and return loss of H-shaped patch microstrip antenna using EBG structure on ground
plane. EBG structure is a periodic arrangement of dielectric materials and metallic conductors on ground plane
of antennas. Microstrip antennas mounted can radiate only a small amount of its power into free space as more
power leakage through the dielectric substrate. To improve the efficiency of the antenna, the propagation through
the substrate must be prohibited so the antenna can radiate more power towards the main beam direction and
hence improve its efficiency. As the proposed antenna has resonant frequency at 2.496 GHz so suitable for ISMband
applications. For designing this, we uses CST software tool. The designed antenna offers much improved
bandwidth of 59.9 MHz and return loss is -30.02 dB as compared to conventional H-shaped patch microstrip
antenna which having bandwidth of 33 MHz and return loss is -12.43 dB.
Performance Analysis of Low Loss Gas Filled Hollow Core Photonic Crystal Fibe...IOSRJECE
A Kagome lattice hollow core photonic crystal fiber was filled by pumping pressurized inert gases (Argon, Krypton, Xenon) through the hollow core and wave guidance properties were observed for terahertz (THz) frequency. By using finite element method (FEM), effective material loss and confinement loss have been observed for different strut width, core diameter and different inert gases. Confinement of light has achieved through the hollow core for THz frequency. Lowest EML of 7.90x10-4 cm-1 is found for 5 µm strut width and 800 µm core diameter at 1 THz frequency for Xenon gas pumped at 1000 bar pressure. Observation and findings of this paper will contribute in the ongoing research trends on THz waveguide
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a novel single-feed square microstrip patch antenna with polarization reconfigurability for wireless LAN systems. The antenna is designed to operate at 2.4GHz and uses a diagonal slot and a PIN diode placed on the slot to achieve switchable polarization. When the diode is off, the antenna radiates with circular polarization, and when on, it radiates with linear polarization. The antenna was simulated using HFSS software and was found to exhibit good impedance matching and radiation patterns for both polarization modes.
Comparison between Rectangular and Circular Patch Antennas Arrayijceronline
In this paper, several designs of micorstip arrays antennas, suitable for wireless communication applications, are presented. This paper demonstratesseveral shapesof microstrip array antennas, such as rectangular and circular patch antennas array. Specifically, 4x1, 2x1, and single element of both shapes are designed and simulated bya full wave simulator(IE3d). Moreover, this paper presents acomparison between both rectangular and circular antenna arrays.Since, the resonance frequency of these antennas is 2.4 GHz, these antennas are suitable for ISM band and WLAN.
Radiation Q bounds for small electric dipoles over a conducting ground planeYong Heui Cho
This document discusses theoretical bounds on the quality factor (Q) of small electric dipole antennas placed over a conducting ground plane. It finds that for vertically polarized dipoles, the Q can decrease by approximately a factor of two compared to an antenna of the same size in free space, indicating a doubling of bandwidth. This bandwidth enhancement is validated through simulations and measurements of small spherical helix dipole antennas over a ground plane. For horizontally polarized dipoles, the Q increases significantly compared to free space as the ground separation decreases. The analysis divides space into regions and uses vector spherical wave functions to calculate stored electric and magnetic energies, from which Q is determined following definitions by Chu and Thal.
Application of Bio-Inspired Optimization Technique for Finding the Optimal se...IDES Editor
In this paper the maximum sidelobe level (SLL) reductions
of three-ring concentric circular antenna arrays
(CCAA) without and with central element feeding are examined
using two different classes of evolutionary optimization
techniques to finally determine the global optimal three-ring
CCAA design. Apart from physical construction of a CCAA,
one may broadly classify its design into two major categories:
uniformly excited arrays and non-uniformly excited arrays.
The present paper assumes non-uniform excitations and uniform
spacing of excitation elements in each three-ring CCAA
design and a design goal of maximizing SLL reduction associated
with optimal beam patterns and beam widths. The design
problem is modeled as an optimization problem for each CCAA
design. Binary coded Genetic Algorithm (BGA) and Bacteria
Foraging Optimization (BFO) are used to determine an optimum
set of normalized excitation weights for CCAA elements,
which, when incorporated, results in a radiation pattern with
optimal (maximum) SLL reduction. Among the various CCAA
designs the three-ring CCAA containing (N1=4, N2=6, N3=8)
elements along with central element feeding proves to be global
optimal design. BFO yields global minimum SLL (-34.18
dB) and global minimum BWFN (81.50) for the optimal design.
An Improved Bandwidth for Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped Microstr...IJERA Editor
This paper presents simulation and analysis of a Stacked Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped
Microstrip Patch Antenna (SEGCRSMPA) to increase the bandwidth. The aim of this paper is to improve the
bandwidth of Electromagnetic Gap Coupled Rhombus Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna (EGCRSMPA). To
improve the bandwidth, stacking principle has been used. In this paper an assembly of one central rectangular
patch with four triangular patches forming rhombus shaped microstrip patch antenna is discussed. IE3D
simulation software is used for simulation. The performance of the proposed microstrip patch antenna is
compared with that of a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna and EGCRSMPA having same dimensions.
The proposed designed microstrip patch antenna offers much improved impedance bandwidth 47.62%.
Different ShapedPatch Array Antenna with Liquid Crystal Substrate (LCS)IJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper is mainly dealing with three different types of patch antennas which are list in fig(1), fig (2) and fig (3) respectively. These proposed antennas are design on liquid crystal substrate liquid crystal substrate. Enhancement factor to improve these proposed antenna performances are introduced. The selected operated frequencies is covering the rang between (1-45) GHz. The objective of these proposed antenna designs are to provide antenna dual band width as well as high gain. All the designs will be implemented on liquid crystal substrate of dielectric constant εr=2.2 and thickness of 0.175 mm. These antennas are narrow and dual band. The gain this work is satisfied our results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
This document discusses a proposed design for a wideband compact microstrip antenna using a finite ground plane. The design uses a modified square patch with corner cuts and slits to achieve a bandwidth of 37.47% around a center frequency of 4.35GHz. Simulation results show the antenna achieves good impedance matching and radiation characteristics for wireless communication applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Improvement of Microstrip antenna using Fractal EBG structure and...iosrjce
This document discusses improving the performance of a microstrip antenna using a fractal electronic band gap (EBG) structure and vias. A fractal EBG unit cell design is presented using a square shape with nested smaller squares. Microstrip antennas were designed with and without this EBG structure, and with and without vias connecting the EBG patches to the ground plane. Measurements showed the bandwidth and S11 were improved, back radiation was reduced, and directivity was increased for the antenna with both the EBG structure and vias compared to designs without them. Specifically, bandwidth increased by 1.125% and S11 decreased by 4.188dB with the EBG structure and vias.
Wideband msa for dual band operation using slot loaded finiteIAEME Publication
This document discusses a modified square microstrip patch antenna with slot loaded finite ground plane for dual band operation. Corner cuts and slits are inserted in the radiating patch to achieve dual band operation with wide bandwidth. Simulation results show operating frequencies of 3.21 GHz and 4.03 GHz with impedance bandwidths of 15.58% and 27.8%, respectively. The compact dual band antenna design with wide bandwidth makes it suitable for wireless communication applications.
El documento describe diferentes tipos de impresoras, incluyendo sus características y ventajas y desventajas. Explica que las impresoras de inyección de tinta funcionan expulsando gotas de tinta de diferentes tamaños sobre el papel y son populares debido a su bajo costo. También describe impresoras láser, que permiten impresiones de alta calidad a alta velocidad, e impresoras matriciales, que imprimen por impacto de forma similar a las máquinas de escribir.
This short document contains a list of random words with no clear theme or connection between the words. It jumps between different topics without any cohesive narrative or message.
1) O documento discute tendências no investimento social privado no Brasil, como novas fontes de financiamento e demanda por métricas de impacto.
2) Também apresenta modelos de atuação para organizações que atuam com investimento social, como observatórios, formação, incubadoras e advocacy.
3) Defende que as organizações repensem seus modelos de negócio para melhor responder ao contexto atual e maximizar impacto social.
Arch Linux: Uma distribuição leve e simples - Érico NunesTchelinux
O documento fornece uma introdução ao Arch Linux, incluindo sua história, características, filosofia ("The Arch Way") e processo de instalação. Ele discute os princípios do Arch Linux de simplicidade, código simples, o usuário como foco e liberdade, e apresenta o gerenciador de pacotes pacman.
The document discusses a Christmas tree made of human forms. It provides an email address and blog URL for the artist, Simone Drumond. The same short passage is repeated 5 times with minimal variation, focusing on a unique Christmas tree design and providing contact information for the creator.
Ruchira specializes in leadership coaching, culture change management, and developing high-performing teams. She recognizes individuals' talents and places them in roles to maximize their contributions and benefit the organization. Ruchira intuitively understands what motivates people and uses this knowledge to drive performance. Her vision is to transform leaders and exponentially grow their positive impacts on many lives. She has extensive experience in HR leadership roles with startups and has won multiple awards for her work developing women leaders.
Este livro descreve um mundo distópico onde livros são proibidos e perigosos. Conta a história de uma bebê, Doloria, que está sendo banhada e colocada para dormir por sua mãe quando um terremoto atinge e destrói sua casa, matando seus pais. Doloria adormece enquanto ouve os gritos ao seu redor.
Microservices, soa e o melhor das filasDiego Pacheco
1) O documento discute a arquitetura de microserviços e SOA para um projeto com mais de 120 mil horas de desenvolvimento.
2) Apresenta os principais conceitos de SOA como separação de preocupações, acoplamento frouxo e contratos de serviço.
3) Discutem como usar filas ativas como ActiveMQ para lidar com cargas de trabalho imprevisíveis e tarefas de longa duração nos microserviços.
Este capítulo apresenta Rachel Adams esperando ansiosamente pelo retorno de seu pai, Jared Adams, de uma missão como mensageiro nas Terras Ermas. Quando ele não retorna no prazo, Rachel insiste que ele ainda pode estar vivo, ao contrário da opinião geral. Rachel e Logan McEntire, o aprendiz de seu pai, vão ao quartel para a leitura do testamento de Jared, onde o Comandante Jason Chase declara oficialmente Jared como morto. Rachel fica furiosa, acreditando que mais tempo deveria ter sido dado para provar que
This document summarizes the esl.about.com website. It has four main sections for learning English: Learning to Write, ESL Home Page, Start Learning, and Continue Learning. These sections provide resources for improving writing skills, learning basics of English, recommended books and materials for intermediate/advanced learners, and tools for teachers. The Teach ESL section gives guidance on teaching techniques and finding jobs. Strengths are the many free learning and teaching resources, while a weakness is a lack of answer keys for quizzes.
El documento discute el nuevo derecho de los militares en actividad a votar según el artículo 369 de la nueva constitución. Si bien se les permite ejercer su derecho al sufragio, se les prohíbe participar en campañas políticas o proselitismo. Algunos militares están en desacuerdo con la medida porque podría llevar a un apego partidista. El director del CNE defiende la medida indicando que es un derecho pasivo sin uso de recursos del estado para campañas.
The document describes a school project called "Let's Play Cow!" where students are instructed to draw different numbers of cows from 1 to 10. It then shows the letters of the alphabet written out in rows to help students learn their letters. The project provides math and literacy activities for young students to practice counting and letter recognition.
This document is a resume for Monica Ladron de Guevara summarizing her education and work experience. She has a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology from City University of Seattle and a Bachelor of Arts in Clinical Psychology from CETYS Universidad in Tijuana, Mexico. Her work experience includes roles as an Enrollment Services Advisor for Ashford University, a Sales Associate for Express Factory Outlet, a Supervisory Quality and Inventory Control Specialist for Mad Engine, an Administrative Assistant for Electrodina S.A., and an internship at the Mental Hospital of Tijuana.
The document describes a novel design of a hexagonal photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with anomalous dispersion and high birefringence. The PCF structure consists of six rings of circular air holes of varying diameters. Simulation results show the designed PCF exhibits very low dispersion of 7 ps/nm/km at 850nm, making it suitable for optical communications. It also shows high birefringence of 3×10−3 at the first optical window, making it useful for fiber optic sensors. The PCF has low confinement loss of 6×10−6 and normalized frequency less than 4.1, confirming it is a single mode fiber. This novel PCF design could be used for applications like supercontinuum generation
This document describes the design and analysis of a novel hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber with circular air holes to achieve low confinement loss and low chromatic dispersion. A fiber is designed with four rings of circular air holes with a radius of 0.8 μm, lattice pitch of 2.3 μm, and silica core. Finite difference time domain analysis shows this design achieves low confinement loss below 1 dB/km from 0.8-1.4 μm for both TE and TM modes. Dispersion is also flattened and near-zero from 0.8-1.3 μm. This novel fiber design optimizes parameters to gain low confinement loss and flattened dispersion over a wide wavelength range.
Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) uses a periodic arrangement of air holes in the cladding around a solid core or hollow core to guide light. PCFs offer several advantages over traditional optical fibers, including the ability to design fibers that are endlessly single mode, have zero dispersion in visible wavelengths, and high nonlinearities. They can also be engineered to have special properties like high birefringence, dispersion compensation, large mode areas, and sensing capabilities. Key applications of PCF include telecommunications, fiber lasers, nonlinear devices, high power transmission, and chemical/biological sensing.
Dispersion Properties of Photonic Crystal Fiber with Four cusped Hypocycloida...IOSRJECE
In this paper, dispersion characteristics of Photonic crystal fiber with four cusped hypocycloidal airhole in cladding (FCH-PCF) are investigated by using fully vectorial effective index method. Computed results show that the dispersion dependence on geometric parameters such as the hole pitch and size parameter. We find the flattened dispersion and zero dispersion wavelengths
Effects of Parameters of Photonic Crystal Fibre on Dispersion and ConfinementIJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes research on the effects of varying design parameters of a photonic crystal fiber on dispersion and confinement loss. A hexagonal lattice photonic crystal fiber with a solid core and five rings of air holes was simulated. It was found that:
1) Varying the diameter (d1) of the inner two air hole rings had a greater effect on dispersion than confinement loss, with dispersion increasing as d1 increased.
2) Varying the diameter (d2) of the outer three rings had little effect on dispersion but a greater effect on confinement loss.
3) Increasing the lattice constant decreased dispersion but increased confinement loss.
Design and Analysis of Modified Photonic Crystal Fiber with Low Confinement Lossijsrd.com
Fluorine doped silica tubes are used instead of air holes to reduce the problem associated with deformities during manufacturing of Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF). But when fluorine doped silica tubes are used the confinement loss of fiber will be greater than that of air holed one. In this paper, we propose a new structure for this type of modified PCF which gives very low confinement loss. Also, we analyze some of the optical properties of the proposed structure such as effective refractive index, effective area and compared it with the normal hexagonal PCF.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document summarizes research on novel photonic crystal fiber (PCF) structures with elliptical holes whose dimensions are derived from Dolph Tschebysheff polynomials. Three new PCF structures are proposed and their propagation characteristics are analyzed using simulations. The simulations show that the proposed structures exhibit negligible waveguide dispersion over a wide wavelength range, making them suitable for long distance communications. However, the birefringence of the structures is higher than PCF structures based on Pascal's triangle. The confinement losses of the proposed structures are also slightly higher. In conclusion, the PCF structures derived from Dolph Tschebysheff polynomials show potential for applications requiring low dispersion, but have increased birefringence and losses compared
Photonic not and_nor_gates_based_on_a_siTamer Saleh
This document proposes and analyzes photonic NOT and NOR logic gates based on a single photonic crystal ring resonator (PCRR). The PCRR is formed by removing rods along the ΓM direction in a square lattice photonic crystal structure. Beam interference theory and 2D FDTD simulations are used to analyze the logic gate behavior. The simulations show the gates can function as NOT and NOR gates without requiring nonlinear materials. An output intensity greater than 50% is defined as logic 1, and less than 50% as logic 0. This approach could potentially be used to integrate photonic logic circuits on a chip.
This paper evaluates the confinement loss of different photonic crystal fibers by varying the size and shape of holes in the fiber design. Several fiber designs are modeled using the finite-difference time-domain method, including varying the number of rings of holes, mixing elliptical shaped holes, and varying hole sizes. The design with the lowest confinement loss has two inner rings of elliptical shaped holes, with a confinement loss of 0.097459236 dB/km at a wavelength of 1.55μm. In general, designs with elliptical holes or fewer rings of holes exhibited lower confinement loss than designs with circular holes or more rings of holes.
Designing geometric parameters of axisymmetrical cassegrain antenna and corru...Editor Jacotech
Early detection of faults occurring in three-phase induction motors can appreciably reduce the costs of maintenance, which could otherwise be too much costly to repair. Internal faults in three phase induction motors can result in significant performance degradation and eventual system failures. Artificial intelligence techniques have numerous advantages over conventional Model-based and Signal Processing fault diagnostic approaches; therefore, in this paper, a soft-computing system was studied through Neural Network Analysis to detect and diagnose the stator and rotor faults. The fault diagnostic system for three-phase induction motors samples the fault symptoms and then uses a Neural Network model to first train and then identify the fault which gives fast accurate diagnostics. This approach can also be extended to other applications.
This document discusses photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). PCFs are composed of nanostructures that affect photon propagation through periodic refractive indices, similar to how semiconductor crystals affect electron motion. PCFs can guide light through two mechanisms: index guiding and photonic bandgap guiding. They have properties like endless single mode operation, large mode areas, and tunable dispersion. Special PCFs include double core fibers, highly birefringent fibers, and hollow core bandgap fibers. PCFs offer advantages over standard fibers like flexibility in core size and wavelengths used. Challenges include difficult fabrication and limited operating frequencies.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a compact wideband bandpass filter design using a broadside-coupled microstrip-slot technique. The designed filter shows good performance with a maximum reflection coefficient of -10 dB and insertion loss of 1.2 dB between 0.92 GHz and 5 GHz, providing a wide bandwidth. Simulation and measurement results show the filter has low insertion loss across its operating band, making it suitable for various communication applications.
Improving Splitting Efficiency in Photonic Crystal WaveguideIJERA Editor
“Photonic Crystals (PCs)” are dielectric structures with periodic spatial alternations of refractive index on the
scale of the wavelength of light. Many optical devices, based on PCs, have been proposed. There are
multiple ways by which equal amount of power of incoming signals can be divided into two, three and
four output channels; for example using multiple coupled photonic crystal waveguides, directional coupling and
cascaded multimode PC waveguides. Ideally, the splitter should divide the input power equally into the output
channels without significant reflection or radiation losses and should be compact in size. In this thesis I
have proposed the optical power splitting using Y-junction. The optical modeling of this proposed structure
was investigated by finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation. The goal was to achieve equal power at
each output channel with broad spectrum around the target wavelength with low loss.
The document discusses photonic crystal fibers and their use as dispersion compensating elements in optical fiber links. It describes how photonic crystal fibers have a central defect region surrounded by air holes that allow them to guide light differently than conventional fibers. It also explains how the air hole design parameters, such as diameter and spacing, can be varied to achieve different dispersion characteristics, with larger air holes producing higher negative dispersion useful for compensating the positive dispersion in telecommunications fibers. The document provides examples of two photonic crystal fiber designs modeled with different air hole sizes and spacing that resulted in different levels of negative dispersion.
This document summarizes the design of a borosilicate crown glass photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with flattened dispersion and low confinement loss. The proposed PCF structure has a hexagonal lattice with the first ring removed to create a larger core. Finite difference time domain simulations show this design has lower loss and negative dispersion across a wide wavelength range compared to conventional PCF designs. Material dispersion is calculated using a Sellmeier equation showing dispersion remains constant for different PCF structures in borosilicate crown glass. The proposed PCF achieves low loss and flattened dispersion suitable for applications in fiber optics.
This document is a term paper on photonic crystal fiber submitted by Chahat Gupta to their professor Dr. Maninder Lal Singh. It includes an introduction to optical fibers, photonic crystals, and photonic crystal fibers. It discusses two guiding mechanisms for photonic crystal fibers - modified total internal reflection and photonic bandgap guidance. It also outlines some applications of photonic crystal fibers such as being endlessly single mode, enabling zero dispersion at desired wavelengths, and using in sensing applications with long period fiber gratings.
Comparative Study and Designing of Different Radiating Patch in Microstrip Pa...ijsrd.com
Microstrip patch antennas are low profile , conformable, easy, inexpensive, and versatile in terms of realization and are thus been widely used in a various useful applications. This paper discusses different microstrip patch antennas designed over an operating frequency range 1.5 GHz using the substrate material Flame Retardant 4 (FR-4) lossy which has a dielectric constant of 4.3. These circuits were designed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The parameters such as return loss, efficiency and directivity are simulated, analyzed and compared.
Comparative analysis of feeding techniques for cylindrical surrounding patch ...IJECEIAES
In this research work, a cylindrical surrounding patch antenna (CSPA) with improved performance parameters based on inset feed method compared to other feed techniques has been proposed for 1.8 GHz applications. The designed and simulated CSPA is a rotary version of an initially designed rectangular planar patch antenna (RPPA). The RPPA is mounted on a cylindrical surface with radius (r) 10 mm which is an increased curvature for better -10 dB S-parameter (S 11 ), impedance band width (BW), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), radiation pattern, and gain. The copper radiating patch has been conformed on the surface of the grounded flexible polyimide substrate with relative permittivity (ε r ) 3.5 and thickness (h) 1.6 mm at normalized input impedance of 50 Ω. Results for the RPPA and the proposed CSPA have been compared with existing designs in terms of antenna size, resonant frequency (f r ), return loss (S 11 ), and gain while taking cognizance of the feeding techniques. The S 11 , BW, VSWR, and gain are-12.784 dB, 28 MHz, 1.8, and 4.81 dBi respectively for the rectangular planar patch antenna and -35.571 dB, 66 MHz, 1.5, and 3.74 dBi, respectively for the cylindrical surrounding patch antenna.
Compensation of dielectric cover effects on cp hexagonal microstrip antennaIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research article that examines the effects of a dielectric cover layer on the performance of a circularly polarized hexagonal microstrip antenna. It first describes how circular polarization is achieved in patch antennas and discusses previous work on perturbations used to generate circular polarization. It then explains how additional dielectric layers can negatively impact antenna characteristics like resonant frequency and efficiency. The document proposes using an air gap between the dielectric layer and ground plane to compensate for these effects. It provides design specifications for the hexagonal antenna and shows simulated and fabricated antenna models. The research aims to maintain antenna performance while adding a protective dielectric cover layer.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Goodbye Windows 11: Make Way for Nitrux Linux 3.5.0!SOFTTECHHUB
As the digital landscape continually evolves, operating systems play a critical role in shaping user experiences and productivity. The launch of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 marks a significant milestone, offering a robust alternative to traditional systems such as Windows 11. This article delves into the essence of Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, exploring its unique features, advantages, and how it stands as a compelling choice for both casual users and tech enthusiasts.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Sudheer Mechineni, Head of Application Frameworks, Standard Chartered Bank
Discover how Standard Chartered Bank harnessed the power of Neo4j to transform complex data access challenges into a dynamic, scalable graph database solution. This keynote will cover their journey from initial adoption to deploying a fully automated, enterprise-grade causal cluster, highlighting key strategies for modelling organisational changes and ensuring robust disaster recovery. Learn how these innovations have not only enhanced Standard Chartered Bank’s data infrastructure but also positioned them as pioneers in the banking sector’s adoption of graph technology.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdf
E046052227
1. Jyoti Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 6( Version 5), June 2014, pp.22-27
www.ijera.com 22 | P a g e
Ultrahigh Birefringent Photonic Crystal Fiber with Ultralow
Confinement Loss
Jyoti, Mr. Nidhish Tiwari
M. Tech. Student, Dept. of Electronics & Communication, JNIT Jaipur,
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electronics & Communication, JNIT Jaipur
ABSTRACT
A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) with circular air holes in the fiber cladding and elliptical air holes in the fiber
core is proposed. According to calculation, both ultrahigh birefringence (larger than 0.01) and ultralow
confinement loss (less than 0.001dB/km) can be achieved simultaneously over a large wavelength range for
a PCF with only four rings of circular air holes in the fiber cladding. The confinement loss in this PCF can
be effectively reduced while the birefringence almost remains the same. The proposed design of the PCF is
a solution to the tradeoff between the birefringence and the confinement loss for the originally reported
highly birefringent elliptical-hole PCF. Moreover, an approach to modify the effective index of fiber core is
also suggested in this letter.
Index Terms—Birefringence, confinement loss, elliptical hole, photonic crystal fiber (PCF).
I. INTRODUCTION
PHOTONIC-CRYSTAL fibers (PCFs)—fibers
with a periodic transverse microstructure have
been in practical existence as low loss waveguides
since early 1996 . The initial demonstration took
four years of technological development, and since
then, the fabrication techniques have become more
and more sophisticated. It is now possible to
manufacture the microstructure in air-glass PCF to
accuracies of 10 nm on the scale of 1 µm, which
allows remarkable control of key optical properties
such as dispersion, birefringence, nonlinearity, and
the position and width of the PBGs in the periodic
“photonic-crystal” cladding. PCF has, in this way,
extended the range of possibilities in optical fibers,
both by improving well established properties and
introducing new features such as low loss guidance
in a hollow core. Based on the design flexibility
and the large index contrast, high birefringence
can be easily realized in PCFs. So far, several
designs of highly birefringent PCFs have been
reported. The birefringence of the PCF can be
improved by employing elliptical air holes in the
fiber cladding. For the PCFs of this category,
when the bulk of the mode energy is in the fiber
cladding; thus the high birefringence is often
accompanied with poor energy confinement. In this
letter, an ultrahigh birefringent PCF with ultralow
confinement loss is proposed by employing elliptical
air holes in the fiber core (to induce the
birefringence) but circular air holes in the fiber
cladding (to reduce the confinement loss). We will
show that such a design is able to offer a perfect
solution to the tradeoff between the high
birefringence and the confinement loss in elliptical-
hole PCFs.
II. ELLIPTICAL-HOLE-INDUCED
BIREFRINGENCE
To understand the birefringence induced
by elliptical air holes in the fiber, the effective
indexes of the two-dimensional (2-D) elliptical-
hole photonic crystal (PhC) material should be
studied carefully. The 2-D PhC we consider here
consists of a hexagonal lattice of elliptical air holes
(uniform along the axis of the air hole) in fused
silica, as illustrated in the inset of Fig. 1. The major
and minor axis of the elliptical air holes are
d1=0.6Λ and d2=0.2Λ respectively, where Λ is
the air hole pitch (center-to-center distance
between the air holes), and the refractive index of
the fused silica is set to be 1.45. A plane-wave
expansion method is used to calculate
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
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Fig1. Effective indexes of the 2-D PhC for the y-polarized (short dotted line) and x-polarized (dashed
line) light waves propagating in the z-direction. The solid line represents the difference between the
effective indexes for the differently polarized waves. The inset shows the cross section of the array of
elliptical air holes in fused silica.
the effective indexes for the wave propagation
along the direction in the PhC, and the results are
shown as a function of the normalized frequency
ν꞊Λ⁄λ (λ is the operating wavelength) in
Fig.1where the short dotted line and dashed line
represent the effective indexes for the y -polarized
and x -polarized waves, respectively. A large
difference (solid line) between the effective
indexes for different polarizations is observed.
The index difference reaches its maximum of about
0.017 as the normalized frequency approaches
zero (namely ,tends to zero for a given
wavelength). This indicates that for a given
wavelength (e.g., in the optical communication
window), high birefringence can high birefringence
can be achieved
through reducing the structural sizes (but remain the
geometric pattern) of the PhC; meanwhile, the PhC
tends to act as an (dispersive) anisotropic medium.
. The known elliptical-hole PCF is formed by a
2-D PhC described above with one missing hole as
fiber core. Consider a typical PCF of such a type
as shown in the inset of Fig2, where there are
eight rings of elliptical air holes surrounding the
core.The length of the major and minor axes of the
elliptical air holes are d1=0.6Λ and d2=0.2Λ
respectively.We apply a full vector finite-element
method and uniaxial perfectly matched layers to
analyze the properties of this PCF. The
confinement loss can be deduced from the
imaginary part of the effective modal index.
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Fig.2. Birefringence (solid line) and confinement losses of the y- polarized (dashed) and x-polarized
(dotted) fundamental modes for the elliptical-hole PCF with eight rings of elliptical air holes in the
cladding. The inset shows the cross section of the PCF.
Fig. 2 shows the modal birefringence (solid
line) (i.e., the difference between the effective ind
-exes of the y - and x -polarized fundamental
modes) and the confinement losses (dashed and
dotted lines for the y - and x -polarized
fundamental modes, respectively) as a function of
the normalized frequency for the elliptical hole
PCF. The birefringence increases with decreasing
normalized frequency and high birefringence as
high as 10-2occurs at low frequencies. However,
the confinement losses of both modes increase
dramatically as the normalized frequency
decreases. If the PCF is required to have an
acceptable confinement loss less than 0.1 dB/km,
the birefringence will reduce to a level below
0.001. Thus, there is a tradeoff between the
confinement loss and the birefringence for an
elliptical-hole PCF.
III. NOVEL DESIGN OF
BIREFRINGENT PCF
Based on the anisotropy of the elliptical-hole
PhC material, we propose a novel birefringent
PCF by employing elliptical air holes in the fiber
core. The fiber cladding still consists of a
hexagonal lattice of circular air holes in fused
silica.The elliptical air microholes in the fiber
core are also arranged in a hexagonal lattice
but with a shorter hole pitch, as shown in Fig. 3,
where they are encompassed by four rings of
circular air holes in the cladding. The 0.8Λ(where
Λ is the circular air hole pitch) and the length of
the major axis and minor axis of the elliptical air
microholes is d4=0.6Λ' and d5=0.2Λ'(where
center-to-center distance between the elliptical air
holes is Λ'=0.1Λ) respectively.
Fig. 3. Cross section of the proposed PCF with four rings of circular air holes in the fiber cladding and
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elliptical air microholes in the fiber core.
Fig. 4. Effective indexes of the y- and x-polarized fundamental modes (solid lines) of the proposed PCF,
and the FSMs of the fiber cladding (short dotted line) and core (dashed lines). The inset shows the profile of
the major electric field component of the y-polarized fundamental mode at a normalized frequency of 1.
Fig. 4 shows the effective indexes of the y-and
x- polarized fundamental modes(solid line) ,the
effective index for the fundamental space-filling
mode(FSM) of the fiber cladding(short dotted
line). Two dashed lines show the effective indexes
of the elliptical-hole fiber core (when the
normalized frequency ranges from 0.4 to 2.5,
corresponding to the region from 0.04 to 0.25 in
Fig. 1), which are about 1.401 and 1.385 for the
y - and x -polarized light wave, respectively.
The effective indexes of the fundamental modes
tend to these of the elliptical-hole fiber core. The
inset of Fig. 4 shows the mode profile of the y -
component of the electric field of the y -
polarized fundamental mode when the normalized
frequency is 1.
Fig.5 shows the birefringence (solid line) of
the proposed PCF and confinement loss for the y-
polarized fundamental mode(dotted line) and the
x-polarized fundamental mode (dashed line). Quite
different from the elliptical-hole PCF shown as
the inset of Fig. 2, the proposed PCF can achieve
high and uniform birefringence for the large
normalized frequency from 1.05 to 2.5. Although
only four rings of circular air holes are employed
in the fiber cladding, the confinement loss is
ultralow (less than 0.001 dB/km with the
normalized frequency above 1.25).
Furthermore, we consider a typical example
with Λ=2.2μm and take into account the
dependence of the silica index on frequency,and
then find a uniform (with a ripple less than
0.0005),and ultrahigh birefringence (above 0.014)
with ultralow confinement loss (below
0.001dB/km) in the wavelength range from 1.05 to
1.70 μm. Evidently ,the proposed PCF will further
behave better if more rings of circular air holes are
employed in the fiber cladding. The inset of Fig. 5
shows the confinement loss (solid lines) can be
reduced effectively when with one more ring (in
total fine rings) of circular air holes in the fiber
cladding. Two lines connected by hollow
circulars (for the PCF with four rings of circular
air holes) and by solid circulars (for the PCF
with five rings of circular air holes) show that
the birefringence of the PCF is almost
independent of the number of the rings of
circular air holes in the fiber cladding. It is
known that the confinement loss in a PCF
decreases rapidly as more rings of air holes are
introduced in the cladding. However, our
simulation shows that compared to the elliptical-
hole PCF (with eight rings of air holes) shown
in the inset of Fig. 2, only two rings of air holes
in the cladding are needed for the present PCF to
obtain a same birefringence (about 0.01) and
similar confinement loss (for the normalized
frequency of 0.75). Finally, our simulation
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indicates that the proposed PCF (with four rings of
circular holes in the cladding) has a second-order
cutoff of ν=1, as marked by cross in Fig. 5. The
cutoff frequency can be effectively increased
through reducing the circular-hole size and
adding the hole rings in the fiber cladding, while
the confinement loss as well as the birefringence
are maintained.
Fig. 5. Birefringence (solid line) and confinement losses of the y-polarized (dotted) and x--polarized
(dashed) fundamental modes for the proposed PCF. Inset shows a comparison between the PCFs with
four (dotted lines and line with solid circles) and five (solid lines and line with hollow circles) rings of
circular air holes in the fiber cladding.
IV. DISCUSSION AND
CONCLUSION
For the previous birefringent PCF with
elliptical holes in the fiber cladding, high
birefringence can be achieved only when the bulk
of the mode energy is located in the fiber
cladding, which inevitably results in the large
confinement loss. In contrast, the present
birefringent PCF is realized by introducing
elliptical holes in the fiber core (but with much
smaller hole pitch than that in the fiber cladding);
thus, it possesses some advantages as follows: 1)
high birefringence occurs when bulk of the modal
energy is in the fiber core; 2) the fiber core with a
hole pitch far less than wavelength acts
approximately as an anisotropic medium, which
enables the PCF to exhibit high birefringence
over a large wavelength range; 3) ultrahigh
birefringence and ultralow confinement loss can be
easily achieved simultaneously. But the proposed
PCF with a fine structure in the fiber core seems
to be somewhat difficult for fabrication. In
practice, if we apply larger sizes of elliptical
holes and a correspondingly lower number of hole
rings in the fiber core for fabrication purpose, the
PCF can also exhibit high birefringence of the
same order of magnitude, but its uniform
birefringence wavelength interval will reduce
apparently. In this case, the fabrication difficulty
will be largely released. It is known that a PCF
with a single elliptical air microhole in the fiber
core has already been manufactured successfully,
so the proposed PCF in this letter should be able
to be fabricated in the near future.
In conclusion, an ultrahigh birefringent PCF
with ultralow confinement loss has been designed
and analyzed. Ultrahigh birefringence and
ultralow confinement loss of the PCF can be
achieved over a large wavelength range.
Moreover, this letter first suggests an approach to
modify the effective index of fiber core, which
offers a new possibility to further optimize the
dispersion characteristics of birefringent PCFs.
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