This document summarizes a study that analyzed the roles and coping mechanisms of poor families in Northern Samar, Philippines. It found that parents generally provide all family income and prepare daily food. Fathers have authority in family decisions and spending. Common coping mechanisms included sharing resources, fathers taking on extra work, and support from married children. The study used surveys and interviews of heads of poor families receiving a government assistance program to understand their functions and challenges in meeting basic needs with limited incomes.
Securing Marriages from the strains of Career Imbalance – a case study of sel...Premier Publishers
The propensities for globalization that has gradually and steadily crept into the African and Nigerian cultural and value system have brought about new challenges to marriage and the home front. One of such challenges is that of career imbalance. Having other implications for the Nigerian marriage and family within the Yoruba culture, this problem is further exacerbated by stereotyped classical conceptions of marriage and family roles. Literature review of this research traces the roots of career imbalance in the Yoruba culture and examines some of the challenges faced by selected married individuals in career pursuits in Ogun State (mostly women).The goal is to observe new implications of this situation and suggest possible solutions to the challenge of career imbalance amongst these selected couples in Ogun State, Nigeria. This study has as its objective to investigate career imbalance amongst selected couples in Ogun State, Nigeria; study the problems, resulting challenges and proffer possible solutions. It incorporates the qualitative methodologies of descriptive analysis and case study to interpret secondary data extrapolated from past related research to satisfy questions posed in this research, and propose solutions to mitigate the strains of career imbalance on marriages of the 21st century, beginning with Ogun State.
Securing Marriages from the strains of Career Imbalance – a case study of sel...Premier Publishers
The propensities for globalization that has gradually and steadily crept into the African and Nigerian cultural and value system have brought about new challenges to marriage and the home front. One of such challenges is that of career imbalance. Having other implications for the Nigerian marriage and family within the Yoruba culture, this problem is further exacerbated by stereotyped classical conceptions of marriage and family roles. Literature review of this research traces the roots of career imbalance in the Yoruba culture and examines some of the challenges faced by selected married individuals in career pursuits in Ogun State (mostly women).The goal is to observe new implications of this situation and suggest possible solutions to the challenge of career imbalance amongst these selected couples in Ogun State, Nigeria. This study has as its objective to investigate career imbalance amongst selected couples in Ogun State, Nigeria; study the problems, resulting challenges and proffer possible solutions. It incorporates the qualitative methodologies of descriptive analysis and case study to interpret secondary data extrapolated from past related research to satisfy questions posed in this research, and propose solutions to mitigate the strains of career imbalance on marriages of the 21st century, beginning with Ogun State.
There’s the pandemic you know about, and all too well. It’s rightfully crowding the headlines of your newspaper and occupying the minds of government leaders. It’s taking loved ones, imperiling heroes in scrubs, threatening neighbors at the cash register, and suddenly.........
For more read visit https://bit.ly/2EgMNRp
This document is a Sociology Internal Assessment based on the high rate of unemployment in relation to youth groups. I also have uploaded a copy of my Entrepreneurship IA for your perusal if needed.
You can contact me at: erica5dacas@gmail.com
Presentation by Paola Giuliano at Development Day 2018 – Gender Equality and Economic Development: From Research to Action. This year conference was focused on existing constraints and also highlighted initiatives that could help to create an equal society.
More about the conference and research in transition economics can be found on SITE’s website: https://www.hhs.se/site
Gender Inequality in Development
Dr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, PGSR
Prof. & HOD, University Department of Economics,
SNDT Women’s University, Smt. Thakersey Road, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020
Phone-26770227®, 22052970 Mobile-9321040048
E mail:vibhuti.np@gmail.com
Women’s Studies have challenged the conventional indicators of development that focus on urbanisation, higher education, mobility of labour, technological development, modernisation, infra-structural development, industrialisation, mechamisation in agricultural, white revolution, green revolution, blue revolution so on and so forth. Development dialogue of the 1ast 32 years (1975 to the present) resulted into intellectual scrutiny with gender lens of
• The critique of trickledown theory
• Marginalisation thesis popularised by the UN as WID (Women in Development)
• ‘Integration of Women’ Approach known as Women and Development (WAD)
• Development Alternatives with Women (DAWN) at Nairobi Conference, 1985
• Gender and Development (GAD)- Women in Decision Making Process, 1990
• Adoption of CEDAW-Convention on all forms of Discrimination against Women
• Human Development Index, Gender Empowerment Measure, 1995
• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2000
• Women Empowerment Policy, GoI, 2001
• Gender Mainstreaming in planning, policy making and programme Implementation
Gender Problems of Uzbekistan in the Globalization ContextYogeshIJTSRD
This article recognizes the need and significance of gender equality in the process of ongoing democratic reforms. Under the globalization influence, current issues such as gender problems, rising poverty and unemployment, discrimination against women in the labor market and marginalization, the increase in violence against women, and the international cooperation role in addressing these challenges have been analyzed to become more acute. Alimukhamedova Nodira Yadgarovna "Gender Problems of Uzbekistan in the Globalization Context" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40069.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/40069/gender-problems-of-uzbekistan-in-the-globalization-context/alimukhamedova-nodira-yadgarovna
An investigation into the behavioural pattern and academic performance of students within single parent families. The paper assess the causes of behaviour and academic performance and provides reasoning as to why this is so.
The Relationship of Coping Mechanisms to the Role of 4PS Families in Northern...YogeshIJTSRD
This study analyzed the relationship between the roles and coping mechanisms of the recipient of 4Ps in the province of Northern Samar considering the 4Ps recipients as the representatives of the poor families. It described the socio demographic characteristics of the poor families in the selected communities in the Northern Samar. It analyzed the emergent roles of families in relation to income generation, provision of basic needs and family spending. The power patterns among poor families were also examined. It also discussed the coping mechanisms of poor families in terms of income generation, provision of basic needs and family spending. This study considered the heads of poor families in the drawing out area. The recipients of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program 4Ps were basically the subjects of the study. They were drawn through purposive sampling technique. The findings revealed that a majority of the parents of the poor families of Northern Samar were elementary graduates, with a monthly income of one thousand or less which were generally earned from farming as the major sources of income and were found to spend much for their “food-. A majority of the poor families had nuclear structure, with carpentry and “others- as their special skills had single houses type with light materials that need minor repair however, a majority owned their respective dwelling places but these were used to be attacked by typhoons. In terms of income generation, family coping mechanisms of poor families in Northern Samar, the frequently practiced mechanisms was generally, the culture of sharing is observed in the family while the seldom practiced was a member of the family has to stop schooling and work to augment the income of the family. It further illustrated that the profile of the poor families such as educational attainment and monthly income was significant predictors in generating income, in the provision of basic needs and family spending. Veronica A. Aleria "The Relationship of Coping Mechanisms to the Role of 4PS Families in Northern Samar, Philippines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43780.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/43780/the-relationship-of-coping-mechanisms-to-the-role-of-4ps-families-in-northern-samar-philippines/veronica-a-aleria
There’s the pandemic you know about, and all too well. It’s rightfully crowding the headlines of your newspaper and occupying the minds of government leaders. It’s taking loved ones, imperiling heroes in scrubs, threatening neighbors at the cash register, and suddenly.........
For more read visit https://bit.ly/2EgMNRp
This document is a Sociology Internal Assessment based on the high rate of unemployment in relation to youth groups. I also have uploaded a copy of my Entrepreneurship IA for your perusal if needed.
You can contact me at: erica5dacas@gmail.com
Presentation by Paola Giuliano at Development Day 2018 – Gender Equality and Economic Development: From Research to Action. This year conference was focused on existing constraints and also highlighted initiatives that could help to create an equal society.
More about the conference and research in transition economics can be found on SITE’s website: https://www.hhs.se/site
Gender Inequality in Development
Dr. Vibhuti Patel, Director, PGSR
Prof. & HOD, University Department of Economics,
SNDT Women’s University, Smt. Thakersey Road, Churchgate, Mumbai-400020
Phone-26770227®, 22052970 Mobile-9321040048
E mail:vibhuti.np@gmail.com
Women’s Studies have challenged the conventional indicators of development that focus on urbanisation, higher education, mobility of labour, technological development, modernisation, infra-structural development, industrialisation, mechamisation in agricultural, white revolution, green revolution, blue revolution so on and so forth. Development dialogue of the 1ast 32 years (1975 to the present) resulted into intellectual scrutiny with gender lens of
• The critique of trickledown theory
• Marginalisation thesis popularised by the UN as WID (Women in Development)
• ‘Integration of Women’ Approach known as Women and Development (WAD)
• Development Alternatives with Women (DAWN) at Nairobi Conference, 1985
• Gender and Development (GAD)- Women in Decision Making Process, 1990
• Adoption of CEDAW-Convention on all forms of Discrimination against Women
• Human Development Index, Gender Empowerment Measure, 1995
• Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), 2000
• Women Empowerment Policy, GoI, 2001
• Gender Mainstreaming in planning, policy making and programme Implementation
Gender Problems of Uzbekistan in the Globalization ContextYogeshIJTSRD
This article recognizes the need and significance of gender equality in the process of ongoing democratic reforms. Under the globalization influence, current issues such as gender problems, rising poverty and unemployment, discrimination against women in the labor market and marginalization, the increase in violence against women, and the international cooperation role in addressing these challenges have been analyzed to become more acute. Alimukhamedova Nodira Yadgarovna "Gender Problems of Uzbekistan in the Globalization Context" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Special Issue | Innovative Development of Modern Research , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd40069.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/40069/gender-problems-of-uzbekistan-in-the-globalization-context/alimukhamedova-nodira-yadgarovna
An investigation into the behavioural pattern and academic performance of students within single parent families. The paper assess the causes of behaviour and academic performance and provides reasoning as to why this is so.
The Relationship of Coping Mechanisms to the Role of 4PS Families in Northern...YogeshIJTSRD
This study analyzed the relationship between the roles and coping mechanisms of the recipient of 4Ps in the province of Northern Samar considering the 4Ps recipients as the representatives of the poor families. It described the socio demographic characteristics of the poor families in the selected communities in the Northern Samar. It analyzed the emergent roles of families in relation to income generation, provision of basic needs and family spending. The power patterns among poor families were also examined. It also discussed the coping mechanisms of poor families in terms of income generation, provision of basic needs and family spending. This study considered the heads of poor families in the drawing out area. The recipients of the PantawidPamilyang Pilipino Program 4Ps were basically the subjects of the study. They were drawn through purposive sampling technique. The findings revealed that a majority of the parents of the poor families of Northern Samar were elementary graduates, with a monthly income of one thousand or less which were generally earned from farming as the major sources of income and were found to spend much for their “food-. A majority of the poor families had nuclear structure, with carpentry and “others- as their special skills had single houses type with light materials that need minor repair however, a majority owned their respective dwelling places but these were used to be attacked by typhoons. In terms of income generation, family coping mechanisms of poor families in Northern Samar, the frequently practiced mechanisms was generally, the culture of sharing is observed in the family while the seldom practiced was a member of the family has to stop schooling and work to augment the income of the family. It further illustrated that the profile of the poor families such as educational attainment and monthly income was significant predictors in generating income, in the provision of basic needs and family spending. Veronica A. Aleria "The Relationship of Coping Mechanisms to the Role of 4PS Families in Northern Samar, Philippines" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43780.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/43780/the-relationship-of-coping-mechanisms-to-the-role-of-4ps-families-in-northern-samar-philippines/veronica-a-aleria
Annotated BibliographyGonzález, M. (2005). Access to Mental Heal.docxdurantheseldine
Annotated Bibliography
González, M. (2005). Access to Mental Health Services: The Struggle of Poverty Affected Urban Children of Color. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal,22(3), 245-256.
In this peer reviewed article, the author discusses that urban children of color especially those from low income families are at a greater risks of developing mental health problems. These children are also less likely to receive effective child mental health services as a result of poverty and so their health conditions continue to deteriorate. In this article the author put forth the barriers to mental health care as experienced by children of color together with their families. Gonzalez also stresses on the role of the social work in helping the children of color in urban areas access and benefit from mental health services.
De los Reyes-Aragon, C., Amar Amar, J., De Castro Correa, A., Lewis Harb, S., Madariaga, C., & Abello-Llanos, R. (2016). The Care and Development of Children Living in Contexts of Poverty. Journal of Child and Family Studies,25(12), 3637-3643.
The authors of this articles discuss that the circumstances under poverty can influence a child’s development. The study examines the development level of children that living in low income rural regions in Northern Colombia. Through their research, 18% of the assed children had developmental delay for their respective age groups. According to them, there is need for the improvement of the environmental conditions to help parents improve their caregiving practices.
Wong, Ma, & Chan. (2017). The impact of poverty on children in out-of-home care services in a Chinese context and the application of multiple family group therapy to enrich their family lives. Children and Youth Services Review,
This article focusses on Chinese children who were placed in out of home care in Hong Kong. These are children for disadvantaged families. The authors discuss that these children suffered mental illness, and substance abuse. The authors discuss on the best practices to rehabilitate these children.
Loha, E., Deressa, W., Solomon, T., Atsbeha, H., Hailu, A., & Lindtjørn, B. (2017). Anaemia among children in a drought affected community in south-central Ethiopia. PLoS One,12(3), E0170898.
This articles in addition discuses that children from low income families and poor regions are most likely to be diagnosed with anaemia. An increase in the prevalence of anaemia was observed in regions that had experienced draught and food shortage. Malaria is another disease they found out to be common in children living in low income areas.
Machell, Kyla ; Disabato, David ; Kashdan, Todd .Social Indicators Research, 2016, Vol.126(2), pp.845-861.
According to this article, the poor neighborhoods have little support from the government as far as developmental of rehabilitations centers, vocational training centers and guidance and counselling centers. These are the places useful for youths who did not complete school .
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Presentation from international meeting on children's work and child labour hosted by the Africa Child Policy Forum, Organisation for Social Science Research in Eastern and Southern Africa, and Young Lives in Addis Ababa, 20-21 March 2014
Role of higher education in Women Empowerment : An insight on the rural mot...lubnasadiyah
Women have fiercely competing men and have excelled in various fields and education proves to be the backbone of women empowerment. Besides facing many personal, family, societal and work place issues yet their achievements gets unrecognized particularly of rural women. This presentation helps in determining the rural mother's awareness and the perceptional factors to significantly understand the importance of education.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF SCHOOL CHILDREN OF A RURAL PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL OF...Nezel Duque
A thesis presented to the faculty of Graduate Studies for the the Degree- Master of Arts in Education Major in Educational Administration. Request the full paper @ nezelduque21@gmail.com
Socio-Economic Status Of Working Women In NalgondaKam Raju
Socioeconomic status (SES) is an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others.
When analysing a family's SES, the household income, earners' education, and occupation are examined, as well as combined income, whereas for an individual's SES only their own attributes are assessed.
However, SES is more commonly used to depict an economic difference in society as a whole.
Response 1 Sociocultural Differences in Perspectives on Aging.docxmackulaytoni
Response 1:
Sociocultural Differences in Perspectives on Aging
·
Respond
to at least two colleagues who addressed cultures that are different from the ones you addressed.
·
Share an insight from reading your colleagues' postings.
·
Describe how you might incorporate the cultural perspectives on aging described by your colleagues into your own social work practice.
Be sure to support your responses with specific references to the resources. If you are using additional articles, be sure to provide full APA-formatted citations for your references.
Colleague 1: BM
Americans are living far longer than they have in the past, with the average age of death at approximately 77 years of age (Ryman, 2003). This increase in years can possibly be attributed to our advanced medical findings, ranging from research to cure, which have resulted in prolonging the lives of individuals who otherwise may not have lived as long. With our citizens living longer, amenities for these individuals have also been revamped, including senior housing facilities and additional units included in nursing homes. Furthermore, it is an unfortunate reality that the elderly population in our society is often considered as a burden (Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman, 2016). This can typically be heard when people refer to driving behind a senior citizen or shopping in the same stores. Their habitually slower pace does not always align with our quick-paced, instantly-gratifying society, typical in the United States. The mental and physical health of the elderly can also have an effect on society, with financial resources being allocated for this population, thus further prolonging their lives (Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman, 2016).
In countries including Japan and China, however, the elderly are viewed with a much higher prestige than here in the United States. Their role within their families, particularly as they age, becomes more ingrained, with the majority of the elderly living with their grown children and their children (Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman, 2016). This becomes the expectation. In these cultures, the elderly are viewed as wise, possessing a knowledge that can only be obtained with years spent on the planet. On the contrary if grown children consider a nursing home for their parents, they are actually considered uncaring and non-traditional (Zastrow and Kirst-Ashman, 2016). Additionally, the Indian culture reveres their elderly population, again often living in joint families. The patriarch in these families is often the grandfather or great grandfather. It is customary for the grandparents to have a direct hand in raising the grandchildren, including the child care and decision making regarding the children (Ryman, 2003).
The difference between the United States and the other aforementioned viewpoints on aging can most likely be directly linked to the pace of society. The United States prides itself on technology, economics and the resulting power. W.
The Impact of Girl-Child Education on Community Development: A Study of Ika L...iosrjce
This research work investigated the impact of Girl-Child Education on Community Development with
focus on Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The specific objectives of the study are to identify the
role of Girl-Child Education in Community Development, to determine the factors impeding against girl-child
education in the aforementioned area and to examine how social, economic and political development affects
Girl-Child Education in Ika Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. The total population for this study is
39,500 and the sample size of three hundred and ninety five (395) persons from the selected communities i.e.
Ikot Inyang Udo, Ikot Akata, Urua Inyang, Ikot Oyo and Ikot Okon were drawn. The study adopted a descriptive
survey design and data were analysed using the chi-square (X2
) statistic at 0.05 level of significance. It was
found among other things that Girl-Child Education helps in Community Development and the factors militating
against girl-child education were culture and poverty level of the people. Based on the findings, the following
recommendations were made; the society should stop the discrimination of the girl-child in the provision of
education, also that government should make policy statements that will make the education of the girl child
legal and compulsory.
ASSESSMENT OF THE FACTORS RESPONSIBLE FOR CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT IN NIGERIA....ResearchWap
It has been the general assumption that children with reasonable physical care would grow into normal happy adulthood. But scientific investigations by psychologists, sociologist and psychiatrists regarding personality development has uncovered the greater importance of growing up and its lasting effects on the total personality of a person. Adult personality has its root in childhood. What we can do as adults are largely determined by the ways in which we were allowed to experience inevitable events of childhood.
Thus the aim of this research work is to shed more light on the issue of child abuse and neglect in Kaduna South Local Government of Kaduna State.
A child is neglected when he lacks continuous physical and emotional contact with his mother. Children under this category may be due to the loss of a mother or both parents or the separation of both parents, this child may be sent to nursery school or orphanages with many children which makes it difficult for special individual attention to be rendered to each child. Those children are therefore brought up by strangers which could be changed at different times due to the shift of their studies.
Child abuse on the other hand can be defined as the portion of harm to children that result from human action or inaction that is prescribed, proximate and preventable. The definition recognizes that such harm is no accident but something perpetrated on children by others, usually intestinally and that the actors inflicting this harm do not enjoy society's approval. It is also pointed out that abuse generally comes from the child's immediate environment and that it is preventable child neglect is a passive form of maltreatment or abuse UNICEF (1986).
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Mission to Decommission: Importance of Decommissioning Products to Increase E...
Variation in the role and coping mechanism of 4 ps beneficiaries in northern samar
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Variation In The Role And Coping Mechanism of 4Ps
Beneficiaries In Northern Samar
Veronica A. Piczon, Leah A. De Asis, Tito M. Cabili
Faculty members of the University of Eastern Philippines.
Abstract
This study analyzed the emerging roles and coping mechanisms of poor families in the province of
Northern Samar considering the 4Ps recipients as the representatives of the poor families.
It described the emergent roles of families in relation to income generation, provision of basic needs
and family spending. The power patterns among poor families were also examined. It also discussed the coping
mechanisms of poor families in terms of income generation, provision of basic needs and family spending.
This study was conducted in the province of Northern Samar and considered one municipality from
every geographical area as the major data source. The municipality of Lavezares represented the Balicuatro
area, Catarman for the central area and Pambujan for the Pacific Area.
This study considered the heads of poor families in drawing out data. The recipients of the Pantawid
Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps) were basically the subjects of the study. They were drawn through purposive
sampling technique.
Among the parents’ emergent role on income generation, giving of the whole income for the family was
frequently practiced while accepting immediate paid labor and leaving the major source of income was least or
occasionally practiced. On the provision of basic needs the frequently performed role was the daily preparation
of food by the parents and the least frequently practiced was the provision of regular budget for food. On family
spending, the frequently performed role was that the parents make the final decision, making authority and the
occasionally practiced was that, the parents don’t tell the family on significant matters.
Among the family power patterns, the frequently played was the voice of the father is the law in the
family while the least manifested power pattern was that, the father is the head but not the breadwinner, thus
obedient to the breadwinner.
In terms of income generation, family coping mechanisms of poor families in Northern Samar, the
frequently practiced mechanism was generally, the culture of sharing is observed in the family while the seldom
practiced was a member of the family has to stop schooling and work to augment the income of the family. On
the provision of basic needs, the occasionally practiced was that the father doubles his major task to support and
satisfy the basic needs of the family while the seldom practiced was, the eldest child of the family has to go to an
urban/city area for a job to finance the basic needs of the family. Any member of the family is consulted for
decision on spending matter is the occasionally shown coping mechanism while, in all family affairs, decision on
spending is always put upon the shoulders of the close friends was the seldom coping mechanism shown.
Keywords: Family role, coping mechanisms, poor families
Introduction
The concept poor family has standard social science definitions; however, the word poor family in this
research study would mean those whose monthly family income is set within the bracket of poor by respective
government agencies like the NEDA. Poor family by social context could be projected as a scene of tragedy,
struggle and shame; some others consider it a venue of hopelessness. Positively, many would outgrow their
negative notions by considering their being poor and their poor family as a showcase of best practices; and
becoming a source of human services.
This dissertation brings in the voice of the unheard in the desire to pushing up front the voices of the
poor families of Northern Samar (the researched). The researcher being a social scientist put more premiums on
the voices of the marginalized and their roles and their coping mechanism to surface. But why Northern Samar;
and why the poor people? Educational management must not be confined only in the formal academic
environment, but the school must be radiated to areas with unheard voices. This ushers the opportunity of
curving education-based intervention to welcome poverty eradication as the next concept and concern for future
research studies.
To speak of social structure is to speak of differentiation among people/families, as social structure is
defined by distinctions people make, explicitly or implicitly, in their role relations. The study of the various
forms of differentiation among people, their interrelations, the conditions producing them and their implications
is the distinctive task of Sociology, the significant consideration in the choice of the topic, the researcher, being a
Social Science teacher for decades. No other discipline undertakes this important task, and sociologists have too
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long neglected it (Costello 1983). The researcher would be failing in a great dismay if her being a Social Science
teacher one of the lowly groups of the society; the poor, will not be given a little concern in terms of research,
thus; this study.
We are all brought up in a family no matter and whatever is its category. Family members therefore are
enmeshed daily in a network of family interaction. Many beliefs, notions and ideas about the entirety of the
family have sprung from daily experiences and observations from within, outside and/or from other families. The
family is so close and familiar to anyone that we feel we already know everything about it. However, there is
still a need to stand back and view the family critically from the outside because personal experiences are very
limited and may not be representative of other families in the larger society (Medina 2001). There is a need
therefore of assessing what roles poor families have in the real life setting. Results will then form part of more
precise information and broader generalizations about how and what functions and responsibilities poor families
play in the real context with specific focus to Northern Samar.
In the same manner of considering agencies essential in the eradication of poverty, “education is
universally acknowledged as an essential element in the process of national development. The fundamental
purpose of investment in education is to empower people with the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes to
improve their quality of life, enhance their productivity and their capacity to learn new skills, and enable them to
participate more fully in the development process. So essential is education to development that access to basic
education is now considered a human right, and not merely an ingredient in the recipe for economic
development. The right to education is recognized. Article 26 which is the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights further strengthens that education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and
to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedom. With these, parents have the prior
right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children (United Nations, 1948).
Poverty situation in Eastern Visayas steadily worsened for almost six years. In 2003, it ranked 7th and
5 very recently in terms of severity among the 17 regions all throughout the country. Magnitude of poor
families in the region has increased between 2003 and 2009 bringing the total number of poor families to
287,156 or 1.7 million individuals. The National statistical Coordinating Board further pointed out that 1 in
every 3 families in Eastern Visayas is poor. Northern Samar and Eastern Samar are then categorized by the same
board as “cluster 1”, considered as the poorest provinces in the region. This goes with the findings that 1 in every
7 families in the region cannot even meet the basic food requirements (NEDA Report undated).
th
As reported in the provincial profile of Northern Samar, the province is the new entrant in the list of 10
poorest provinces with poverty incidence of 52.2%. It ranked number 7 in the entire country, while first in the
region (Provincial Profile, 2009). Having this incidence of poverty, it is but a logical point for research
especially for a Social Scientist like the researcher to consider what the emergent roles poor families have in the
real functional context of poor families in Northern Samar. Baseline data gathered in this study will therefore
serve as the take off point in designing future development programs and the like ultimately geared towards
giving solutions to these problems. Hoped by this academic endeavor are future researches and unprecedented
interventions which picture rays of better future for the province.
But who are the poor? The provincial profile refers this to individuals and families whose incomes fall
below the official poverty threshold as defined by the government. These are those who cannot afford to provide
in a sustained manner their minimum basic needs for food, health, education, housing and other social amenities
of life. Data from the same source noted that 3 out of 10 families in Northern Samar are not capable of providing
the basic food requirements. With this scenario at present, to whom shall the blame be put? Is it to the parents’
shoulder, or the children’s? What are the existing functions of the family members that may or may not
contribute to the welfare of the family? These are among the concerns of Social Science, thus fascinate the
researcher’s interest and the discipline where academic strength comes and push that intellectual urge to design
one, thus this study.
More specifically, it determined the roles of family members in relation to income generation, provision
of basic needs, family spending; the power patterns among the poor families and the coping mechanisms of poor
families in terms of income generation, provision of basic needs, family spending.
Method
In the exploration of the roles and coping mechanisms of poor families in selected communities in
Northern Samar, mix methods were used. A researcher made survey questionnaire helped analyze the roles
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played by the different members of the family. On the other hand, to ensure validity of the data, face to face
interview was employed and conducted.
This study centers on the group of poor families. The members of the poor families like just any
category or class of member in a community have their construction of what and how is it being poor. This
means that information and knowledge are but realities and realities are just out there in multiple structures.
Furthermore, the use of qualitative method, the interview, gives the marginalized poor their own voice
the accumulation of their construction of the varied roles they use to really play in the accomplishment of the
family’s functions; making them visible and enabling their version of reality not an outsider’s view and
perspective to be heard and known (Hugo and Thompson, 1995:53 as cited by Cabatac, 2009). It also shows
recognition not only of their knowledge but also of them as knowledge-bearers, generators and source.
This study particularly employed the more common techniques of survey questionnaire, and the
validation used interviews, and review of secondary materials and documents. This was with the desire to put
things clear on the issue of validity and reliability of data to be gathered.
Interviews
Informal interviews were used in the collection of the data. The informal interview which is not usually
favored and preferred by many informants, was done while family members had no major family activity and or
during break from their work. This technique, similar to the other techniques ensured naturalness and
authenticity of responses as the informants were on their natural setting and environment. Conversations in an
atmosphere like this more often than not lead the informants to recall and relate their rich past experiences with
the present knowledge of their roles in the family. This authentically gave the researcher the excellent data as
observation came along this technique. Data gathered employing this technique was validated through the key
informant interviews.
For the key informant (KI) interviews, the reconnaissance visits will be conducted upon approval of the
research proposal. This reconnaissance visits gave the researcher enough opportunity to identify key informants.
The key informants were those who were considered by the community to be knowledgeable considering the
parameters in defining “poor families”. The definition of terms are just but included for the sake of exclusivity in
the study and for proper direction in the frame/context of the study.
Results and Discussion
Roles of Family Members
Basically parents of every family have their respective roles attached and expected of them. This part
discusses the roles of parents in relation to income generation, provision of basic needs and family spending.
Income Generation
Among the parent’s roles on income generation, “The parents give the whole income for the family”
ranked first. This means that parents earn entirely for their families. “The parents observe thriftiness with regards
to unnecessary spending” ranked second while “The family members work all throughout the waking hours to
earn money” ranked third. It can be inferred that really parents spent just for the need of the family.
On the other hand, the least or occasionally performed roles were “The parents accept immediate paid
labor and leave the major source of income”, “The family members avoid over spending”, and “The parents give
only a part of the income for the family”. It can clearly mean that parents avoid overspending to prevent them
from doing extra work and concentrate more on their major livelihood strategy.
Provision of Basic Needs
In terms of the roles in the provision of basic needs, the first three frequently performed roles were;
“The parents allocate budget to start up the education of the young”, “The parents prepare the food daily”, and
“The parents are responsible in the construction of the house. Through these findings, it can be inferred that
really parents are responsible in providing the basic needs of their family.
On the contrary, the least frequently performed roles in the provision of basic needs were, “The parents
provide regular budget for food”, “The parents provide all the needs of the family” and “The parents provide all
the other needs of the family”. Bringing back the discussion into the monthly and source income of the family,
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these two factors may lead to the least performance of such roles. It can be inferred therefore, that having a
meager income, parents can hardly exercise their responsibilities in terms of providing what the family needs.
Family Spending
In terms of family spending, Table 3.3 shows that the frequently performed roles were “Closely monitor
when family members are doing tasks”, “Share much of the responsibilities”, “Tell the members of the family
what has to be done and how to do it”, “Lead the family activities”, “Affairs of the family are our responsibility”.
This means that parents are authorities, guide and direct the family in terms of spending the resources of
the family, however to the utmost involvement of family members in the spending affairs of the family.
The parents least or occasionally performed the following spending emergent roles; “On significant
matter/s about the family, I don’t tell my family”, “Make consider suggestions made by other members of the
family”, “Ask for the ideas and inputs of the family members on plans of up-coming projects”. These findings
still adheres to the basic culture of the Filipino family of reminding family members of their weaknesses with the
end in view of properly guiding and directing family members to the best path of life.
Family Power Patterns
This part traces how the patriarchal or matriarchal role is played in the family. It was found out that the
power patterns which were frequently played were “The voice of the father is the law in the family”, “Headship
or dominance and authority was after being widowed or separated”, “The father respects the decision of the
partner”. This brings to an inference that no matter what, the father is still the head of the family, making the
final decisions that affect the family. Furthermore, in the absence of the father, the power of the mother is
equated to that of the father.
On the other hand the least or occasionally manifested power patterns were “The father is the head but
not the breadwinner, thus obedient to the breadwinner”, “The voice of the mother is the law in the family”,
“Accomplishes necessary functions that of the father and mother”. This pushes to a clear inference that among
poor families of Northern Samar the father is never dependent on the other members of the family in the
performance of these roles, which may imply that they (fathers) are responsible in the performance of what are
expected of them as heads of the family.
Family Coping Mechanisms
Table 5 (see Appendix) shows the mechanisms of how poor families cope with their income generation,
provision of food and family spending.
Among the coping mechanisms of poor families, the frequently practiced mechanisms were,
“Generally, the culture of sharing is observed in the family”, “The father accepts extra works to augment
income” and “Married children shares financial burden with the family”. This means that the father has to find
ways and means to earn a living. Undeniably, the Filipino culture of sharing still freshly lingers in the lives of
the poor families in Northern Samar.
Least or seldom practiced on the other hand were, “Depend on dole out from neighbors, relatives and
friends”, “A member of the family has to stop schooling and work to augment the income of the family”, and
“Ask regular financial contribution from the children whether married or not”. This clearly means that in the
culture of sharing, dependency from other families with no relations is not cultivated. No one is sacrificed of
his/her education in the process of providing/adding income to the family which runs counter to what had been
observed by the researcher in some of the visited families who are 4Ps recipients.
Provision Of Basic Needs
Looking at the ranking of the coping mechanisms under provision of basic needs, it can be gleaned in
Table 5.2 that the occasionally practiced were “The father doubles his major task to support and satisfy the basic
needs of the family”, “The mother accepts extra work like doing laundry, caring for other family’s children on a
daily payment basis”, and “Borrow money and other non-cash in exchange of future paid labor”. It can be
inferred that both parents in the family worked hard for them to provide the basic needs of the family.
Furthermore, the relatives are best support system of the family in the provision of basic needs.
“The eldest child of the family has to go to an urban/city area for a job to finance the basic needs of the
family”, “Any member of the family has to go to an urban/city area for a job to finance the basic needs of the
family”, and “The mother works in the city and sends money to finance the basic and other needs of the family”.
Were least or seldom practiced/done in the provision of basic need of the poor families of the province. This may
be because of the satisfaction of the family on the income earned from livelihood strategy which they are used
to. Looking back at the data in Table 1.4 the major source of income of the majority is farming, thus an inference
can be drawn that the same suffice the basic needs of the family.
Family Spending
In terms of family spending table 5.3 revealed the coping mechanisms occasionally done were “Any
member of the family is consulted for decision on spending matter”, “Never leave the children unattended by
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either a father or a mother”, and “ In the absence of both parents, a specific member is assigned to manage the
family spending activities”.
On the contrary Table 5.3 shows that the least or seldom shown coping mechanisms on family spending
were “In all family affairs, decision on spending is always put upon the shoulders of the close friends”, “In all
family affairs, decision on spending is always put upon the shoulders of non-relatives” and
“In all family affairs, decision on spending is always put upon the shoulders of the close relatives”.
The findings finally meant that decisions relative to family spending were the major task of the parents
as well as the other members of the family.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
A majority of the poor families belonged to the absolute poverty level, which can be implied that they
have less financial potential and that they have roots which/who are poor families, too. Educated people have
higher income potential, and are better able to improve the quality of their lives.
A greater majority were nuclear families, with special skills whose economic status speak up of their
being poor. Their special skills made them resilient to social misfortunes. This implies that their being poor seem
to be handed down from the wrong discipline of their parents.
Poor families as they are, parents are but responsible in the performance of their patriarchal and
matriarchal responsibilities. It implies therefore that poor families have the heart of willingness to solve
problems and overcome them according to their skills and experiences.
Every member of the poor family especially the parents have their specific responsibilities. Power
patterns emerge according to their experiences and occurrences in life. It implies that respect and awareness of
family members’ responsibilities made poor families survive the turmoils of life.
Poor families have their unique and strategic coping mechanisms in generating income, providing the
family’s basic needs and family spending. This implies that how poor families are, they instantly design
mechanisms for them to be resilient to occurrences and circumstances.
Various parameters interrelate with the emergent roles of the parents of poor families. This implies the
need for poor families to be more than aware of various coping mechanisms, the occurrence of unexpected
power patterns and give utmost attention in the improvement of the quality of their lives.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. The government through the Local Government Units must/shall design governmental programs
considering poverty and their being poor as the springboard and the primary instrument for the
transmission of social and cultural values which are essential in social development. LGUs that offer
scholarships in aid to poor families have to be sustained.
2. Challenges are great, so too are the opportunities. Opportunities from the government, livelihood loans
and grants have to be provided to augment the poor families’ economic status and excellently overcome
misfortunes. Government effort through TESDA having specialized programs for the poor has to reach
the family implementation.
3. Community focus group discussions, seminars, fora and the like must be regularly conducted to poor
families to strengthen their awareness and develop in-depth skills in the development of their income
generation, provision of basic needs and family spending skills.
4. The academe must strengthen linkages with the Local Government Units in the widening and
broadening of focus of the Alternative Learning System presently in place at the Department of
Education.
5. Programs and activities have to be designed both by the academe and other government organizations
that cater to the coping mechanism needs of poor communities. Non-government organizations must be
encouraged to actively participate in the drafting and final implementation of these programs and
activities.
6. More formal researches be conducted considering poor families and poor communities as subjects. The
same will bring into attention of the law makers the issues and concerns confronting poor people.
Acknowledgement
The author wishes to acknowledge the financial support to the senior author (Dissertation Grant) given by the
University of Eastern Philippines and the Provincial Government of the Province of Northern Samar for the
completion of this research.
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Reference
Constello, Micheal A. “The Elderly in Filipino Households: Current Status and Future Prospects.” Philippine
Sociological Review. Vol. 42 (1-4): 53-77 (January-December_. 1994.
Medina, Belen T.G. 2001. The Filipino Family, 2nd Edition. University of the Philippines Press, Diliman,
Quezon City. pp. 307.
NEDA Report, undated
Northern Samar Provincial Profile. Updated November 2010. Provincial Planning and Development Office,
Catarman, Northern Samar.
United Nations. 1984. University Declaration of Human Rights, New York.
Cabatac, Neyma N. Plant Diversity, Food Availability, and Resilience in the Indigenous Sgroforestry System of
the Erumanen Ne Menuvu of Cotabato, Philippines, Unpublished Dissertaion. University of the
Philippines, Los Banos, College Laguna. 2009.
Appendix
Table 3.1
Role – Income Generation
Me
Ra
Interpret
an
nk
ation
1. The family members give the whole income for the family.
4.41
1
Frequent
2. The family members observe thriftiness with regards to unnecessary
spending.
4.14
2
Frequent
3. The family members work all throughout the waking hours to earn
money.
4.07
3
Frequent
4.
4.00
4
Frequent
5. The family members work 7 days a week and 8 hours a day.
3.81
5
Frequent
6. The family members do not engage in any vice to ensure that income
is intact for the family.
3.80
6
Frequent
7. The family members accept extra work whenever possible to ensure
enough income for the family
3.54
7
Frequent
3.43
8
Roles
The family members dominate much of the earnings for the family.
Occasiona
8. The family members give only a part of the income for the family.
l
Occasiona
9. The family members avoid over spending.
3.33
9
l
10. The family members accept immediate paid labor and leave the major
source of income.
Occasiona
2.94
10
l
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Table 3.2
Role – Provision of Basic Needs
Mea
Ran
Interpretatio
Role
n
k
n
1.
The parents allocate budget to start up the education of the
young.
4.54
1
Always
4.53
2
Always
4.53
3
Always
4.48
4
Frequent
4.46
5
Frequent
6.
The parents are responsible for the clothing needs of the
family.
4.46
6
Frequent
7.
house.
The parents manage the repair and maintenance of the
4.42
7
Frequent
8.
The parents provide all the other needs of the family.
4.4
8
Frequent
9.
The parents provide all the needs of the family.
4.31
9
Frequent
10.
The parents provides regular budget for food.
4.25
10
Frequent
2.
The parents prepare the food daily.
3.
house.
The parents are responsible in the construction of the
4.
The parents plan out for the education of the young.
5.
The parents provide the food according to its availability.
Table 3.3
Roles - Family Spending
Roles
Mean
Rank
Interpretation
1.
Closely monitor when family members are doing tasks.
4.2
1.5
Frequent
2.
Share much of the responsibilities.
4.2
1.5
Frequent
3.
Tell the members of the family what has to be done and how to do
it.
4.16
4
Frequent
4.
Lead the family activities.
4.16
4
Frequent
5.
Affairs of the family are our responsibility.
4.16
4
Frequent
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6.
Make the final decision-making authority in terms of spending
within the family.
4.15
6
Frequent
7.
Allow family members to carry out the decisions to do the tasks.
4.14
7
Frequent
8.
Allow family members to use their creativity and ingenuity in
solving family problems.
4.07
8.5
Frequent
9.
They command and they do the command.
4.07
8.5
Frequent
10.
Give freedom to exercise self-direction and let them show their
self-worth.
4.06
10
Frequent
11.
When there are differences in role expectations, we work with them
to resolve the differences.
4.04
11
Frequent
12.
Allow family members to determine and decide what needs to be
done and how to do it.
3.99
12
Frequent
13.
When things go wrong, they usually think and do strategies to keep
things running on schedule.
3.95
13
Frequent
14.
Delegate tasks to the members of the family.
3.93
14
Frequent
15.
When something goes wrong, s/he tells the family members that a
procedure is not working correctly/properly, and establishes a new
one.
3.92
15
Frequent
16.
For every major decision, they ask approval of each member of the
family.
3.9
16
Frequent
17.
Create an environment in which every family member is part of
any activity of the family. Allow them to participate in the
decision-making process.
3.87
17
Frequent
18.
They get my family members’ advice.
3.83
18
Frequent
19.
Expect the family to do tasks related to objectives, household
affairs, community involvement and political affairs.
3.72
19.5
Frequent
20.
Direct or threats family members with punishment in order to get
them achieve the family affairs/activities.
3.72
19.5
Frequent
21.
Always employ win-win decision.
3.69
21
Frequent
22.
Use leadership power to help the family members grow.
3.64
22
Frequent
23.
Command and never do the share in doing the tasks.
3.62
23
Frequent
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24.
When a family member makes a mistakes s/he is/will be/given a
corresponding punishment.
3.5
24
Frequent
25.
When a family member makes a mistakes, I tell him/her not to ever
do it again.
3.49
25
Occasional
26.
Ask for the ideas and inputs of the family members on plans of upcoming projects, etc.
3.47
26
Occasional
27.
Make consider suggestions made by other members of the family.
3.29
27
Occasional
28.
On significant matter/s about the family, I don’t tell my family.
2.98
28
Occasional
Table 4
POWER PATTERNS
Mea
Power Patterns
Ran
Interpreta
n
k
tion
1.
The voice of the father is the law in the family.
4.32
1
F
2.
Headship or dominance and authority was after being widowed or
separated.
4.27
2
F
3.
The father respects the decision of the partner.
4.07
3
F
4.
Decisive authority, decision-making and managing of the household is
that of the father.
4.06
4
F
5.
Democracy is observed in the family.
3.94
5
F
6.
The dictum, “Follow what I say, do not follow what I do” is observed in
the family.
3.88
6
F
7.
Monopolize the power and authority due to the temporary absence,
disability, etc. of the father.
3.86
7.5
F
8.
Mother maintains a “walk a tight rope” in the exercise of her role as head
of the family.
3.86
7.5
F
9.
Leadership, control and authority are nobody’s autonomy.
3.76
9
F
10.
Power and leadership is bestowed on the shoulders of the father
3.75
10
F
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11.
Power is equated to men in the management of the family.
3.67
11
F
12.
Extrinsic assistance makes the family survive.
3.65
12
F
13.
The father respects the voice of the children and other members of the
family.
3.62
13
F
14.
The eldest child leads and manages the affairs of the family.
3.44
14
O
15.
Every member of the family runs his/her own life.
3.34
15
O
16.
Democracy is observed in the family.
3.32
16
O
17.
The mother respects the decision of the other members of the family.
3.31
17
O
18.
Accomplishes necessary functions that of the father and mother.
3.3
18
O
19.
The voice of the mother is the law in the family.
3.19
19
O
20.
The father is the head but not the breadwinner, thus subservient to the
bread winner.
2.67
20
O
Me
Ra
Interpreta
an
nk
tion
Table 5.1
COPING MECHANISMS- Income Generation
Coping Mechanism
1.
Generally, the culture of sharing is observed in the family.
4.21
1
F
2.
The father accepts extra work to augment income.
3.57
2
F
3.
Married children shares financial burden with the family.
3.02
3
O
4.
Everybody in the family enters extra work for extra pay.
2.81
4
O
5.
The mother accepts regular extra work from neighbors and other
people.
2.8
5
O
6.
2.6
6
O
7.
Children schooling are made to work every Saturdays and Sundays
or as the need arises.
2.4
7
S
8.
Ask regular financial contribution from the Schildren whether
married or not.
2.22
8
S
9.
A member of the family has to stop schooling and work to augment
the income of the family.
1.89
9
S
10.
1.88
10
S
Married children helps in the generation of income for the family.
Depend on dole out from neighbors, relatives and friends.
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11. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
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ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Table 5.2
Coping Mechanism- Provision of Basic Needs
Me
Ra
Interpre
Coping Mechanism
an
nk
tation
1.
The father doubles his major task of money making to support and satisfy the
basic needs of the family.
3.3
3
1
Occasion
al
2.
The mother accepts extra work like doing laundry, caring for other family’s
children on a daily payment basis.
2.7
8
2
Occasion
al
3.
Borrow money and other non-cash in exchange of future paid labor.
2.6
6
3
Occasion
al
4.
Resort to borrowing money and other non-cash needs from relatives.
4
5.
Older children are made to work on non-school days like pedicab driving, being
sent to errands by relatives, well-to-do families, etc.
2.5
9
2.5
5
Occasion
al
Occasion
al
6.
Resort to borrowing money and other non-cash from neighbors.
2.3
7
6
Seldom
7.
Borrow money and other non-cash in exchange of any errand to any member of
the family.
2.3
4
7
Seldom
8.
The mother works in the city and sends money to finance the basic and other
needs of the family.
2.2
7
8
Seldom
9.
Any member of the family has to go to an urban/city area for a job to finance
the basic needs of the family.
2.2
3
9
Seldom
10.
The eldest child of the family has to go to an urban/city area for a job to finance
the basic needs of the family.
2.1
7
10
Seldom
5
62
EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
12. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Table 5.3
Coping Mechanism- Family Spending
Coping Mechanism
Mean
Rank
Interpretation
1.
Any member of the family is consulted for
decision on spending matter.
3.47
1
O
2.
Never leave the children unattended by either a
father or a mother.
3.35
2
O
3.
In the absence of both parents, a specific member
is assigned to manage the family spending
activities.
3.06
3
O
4.
Parents used to carry all children, wherever they
may go in search for greener pasture.
2.88
4
O
5.
In any family affairs/activity, the children are made
to decide in terms of spending.
2.63
5
O
6.
The eldest child decides for the family in terms of
spending even if parents are around.
2.25
6
S
7.
In the absence of both parents, the other members
of the family are left to the relatives nearby.
2.03
7
S
8.
In all family affairs, decision on spending is
always put upon the shoulders of the close
relatives.
1.94
8
S
9.
In all family affairs, decision on spending is
always put upon the shoulder of non-relatives.
1.87
9
S
10.
In all family affairs, decision on spending is
always put upon the shoulders of the close friends.
1.8
10
S
63
EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
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