International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
We talked about the problem of growth and inequality problem prevailing in Bangladesh and how we can devise a strategy to get a better rate of growth through increasing productivity of the workers and poorest section of our society, so that the fruits of economic growth is shared among all, and nobody is left behind.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Poverty Reduction during 1971-2013 Periods: Success and its Recent Trends in ...Basharat Hossain
This paper analyses data on poverty for 1971-2013 periods and finds that, Bangladesh
reduces national poverty by 55.82 percent during these periods. Moreover, nearly 44 percent
people are found extremely poor who earn less than $1.25 per day and 77 percent people are
moderately poor who earn less than $2 per day. Though, absolute income poverty declines but
income inequality rises by 30 percent in these periods. However, different international indexes
disclose that, Bangladesh also reduces human poverty. Bangladesh is no longer the member of
‘alarmingly hunger countries’ and will become the member of ‘Medium human development
countries’ by 2014. Besides, about 58 percent people are found multi-dimensionally poor, who
suffer from overlapping deprivations in health, education and standard of living. Finally, this
paper makes a comparison between Bangladesh and other south Asian countries and finds that,
Bangladesh has the highest level of poverty followed by India in this region.
We talked about the problem of growth and inequality problem prevailing in Bangladesh and how we can devise a strategy to get a better rate of growth through increasing productivity of the workers and poorest section of our society, so that the fruits of economic growth is shared among all, and nobody is left behind.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Poverty Reduction during 1971-2013 Periods: Success and its Recent Trends in ...Basharat Hossain
This paper analyses data on poverty for 1971-2013 periods and finds that, Bangladesh
reduces national poverty by 55.82 percent during these periods. Moreover, nearly 44 percent
people are found extremely poor who earn less than $1.25 per day and 77 percent people are
moderately poor who earn less than $2 per day. Though, absolute income poverty declines but
income inequality rises by 30 percent in these periods. However, different international indexes
disclose that, Bangladesh also reduces human poverty. Bangladesh is no longer the member of
‘alarmingly hunger countries’ and will become the member of ‘Medium human development
countries’ by 2014. Besides, about 58 percent people are found multi-dimensionally poor, who
suffer from overlapping deprivations in health, education and standard of living. Finally, this
paper makes a comparison between Bangladesh and other south Asian countries and finds that,
Bangladesh has the highest level of poverty followed by India in this region.
The study specifically aims to review the status and determinants of poverty in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is amongst the poorest countries in the world, with a very low human-development ranking, or 174th out of 188 countries. About 23 million Ethiopians live in conditions substantially below the basic poverty line and food insecurity remains a major challenge. It is mostly a rural phenomenon, as the shares of the population below the poverty line in rural areas are higher than in urban areas. Over the past fifteen years, the headcount poverty rate declined by about 93 percent from 45.5 percent in 2000 to 23.5 percent in 2016. Between 2010/11 and 2015/16 about 5.3 million people are lifted out of poverty. Poverty gap and poverty severity indices have respectively declined from 10.1 percent and 3.9 percent in 2000 to 3.7 percent and 1.4 percent in 2016. Lack of asset/skill, backward attitude of people towards work, lack of income results in reduction of expenditure pattern, poor health leads to being unproductive, absence from work, less energetic, lack of education results in lack of skill, helplessness are the major factors of poverty. The empirical findings suggest that special attention should be given to improving crop and livestock market, veterinary services, health services, agricultural technologies and creation of awareness on family planning. Interventions like capacity building, agricultural research, agricultural marketing as well as infrastructures that enhance nonfarm activities in sustainable manner need to be designed to reduce poverty prevalence in the country.
What is Poverty?
• “a state or condition in which a
• person or community lacks the financial resources
• and essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of life
• and well-being that's considered acceptable in society”
• Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14
Who are consider to poor?
People living below $1.25 a day as per 2005 international dollar prices are considered poor. Poverty line are drawn locally according to some set criteria
Who are considered poor in Pakistan
• a person is earning less than Rs.1745 per person is considered as poor in Pakistan.
• (source Pakistan economic survey 2013-14 where Survey of 2010-11 transpiring the above figure)
• Example. If a family consists of 5 members and their total income is less than Rs.8725 per month, than that family is considered as poor.
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan?
• Official view: World Bank calculations indicate that there are 21.04% of the population (2008 estimates)are living below the Internationally specified poverty line i.e. $1.25.
• (source Word Development Indicator 2014)
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan
• Independent view: According to a study conducted by SDPI (Sustainable Development Policy Institute)
• 1/3rd Pakistanis are poor
• (source The Express Tribune 25 Feb. 2014)
What is difference between absolute and relative poverty
• When poverty is measured considering the money necessary to need the necessities than it is termed as absolute poverty. Whereas relative poverty in concerned the quality of life with respect to the other members of the society.
How we measure the poverty
• Headcount Index
• Poverty Gap Index
• Squared Poverty Gap (Poverty Severity)
• Index
• Sen Index
• The Sen-Shorrocks-Thon Index
• The Watts Index
• And many others measures
Causes of poverty
• Conflicts and War
• Corruption
• Bad Geography
• Colonialism
• Higher population growth rate
• Low level of Industrialization
• External dependence
• Low Human Development
• Adverse Climatic conditions
Consequences of Poverty
• Poverty causes Low growth thus low development and prospective for up-coming generations.
• High infant mortality and Death rate
• High incidence of diseases
• Increased crime rate
• High conflicts and less social cohesion
• Less capability to utilized their endowed resources
What we should do
• As we cannot live alone the handicap brother and sister without help so we should not leave alone the 1/3rd fellow brother and sister of our nation alone.
• Since they will not be able to handout in the economic progress of nation. Thus we should prepare policies which are mostly socially inclusive.
This presentation is about ending poverty in our time. It is about making the right choices that can lead to a much safer world based on a true reverence and respect for human life.
This presentation brings to our attention the daily struggles for survival, and the vast number of impoverished people around the world who lose that struggle. We attempt to demonstrate that all parts of the world have a chance to join an age of unprecedented prosperity, building on global science, technology and markets. However, one can also see that certain parts of the world are caught in a downward spiral of impoverishment, hunger and disease. We demonstrate this by means of case studies.
This presentation attempts at outlining why some countries fail to thrive and how the developed world can assist the rest of humanity get a foothold on the ladder of development.
This is my Entry for the 28 States of Techkriti,IITK .It emphasizes why it is important to share the fruits of development with the poor and include them in the mainstream.
Poverty Alleviation: A Challenge for the Indian Governmentbeenishshowkat
I prepared this term paper project in my third semester of Masters in Political Science. Also, I referred to a number of other philosophers works in order to create a better project. I hope this will be of great help to anyone who views it. Thanks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The study specifically aims to review the status and determinants of poverty in Ethiopia. Ethiopia is amongst the poorest countries in the world, with a very low human-development ranking, or 174th out of 188 countries. About 23 million Ethiopians live in conditions substantially below the basic poverty line and food insecurity remains a major challenge. It is mostly a rural phenomenon, as the shares of the population below the poverty line in rural areas are higher than in urban areas. Over the past fifteen years, the headcount poverty rate declined by about 93 percent from 45.5 percent in 2000 to 23.5 percent in 2016. Between 2010/11 and 2015/16 about 5.3 million people are lifted out of poverty. Poverty gap and poverty severity indices have respectively declined from 10.1 percent and 3.9 percent in 2000 to 3.7 percent and 1.4 percent in 2016. Lack of asset/skill, backward attitude of people towards work, lack of income results in reduction of expenditure pattern, poor health leads to being unproductive, absence from work, less energetic, lack of education results in lack of skill, helplessness are the major factors of poverty. The empirical findings suggest that special attention should be given to improving crop and livestock market, veterinary services, health services, agricultural technologies and creation of awareness on family planning. Interventions like capacity building, agricultural research, agricultural marketing as well as infrastructures that enhance nonfarm activities in sustainable manner need to be designed to reduce poverty prevalence in the country.
What is Poverty?
• “a state or condition in which a
• person or community lacks the financial resources
• and essentials to enjoy a minimum standard of life
• and well-being that's considered acceptable in society”
• Source: Pakistan Economic Survey 2013-14
Who are consider to poor?
People living below $1.25 a day as per 2005 international dollar prices are considered poor. Poverty line are drawn locally according to some set criteria
Who are considered poor in Pakistan
• a person is earning less than Rs.1745 per person is considered as poor in Pakistan.
• (source Pakistan economic survey 2013-14 where Survey of 2010-11 transpiring the above figure)
• Example. If a family consists of 5 members and their total income is less than Rs.8725 per month, than that family is considered as poor.
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan?
• Official view: World Bank calculations indicate that there are 21.04% of the population (2008 estimates)are living below the Internationally specified poverty line i.e. $1.25.
• (source Word Development Indicator 2014)
How many people’s are poor in Pakistan
• Independent view: According to a study conducted by SDPI (Sustainable Development Policy Institute)
• 1/3rd Pakistanis are poor
• (source The Express Tribune 25 Feb. 2014)
What is difference between absolute and relative poverty
• When poverty is measured considering the money necessary to need the necessities than it is termed as absolute poverty. Whereas relative poverty in concerned the quality of life with respect to the other members of the society.
How we measure the poverty
• Headcount Index
• Poverty Gap Index
• Squared Poverty Gap (Poverty Severity)
• Index
• Sen Index
• The Sen-Shorrocks-Thon Index
• The Watts Index
• And many others measures
Causes of poverty
• Conflicts and War
• Corruption
• Bad Geography
• Colonialism
• Higher population growth rate
• Low level of Industrialization
• External dependence
• Low Human Development
• Adverse Climatic conditions
Consequences of Poverty
• Poverty causes Low growth thus low development and prospective for up-coming generations.
• High infant mortality and Death rate
• High incidence of diseases
• Increased crime rate
• High conflicts and less social cohesion
• Less capability to utilized their endowed resources
What we should do
• As we cannot live alone the handicap brother and sister without help so we should not leave alone the 1/3rd fellow brother and sister of our nation alone.
• Since they will not be able to handout in the economic progress of nation. Thus we should prepare policies which are mostly socially inclusive.
This presentation is about ending poverty in our time. It is about making the right choices that can lead to a much safer world based on a true reverence and respect for human life.
This presentation brings to our attention the daily struggles for survival, and the vast number of impoverished people around the world who lose that struggle. We attempt to demonstrate that all parts of the world have a chance to join an age of unprecedented prosperity, building on global science, technology and markets. However, one can also see that certain parts of the world are caught in a downward spiral of impoverishment, hunger and disease. We demonstrate this by means of case studies.
This presentation attempts at outlining why some countries fail to thrive and how the developed world can assist the rest of humanity get a foothold on the ladder of development.
This is my Entry for the 28 States of Techkriti,IITK .It emphasizes why it is important to share the fruits of development with the poor and include them in the mainstream.
Poverty Alleviation: A Challenge for the Indian Governmentbeenishshowkat
I prepared this term paper project in my third semester of Masters in Political Science. Also, I referred to a number of other philosophers works in order to create a better project. I hope this will be of great help to anyone who views it. Thanks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This presentation talks about how to double your business through building better relationships with your customers. It looks at the key statistics that talk about the importance of maintaining customers and then gives a very simple and cost effective strategy, using the power of thankfulness, to bring significant income from your customers.
Dinero electrónico. 6to Congreso de Microfinanzas (11-06-14)DN Consultores
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Panel: Tecnología: Soluciones exitosas y de alta competencia
Tema Sr. Carlos Huamán Tomecich: Dinero electrónico
Primary Education among Tribal People of Mayurbhanj District of Odisha : An E...inventionjournals
ABSTRACT: Indian constitution in the article 45 has made provisionfor free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 years.in Article 46- special provision are made for the development of weaker section of the people specially SCs and STs. Systematic and planned efforts were made by Government to achieve and fulfill this commitment. However, even after sixty seven years of independence the goal of universal elementary education has not been achieved so far. About 10 million children of school going age are not attending elementary schools due to various reasons. The tribal people of the India constitute 8% of total Indian population and their literacy is far behind the target and a long term cherished goal. This paper discusses the primary education of tribal people of Mayurbhanj district, the most tribal populated and largest (in area) district of Odisha keeping in view the position of Primary education and the Government efforts for Universalising the elementary education. The data for this paper are accumulated from different sources such as 7th All India School Education Survey 2002, survey conducted by NCERT, and State Report Cards prepared by NUEPA, Delhi etc., date available at OPEPA, Tribal Welfare Dept. Odisha, SCSTRTI, Odisha. It also include Educational parameter at district level are discussed and analysed to draw the attention of researchers, policy makers, administrators, and educationist for achieving the target of SSA in the State.
Analysis of Poverty and Educational Inequality in Uttar Pradeshijtsrd
Poverty is a major challenge for Uttar Pradesh state and India. Poverty is prevalent in both rural and urban areas in the state. Educational disparity refers to the status of education level in social groups that the educational status in scheduled caste is worst as compared to other castes. Male literacy is higher than females, which shows gender inequality in the state. Education is the mirror of society, so the educational development of every individual is very important. Thus, education is the root of progress. Thus, absolute poverty is defined by basic needs, such as food, cloth, and health. There is a lack of quality education in the state. Relative poverty refers to a comparative study based on income or consumption inequality across regions, nations, and internationally. According to the Planning Commission of India, Poverty refers to the availability of calories per capita for consumption, 2400 kilocalories in a rural area and 2100 kilocalories in an urban area, if a person is less consumption given the calories that person comes under poverty. This paper analyzes poverty and educational inequality in Uttar Pradesh during 2004 05 to 2011 12. Thus, educational inequality among social groups reduces the opportunity and development potential in the state this is an injustice for equal development in society. Dr. Ram Gopal "Analysis of Poverty and Educational Inequality in Uttar Pradesh" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50508.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/economics/development-economics/50508/analysis-of-poverty-and-educational-inequality-in-uttar-pradesh/dr-ram-gopal
Sub-urbanization and new sub urban poverty In BangladeshSajedul Islam khan
The paper examines the features of suburban poor and present conditions of suburban poor people with reference to Savar areas. Data have been collected from twenty urban poor living near Savar Puroshova by using a semi structured interview questions for case study. The paper reveals that the poor men face more extreme poverty and vulnerability than women in terms of their economic, cultural and social conditions. The thesis also found that suburban poverty in the Savar areas was mostly affected by masculinization of poverty instead of the feminization of poverty. It makes a contribution to understanding and analysis of the phenomenon of rapid urbanization in the Third World like Bangladesh and its social consequences as the formation of frequent suburban mess hall like slums and new forms of urban poverty.
Finally, the suburban poor are largely dependent on their household, income, employment, medical facilities, and social networking. The paper also indicates that significant portions of the suburban dwellers are lived mostly in informal house and are living below the poverty lines.
Deprivation in Socio Economic Status of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes...ijtsrd
There are evidences that Scheduled Castes SCs and Scheduled Tribes STs are backward in India. In the era of inclusive development, it is important to develop all the social groups equally. This study is conducted in order to investigate spatial pattern of socio economic conditions of SCs and STs and deprivation of SCs and STs in West Bengal. Azaz Ahamed "Deprivation in Socio-Economic Status of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in West Bengal: A Geographical Investigation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38247.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/social-science/38247/deprivation-in-socioeconomic-status-of-scheduled-castes-and-scheduled-tribes-in-west-bengal-a-geographical-investigation/azaz-ahamed
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Inclusive Policies and their impact on Tribals of Jammu and Kashmir: A Case o...AI Publications
Gujjar Tribals constitute the prime share of tribal population of union territory of Jammu and Kashmir. Gujjar being the most populous tribe constitutes the 69.1% of total Scheduled Population of Jammu and Kashmir. The Gujjar Tribals have been accorded tribal status under ‘Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order (Amendment) Act, 1991’. They are living a pathetic life and are socially-economically backward as compared to the general population of Jammu and Kashmir. The prevalence of discrimination and exclusion of the marginalized communities since the historical times remained the debatable issue to remedy it. Accordingly, Constitution of Independent India has enabled the nation to focus on the protection of distinctive way of life of ST’s and protect them from social injustices and all forms of exploitation and discrimination. The governments at central and state level have also made bold attempts to bring the inclusion of this backward community in the mainstream. Accordingly, various inclusive policies in terms of education, health, employment were put in place to bring the stop of their marginalization. The present paper intends to explore the various policies and to gauge their impact on the tribal population of Jammu and Kashmir in general and Gujjar Tribals in particular. The nature of the study is qualitative and secondary sources of data including census 2011 report and reports of Ministry of Tribal Affairs is the main stay of this study.
Understanding the Psycho-Social and Health Problems Faced by Homeless Populat...Abraham Mutluri
Homelessness is one of the major problems in India and other developing countries. There are 1.8 million homeless people living in India. Most of the time the homeless population live and sleeps on the streets, in parks, at railway stations, bus stations, places of worship, outside businesses and workplaces, at construction sites, under bridges, in Hume pipes, and in other areas that are unsuited for human habitation. The government of India is implementing many welfare schemes to remove the problem of homelessness. This study was conducted in Visakhapatnam city. This is a quantitative study that adopted a descriptive research design. The data was collected from 30 homeless people living on the streets. The study found that the homeless people living on the streets are facing many psycho-social, protection and health problems. Due to poverty, the homeless people do not give more importance to their health and safety. They have bad habits like consuming alcohol (43.3%), smoking (40%), drugs (20%) and Ganja (6.6%). They are not in a position to access the government schemes due to a lack of identity cards. It is high time issues of the homeless are addressed as serious as any other vulnerable groups. The government and NGOs should initiate the new welfare schemes to rescue and restore them to their families. Homeless people should learn vocational education and new livelihood skills to continue their life with dignity.
In 2020, the Ministry of Home Affairs established a committee led by Prof. (Dr.) Ranbir Singh, former Vice Chancellor of National Law University (NLU), Delhi. This committee was tasked with reviewing the three codes of criminal law. The primary objective of the committee was to propose comprehensive reforms to the country’s criminal laws in a manner that is both principled and effective.
The committee’s focus was on ensuring the safety and security of individuals, communities, and the nation as a whole. Throughout its deliberations, the committee aimed to uphold constitutional values such as justice, dignity, and the intrinsic value of each individual. Their goal was to recommend amendments to the criminal laws that align with these values and priorities.
Subsequently, in February, the committee successfully submitted its recommendations regarding amendments to the criminal law. These recommendations are intended to serve as a foundation for enhancing the current legal framework, promoting safety and security, and upholding the constitutional principles of justice, dignity, and the inherent worth of every individual.
NATURE, ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL LAW.pptxanvithaav
These slides helps the student of international law to understand what is the nature of international law? and how international law was originated and developed?.
The slides was well structured along with the highlighted points for better understanding .
A "File Trademark" is a legal term referring to the registration of a unique symbol, logo, or name used to identify and distinguish products or services. This process provides legal protection, granting exclusive rights to the trademark owner, and helps prevent unauthorized use by competitors.
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PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE OF LAW (SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Precedent, or stare decisis, is a cornerstone of common law systems where past judicial decisions guide future cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in the legal system. Binding precedents from higher courts must be followed by lower courts, while persuasive precedents may influence but are not obligatory. This principle promotes fairness and efficiency, allowing for the evolution of the law as higher courts can overrule outdated decisions. Despite criticisms of rigidity and complexity, precedent ensures similar cases are treated alike, balancing stability with flexibility in judicial decision-making.
How to Obtain Permanent Residency in the NetherlandsBridgeWest.eu
You can rely on our assistance if you are ready to apply for permanent residency. Find out more at: https://immigration-netherlands.com/obtain-a-permanent-residence-permit-in-the-netherlands/.
RIGHTS OF VICTIM EDITED PRESENTATION(SAIF JAVED).pptxOmGod1
Victims of crime have a range of rights designed to ensure their protection, support, and participation in the justice system. These rights include the right to be treated with dignity and respect, the right to be informed about the progress of their case, and the right to be heard during legal proceedings. Victims are entitled to protection from intimidation and harm, access to support services such as counseling and medical care, and the right to restitution from the offender. Additionally, many jurisdictions provide victims with the right to participate in parole hearings and the right to privacy to protect their personal information from public disclosure. These rights aim to acknowledge the impact of crime on victims and to provide them with the necessary resources and involvement in the judicial process.
ASHWINI KUMAR UPADHYAY v/s Union of India.pptxshweeta209
transfer of the P.I.L filed by lawyer Ashwini Kumar Upadhyay in Delhi High Court to Supreme Court.
on the issue of UNIFORM MARRIAGE AGE of men and women.
DNA Testing in Civil and Criminal Matters.pptxpatrons legal
Get insights into DNA testing and its application in civil and criminal matters. Find out how it contributes to fair and accurate legal proceedings. For more information: https://www.patronslegal.com/criminal-litigation.html
Responsibilities of the office bearers while registering multi-state cooperat...Finlaw Consultancy Pvt Ltd
Introduction-
The process of register multi-state cooperative society in India is governed by the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, 2002. This process requires the office bearers to undertake several crucial responsibilities to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory frameworks. The key office bearers typically include the President, Secretary, and Treasurer, along with other elected members of the managing committee. Their responsibilities encompass administrative, legal, and financial duties essential for the successful registration and operation of the society.
Car Accident Injury Do I Have a Case....Knowyourright
Every year, thousands of Minnesotans are injured in car accidents. These injuries can be severe – even life-changing. Under Minnesota law, you can pursue compensation through a personal injury lawsuit.
Introducing New Government Regulation on Toll Road.pdfAHRP Law Firm
For nearly two decades, Government Regulation Number 15 of 2005 on Toll Roads ("GR No. 15/2005") has served as the cornerstone of toll road legislation. However, with the emergence of various new developments and legal requirements, the Government has enacted Government Regulation Number 23 of 2024 on Toll Roads to replace GR No. 15/2005. This new regulation introduces several provisions impacting toll business entities and toll road users. Find out more out insights about this topic in our Legal Brief publication.
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org Volume 3 Issue 5ǁ May. 2014ǁ PP.26-31
www.ijhssi.org 26 | P a g e
The Level of Ill-Being Among The Backward Bodo Community of
Assam (India): A Deprivational Perspective
1,
Pankaj Kumar Baro , 2,
Prof. Sumanash Dutta
1,
Assistant Professor in Economics Women’s College, Silchar (Assam, India)
2,
Department of Economics Assam University, Silchar (Assam, India)
ABSTRACT: The existing regional disparity in the level of attainment in various fronts suggest that such
studies on diverse data sets representing different communities and regions are necessary to identify the extent
of household deprivation with the help of ill-being criteria. The present study is a humble effort to examine the
case of one of the most backward communities Viz. Bodos of an economically laggard state of the country,
namely Assam. Poor expansion of human capabilities due to miserable public services and rampant corruption
along with ethnicity-led identity crisis triggered the frustration, and spread the feeling of exclusion in the mind
of common Bodo people. The present study is basically based upon primary data. Simple descriptive statistics
are used for Distribution of Households and Sample Population according to some selected Criteria of Ill-
being. To identify the extent of household deprivation with the help of ill-being criteria a Household Ill-being
Index (HII) will be framed which is comprised some vital dimensions. The study throws probing lights on the
level of ill-being. The study reveals a dismal picture of well-being of Bodos. On the basis of HII values
estimated, there is no household in urban area where ill-being is very high. Majority of the households there
suffer from medium level of ill-being in the index range of 0.4 to 0.6. The overall picture suggests that in urban
areas the level of ill-being is not remarkably high among households. In rural areas, however, the household ill-
being is much higher in comparison to urban areas. In both rural and urban areas, largest numbers of
households suffer from low and medium level of ill- being. The extent of ill-being is more or less similarly
spread across households in rural as well as urban areas. There is ill-being in both these areas but severity of it
is not very pronounced.
KEYWORDS: Disparity, Attainment, Deprivation, Human Capabilities, Backward Communities, Ill-being
I. INTRODUCTION
Several studies prove the fact that Assam is lacking behind in terms of achieving the goals of socio-
economic development in relation to the other developed states of our country. The National Human
Development Report (GOI, 2001b) places Assam at the 14th place among the 15 major States of India and at the
26th place among the 32 States of the country in terms of the Human Development Index value. According to
the Planning Commission (GOI, 2001b) estimates, in 1999-2000, the percentage of people below poverty line in
India was 26.10 percent and the percentage was approximately 10 points higher in Assam at 36.09. Among fifty
major states in India, the Rank of Assam, as per Life Expectancy Index is 14the with the Life Expectancy Index
of 0.37(GOI, 1998). So, these figures truly represent that the people of Assam is deprived and there is need to
focus on the level of deprivation in terms of various indicators so that policymakers may do know well about the
problem beforehand and take effective policies for development. In this regard the criteria of Ill-being will be
one of the most effective measures to represent this.
According to Narayan, et al.(2000), ill-being include lack of materials and wants such as food, housing
and shelter, livelihood, assets and money; hunger, pain and discomfort; exhaustion and poverty on time,
exclusion, rejection, isolation and loneliness; bad relations within the family; insecurity; vulnerability; worry,
fear and low self confidence; and powerlessness, helplessness, frustration and anger. With all these, ill-being is
however identical with poverty. Relating ill-being to poverty, World Bank (1990) saw it as the lack of food, lack
of shelter; being sick and not being able to go to school; not knowing how to read; not being able to speak
properly; not having a job; fear for the future; losing a child to illness brought about by unclean water;
powerlessness; lack of representative and freedom. Similarly, Aku et al. (1997) saw ill-being from the five
dimensions of deprivation: (1) personal and physical deprivation experienced from health, nutritional, literacy
and educational disability and lack of self confidence (2) economic deprivation drawn from lack of access to
property, income, assets, factors of production and finance; (3) social deprivation as a result of denial from full
participation in social, political and economic activities; (4) cultural deprivation in terms of lack of access to
values, beliefs, knowledge, information and attitudes which deprives the people to control their own destinies;
2. The Level Of Ill-Being Among The Backward…
www.ijhssi.org 27 | P a g e
and (5) political deprivation in terms of lack of political voice to partake in decision making that affects their
lives. Robert Chambers (1997) in his book named ―Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last‖ put forwarded
the following criteria for defining poverty and ill-being which was drawn from various participatory studies of
the local people in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. They are Being disabled (for example: blind, crippled,
mentally impaired, chronically sick) Lacking resources (e.g. land, livestock, farm equipment, a grinding mill),
Being unable to decently bury their dead, Being unable to send their children to school, Having more mouths to
feed, fewer hands to help, Lacking able bodied family members who can feed their families in a crisis., Having
bad housing, Suffering the effects of destructive behaviors(for example, alcoholism), Being ‗poor in people‖,
lacking social support, Having to put children in employment, Being single parents, Having to accept
demeaning or low status work, Having food security for only a few months each year, Being dependent on
common property resources. The existing regional disparity in the level of attainment in various fronts suggest
that such studies on diverse data sets representing different communities and regions are necessary to identify
the extent of household deprivation with the help of ill-being criteria. The present study is a humble effort to
examine the case of one of the most backward communities Viz. Bodos of an economically laggard state of the
country, namely Assam. The study focuses on the extent of household characteristics vis-à-vis ill-being in Bodo
households who are inhabitant of Bodo Territorial Autonomous Districts (BTAD) of Assam.
II. THE BODOS OF ASSAM
Linguistically the Bodos include a large group of people who are the speakers of the Tibeto-Burman
speeches of the North and East Bengal, Assam and Burma (Boro 2007, p-1). Typically Bodo last name
(surname) are Bargayary, Basumatary, Bodosa, Bodo, Brahma, Bwiswmuthiary, Dwimary, Goyary, Hazowary,
Ishwary, Khaklary, Mushahary, Narzary, Narzihary, Owary, Swargwary, Sibigry and Wary etc. The Bodos led a
glory struggle in the name of self determination in late 1980s under the leadership of Upendra Nath Brahma
who is now regarded as the father of the Bodos (Bodofa). After a decade long agitation the Bodos have been
granted the Bodoland Territorial Council(BTC), an autonomous administrative body that will have within its
jurisdiction the present district of Kokrajhar and adjoining areas. This comprises of Kokrajhar, Chirang, Baska
and Udalguri Districts. The headquarters of BTAD is at Kokrajhar. Total area of BTAD is 8,970 sq. km. There
are in total 3082 villages in BTAD. The total population in Assam, as per Census Report, 2001, is 26,655,528.
Out of this, 3,308,570 persons are schedule tribes (STs), constituting 12.4 per cent of the total population of the
state. The state has registered 15.1 percent decadal growth rate of ST population in the decade of 1991-2001.
Among STs, Bodo represent nearly half of the total ST population of the state (40.09) percent. In absolute terms,
out of a total of 3,308,570 ST population, 1,352,771 are Bodos (GOI, 2001a). The economy of the Bodo people
is predominantly agrarian in character. Ninety-nine per cent of the Bodo population lives in the villages and
therefore agriculture is the mainstay of their economy. The plot of land they hold is indispensable for them for
their livelihood. There are some colleges, higher secondary schools, high schools, primary schools in these areas
to take care of the educational need of the people but the number is not adequate. There are lot of places, mostly
the villages, which are deprived of schools and high schools and even if there is infrastructure, it is very poor.
The dropout students in Bodo schools have no other prospects to shine in life. The SSA programme is trying to
improve the infrastructure of primary education for retaining students in the school to reduce dropout trend.
(Paul and Narzary, 2005). Keshab Basumatary (2005) found that Bodo inhibited districts are lagging
significantly behind some aspects of development as compared to the state average. The Bodos are lagging
marginally behind the rest of the state in overall expansion of human capabilities. The expansion of economic
opportunities remained unaccomplished with parallel expansion of human capabilities. The various group
discussions revealed that the issue of identity and feeling of exclusion had also played a crucial role in the mind
of Bodos. Poor expansion of human capabilities due to miserable public services and rampant corruption along
with ethnicity-led identity crisis triggered the frustration, and spread the feeling of exclusion in the mind of
common Bodo people.
III. METHODOLOGY
The Bodo people living in BTAD comprising of four districts of Assam, namely Kokrajhar, Chirang,
Baksa and Udalguri constitute the population of the study. The sample of the study comprises of 257 Bodo
households, 135 from rural and 122 from urban areas of the four districts. The sample units are selected by
following purposive random sampling technique since the study is focused on the Bodos only. The present study
is basically based upon primary data. Household is the unit of study. The primary data for the study is collected
with help of a structured questionnaire from the selected units of the sample.
Simple descriptive statistics are used for Distribution of Households and Sample Population according to some
selected Criteria of Ill-being like—
[1] At least one person who is either blind or crippled or mentally impaired or chronically sick
[2] Households without Able Bodied Members
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[3] Being unable to send their children to school
[4] Households having Insufficient Food Security
[5] Households without Electricity, Drinking Water within Premises
[6] Households where at least One Member Suffers from Destructive Habits of Extreme Degree
To identify the extent of household deprivation with the help of ill-being criteria a Household Ill-being
Index (HII) will be framed which is comprised of the following dimensions. The dimensions are name as Xi ( i =
1,2,---------------,12) and defined as follows:
[1] Being disabled (e.g. blind, crippled, mentally impaired, chronically sick etc.)-X1: If any member of the
household is found disabled, the value assigned is 1; 0 otherwise.
[2] Being unable to decently cremate/bury dead- X2: Whether family is unable to cremate/bury decently (i.e.,
without following religious/social rites) dead member(s) of the household- if yes, value assigned is 1; 0
otherwise.
[3] Being unable to send their children to school – X3: Whether there is any children (of school going age) in
the family who is not schooled- if yes, value assigned is 1; 0 otherwise.
[4] Having more mouth to feed, fewer hands to help –X4 : Whether there is high dependency ratio(> 50%) in
the family- if yes, value assigned is 1; 0 otherwise.
[5] Household lacking able bodied family members who can feed their family members in a crisis –X5: If
yes, value assigned is 1; 0 otherwise.
[6] Having bad housing – X6 :House is considered as bad if found congested, Katchha, without electricity,
without sanitary latrine ( either or all): if yes, value assigned is 1; 0 otherwise.
[7] Suffering the effects of destructive behaviors – X7 : If any member of the household is found addicted to
alcohol, tobacco, pan etc, the value assigned is 1; 0 otherwise.
[8] Having to put children in unemployment – X8 : Whether there is any child labour in the family: If yes,
value assigned is 1; 0 otherwise.
[9] Being single parents – X9: If child (children) is (are) without father or mother- if yes, value assigned is 1;
0 otherwise.
[10] Family is lacking food security – X10 : If rice stock at home if found less than 10 kg, the family is
defined as food insecure: If yes, value assigned is 1; 0 otherwise.
[11] Whether any member of the household died a premature death - X11 : If yes, value assigned is 1; 0
otherwise.
[12] Whether family is lacking cultivable land, livestock, farm equipments – X12 : If yes, value assigned is 1; 0
otherwise.
All these attributes of living are quantified in the aforesaid manner to construct Household Ill-being
Index which represents household‘s capability deprivation level. Equal weight is attached to all the criteria of
ill-being. Therefore, the Household Ill-being Index (HII) is estimated as:
HII = 1/n(X1) + 1/n (X2) + ------------------------------+ 1/n (Xn), where n is the number of attributes that together
define Ill-being. Since each variable (attribute) assumes value either 1 or 0, the value of HII also ranges between
0 and 1. The maximum value 1 of HII signifies extreme state of ill-being and capability deprivation. On the
other hand, the minimum most value 0 of HII signifies absence of Ill-being or capability deprivation at
household level. Higher the value of HII in between 0 to 1, higher will be Ill-being and capability deprivation at
household level. On the basis of HII values estimated, the distribution of households will be shown according to
Very Low (0≤ HII< 0.2), Low (0.2≤ HII< 0.4), Medium (0.4 ≤ HII <0.6) and High (0.6≤ HII < 0.8) and Very
High (0.8≤ HII ≤ 1) degree of ill-being separately for rural and urban areas to facilitate comparison between the
set of rural and urban households.
IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
The condition of ill-being of Bodo households is discussed in the following paragraphs. Statistical
tables are shown wherever necessary. Out of 257 Bodo households, in as many as 135 households, there is at
least one person who is either blind or crippled or mentally impaired or chronically sick or has more than one
such physical or mental disability. Such cases are more in rural areas in comparison to urban. In percentage
terms, disability (as defined here) is present in more than 50 percent of households of rural and urban areas. In
this respect the community is found to be a severely disadvantaged community and the situation calls for
immediate attention of medical service providers and policy makers. Similar is the case of malnutrition among
Bodos. The nutrition status is examined by estimating the Body Mass Index (BMI) of the members of the
households. It is found that 27.92 percent of the members of rural households have BMI value that represents
the state of malnutrition. In urban areas, the percentage of malnutrition is comparatively low but still alarmingly
high at 20.37 percent. In rural areas, 76.29 percent of households have at least one member who suffers from
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malnutrition. In urban areas, the corresponding percentage is 63.93 percent. The picture speaks about acute
deprivation of Bodo people in the dimension of health. This is another area of ill-being where Bodo households
are found to be subjected to.Another criteria of ill-being is ‗being unable to send their children to school‘. The
cases of Bodo households are also examined in this aspect. It is found that in 13.33 percent of rural households,
there is at least one school going aged child who is not schooled. In urban areas such types of households are
fewer in number- 8.19 percent. The survey identified 25 numbers of children of school going age in rural areas
who are not schooled, in urban areas the number is 11. Though the picture here is not as critical as the earlier
ones, there is deprivation among Bodos in educational front also that result in ill-being.
TABLE I
Households where at least One School Going Aged is not Schooled
Area No. of Households
%to Area
Total
No. of
Persons
%to Area
Population
Rural
Urban
Combined
18
10
28
13.33
8.19
10.89
25
11
36
3.56
1.71
2.67
Source: Author‘s Survey
Household Food Security is another area that has important bearing on the well being of people.
Households suffering from food insecurity are vulnerable section of the population that faces starvation, hunger
very often particularly in periods when member(s) of the household do not find employment or at the time of
unforeseen crisis. Here ‗insufficient food security‘ refers to situation where households are found to have food
stock less than 10 kg. in the house at the time of survey. In the study area, it is observed that 43 percent rural
households are food insecure. In urban areas, the percentage is higher at 59.83 percent. The number of persons
suffering from food insecurity is 291 in rural areas and 374 in urban areas. The picture of urban area, in this
regard, is more critical than the rural. The overall picture is that a large section of population of Bodo society is
not food secured and the picture is grimmer in urban areas.The living condition of Bodos is further examined by
taking a view of some basic amenities they have access to. Electricity and drinking water are too such things
which are necessary for well-being. It is found that in general majority of the households have electricity within
housing premises. Only 13.33 households in rural areas have no electric connection within premises. In urban
areas, the percentage of households without electric connection within premises is low at 10.65 percent. In
regard to availability of drinking water within premises, 48.88 percent of rural households are without drinking
water within premises. In urban areas water availability within premises is much better, only 13.11 percent
urban households are without drinking water facilities within premises. The number of people suffering from
lack of this type of facilities is 342 in rural areas and 83 in urban areas. The picture is relatively better hare in
comparison to household‘s access to Good Houses, Sanitary latrine etc.
TABLE II
Households without Electricity, Drinking Water within Premises
Area
Without Electricity within Premises Without Drinking Water within Premises
No. of
HHs
%to Area
Total
Persons %to
Area
Total
No. of
HHs
%to
Area
Total
Persons %to
Area
Total
Rural
Urban
Combined
18
13
31
13.33
10.65
12.06
132
57
189
18.80
8.86
14.05
66
16
82
48.88
13.11
31.90
342
83
425
48.71
12.90
31.59
Source: Author‘s Survey
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The destructive habits like alcoholism, smoking etc. poses a serious threat to the proper development of
human mind and body. It is found that around 12.59 percent of rural households out of the total rural households
suffer from this destructive habit(s) where as in the urban section, 9.83 percent of households exhibit the same.
The person- wise percentage of sufferers in rural area is 2.70 percent and in urban area, it is 2.02 percent. The
rural area suffers the problem more than the urban area. However, the percentage of households where
member(s) have destructive habits is low. This is a positive side of Bodo society and shows its inherent strength
also since income poverty, lack of opportunities for gainful employment and ill-being together generally
generate the forces that drive people to take resort to alcoholism, smoking, drug addiction etc. out of frustration.
Deprivation at household level is estimated with the help of Criteria of Ill-being where ill-being is comprised of
12 attributes. Higher the value of HII, higher is the household ill-being. There is no household in urban area
where ill-being is very high. Majority of the households there suffer from medium level of ill-being in the index
range of 0.4 to 0.6. In number, 58 households are there, i.e., 47.54 percent of the total urban households. Next
largest numbers of households are in the low ill-being category, 36 in number out of 122 urban households.
Household ill-being is at a very low level in 16 households in urban areas. The overall picture suggests that in
urban areas the level of ill-being is not remarkably high among households.
TABLE III
Distribution of Households on the Basis of HII
HII Range Degree
No. of HH No. of HH No. of HH
Rural Urban Combined
0 to Less than 0.2 Very Low 5 16 21
0.2 to Less than 0.4 Low 47 36 83
0.4 to Less than 0.6 Medium 71 58 129
0.6 to Less than 0.8 High 11 12 23
0.8 to 1 Very High 1 0 1
Total 135 122 257
Source: Author‘s survey
In rural areas, however, the household ill-being is much higher in comparison to urban areas. There is 1
household where ill-being is very high in the index range of 0.8 to 1. In high ill-being category, there are 11
households and maximum number of households, 71 out of 135 (52.59 percent) suffer from medium level of ill-
being in the rural areas. Next largest number of households belongs to category ‗Low‘ ill-being, 47 household
out of 135. And there is very low level of ill-being in case of 5 rural households. In both rural and urban areas,
largest number of households suffers from low and medium level of ill- being.
V. CONCLUSION
The study throws probing lights on the level of ill-being. The study reveals a dismal picture of well-
being of Bodos. Many households are found where there is at least one person who is either blind or crippled or
mentally impaired or chronically sick or has more than one such physical or mental disability. Such cases are
more in rural areas in comparison to urban. The survey identified 25 number of children of school going age in
rural areas who are not schooled, in urban areas the number is 11. Though the picture here is not as critical as
the earlier ones, there is deprivation among Bodos in educational front also that result in ill-being. Household
Food Security is another area that has important bearing on the well being of people. The overall picture is that a
large section of population of Bodo society is not food secured and the picture is grimmer in urban areas. The
absence of able-bodied members in the households further complicates the situation. Although lack of electricity
facility is not pronounced but in regard to availability of drinking water within premises, 48.88 percent of rural
households are without drinking water within premises. The destructive habits like alcoholism, smoking etc
poses a serious threat to the proper development of human mind and body. Around 12.59 percent of rural
households out of the total rural households suffer from this destructive habit(s) where as in the urban section,
9.83 percent of households exhibit the same. On the basis of HII values estimated, there is no household in
urban area where ill-being is very high. Majority of the households there suffer from medium level of ill-being
in the index range of 0.4 to 0.6. The overall picture suggests that in urban areas the level of ill-being is not
remarkably high among households. In rural areas, however, the household ill-being is much higher in
comparison to urban areas. In both rural and urban areas, largest numbers of households suffer from low and
medium level of ill- being. The extent of ill-being is more or less similarly spread across households in rural as
well as urban areas. There is ill-being in both these areas but severity of it is not very pronounced.
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Shillong: North Eastern Hills University.
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