Module: EThICS 039.BC02E.07_LCPP_Conc & Princ_LCC & Effectiv
Topic: LIFE CYCLE OF PROJECTS AND PRODUCTS
Subject: Concepts and Principles of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Effectiveness
Scope:
PURPOSES OF THE MODULE
INTRODUCTION
Acronyms
Motivations for LCC and Effectiveness
Standards for LCC
BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC
Elements of Life Cycle:
Life Cycle
Fig. 1: Model of Life Cycle of Projects and Products
Fig. 2: Initial Steps of RDI of Systems and Products
Acronyms of RDI
Elements of Life Cycle Cost:
Cost Driver
Cost Profile
CBS – Cost Breakdown Structure
Recurrent Costs
Non-Recurrent Costs
Fig. 3: Elements of Life Cycle Costs
LCC – Life Cycle Cost
Life Cycle Costing
TLC - Through-Life Cost
WLC - Whole-Life Cost
WLCC - Whole-Life Cycle Costing
TCO – Total Cost of Ownership
TCA – Total Cost of Acquisition
COO – Total Cost Of Operations
LAC - Life Acquisition Cost
LOC - Life Ownership Cost
LLC - Life Loss Cost
LCCA – Life Cycle Cost Analysis
CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS
Elements of Effectiveness
Effectiveness Analysis
System Effectiveness
Fig. 4: FOM - Factors Of Merit
MOE - Measure Of Effectiveness
Operational Effectiveness
Elements of Operational Effectiveness
Operational Suitability
MOS - Measure Of Suitability
Operational Availability
Operational Utility
Cost Effectiveness
CONCEPTS OF PERFORMANCE
Elements of Performance
Performance
System Performance
Level of Performance
Categories of Performance
Objective Performance
Subjective Performance
System Attributes
Attributes of Operational Performance
Physical Attributes
Functional Attributes
MOP - Measures Of Performance
MODELS OF LCC
Fig. 5: Summary Vision of Total Costs of the Life Cycle
Model of the Composition of the LCC
Fig. 6: The (In)Visibility of the Total Costs
Fig. 7: The Proportions of the Elements of the LCC
Considerations about R&D Methods, Costs and Assurance
Fig. 8: Elementary Cycle of Project Validation and Assurance
Fig. 9: The Impact on Costs Due to Method Change
Fig. 10: The Impact of Changes of |Method on Costs
Fig. 11: The Balance of Factors of Cost-Effectiveness
Fig. 12: The Factors of Effectiveness and the Costs of the Systems
APPENDICES
References
EThICS Engineering - Services and Areas of Action
The document discusses life cycle cost (LCC) analysis for sustainable buildings. LCC considers all relevant costs over the life of a building, including initial costs, operation and maintenance costs, replacement costs, and disposal costs. It can show that technologies like daylighting and efficient lighting that have higher upfront costs may be more cost effective over the long term due to energy savings and lower maintenance. An example LCC analysis compares the total costs of different lighting options over 20 years and finds that LED lights have the lowest lifetime costs despite higher initial costs. Uncertainties in LCC include predicting future energy prices and technology changes. While useful, LCC is not the only consideration in building design as factors like aesthetics are harder to quantify
Life cycle costing is defined as the total cost of owning an asset over its entire life, from acquisition through operations and maintenance to disposal. It considers all costs associated with a product or asset over multiple stages - planning and design, manufacturing and sales, and service and abandonment. Calculating life cycle costs helps management understand cost consequences, identify areas for cost reduction, and make better decisions around product development, pricing, and discontinuation.
This document discusses life cycle cost analysis and presents a case study comparing the total costs of incandescent and compact fluorescent light bulbs over 10,000 hours of use. It finds that while the initial cost of incandescent bulbs is lower, the operational and maintenance costs over the bulbs' lifetimes are much higher. As a result, the total life cycle cost of incandescent bulbs is about $16,350 compared to around $5,500 for compact fluorescent bulbs, making compact fluorescent bulbs the more economical choice over the long run.
This document outlines the 7 phases of the Detailed Engineering Design process used by AMEC. It provides descriptions of the key activities and deliverables in each phase, including scope definition, hazard identification, design development, reviews, and final approvals. The phases ensure technical integrity through standards compliance, risk assessment, and independent audits. Transition between phases occurs once deliverables are complete to progress the design in a controlled manner.
This document discusses life cycle costing (LCC), which is an accounting method used to estimate total costs of owning an asset over its entire life. It explains that LCC can be used for affordability studies, source selection, design tradeoffs, and more. The key steps of LCC are defined as determining the time period for costs, estimating costs, calculating net present values, summing costs annually, and analyzing results. An example LCC analysis is provided comparing costs of owning four different cars over four years to demonstrate how LCC can identify the most economical option.
Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is a process that evaluates the total economic value of a project by analyzing initial costs and discounted future costs over the life of the project. LCC analysis considers factors such as time value of money, inflation, opportunity cost, and discount rates to determine costs. The analysis involves establishing design alternatives, estimating costs, and determining life-cycle costs through either deterministic or probabilistic methods. Sensitivity and risk analyses are then performed to understand variables that influence costs and estimate uncertainty.
The document discusses the differences between general conditions of contract (GCC) and special conditions of contract (SCC). GCC contains standard terms and conditions that apply to all contracts regardless of factors like nature of work or supplier type. SCC relates to terms specific to a particular contract that can vary depending on contract specifics. It is not advisable to change GCC as it has long term legal implications, but SCC for a specific contract does not carry the same level of implications and is more tactical in nature. GCC is more strategic while SCC allows for changes specific to a contract or event.
Built operate transfer case studies in local construction Sector in PakistanMeesum Zaidi
This document discusses built operate transfer (BOT) case studies in the local construction sector of Pakistan. It provides definitions and background for BOT projects, describing their typical structure and stakeholders. The document outlines the objectives and methodology of BOT projects, including the process from building to operating to transferring ownership. It also examines trends in BOT projects in Pakistan, challenges faced, and examples of specific motorway projects. The overall aim is to review BOT project trends and increase understanding of their use for infrastructure development in Pakistan.
The document discusses life cycle cost (LCC) analysis for sustainable buildings. LCC considers all relevant costs over the life of a building, including initial costs, operation and maintenance costs, replacement costs, and disposal costs. It can show that technologies like daylighting and efficient lighting that have higher upfront costs may be more cost effective over the long term due to energy savings and lower maintenance. An example LCC analysis compares the total costs of different lighting options over 20 years and finds that LED lights have the lowest lifetime costs despite higher initial costs. Uncertainties in LCC include predicting future energy prices and technology changes. While useful, LCC is not the only consideration in building design as factors like aesthetics are harder to quantify
Life cycle costing is defined as the total cost of owning an asset over its entire life, from acquisition through operations and maintenance to disposal. It considers all costs associated with a product or asset over multiple stages - planning and design, manufacturing and sales, and service and abandonment. Calculating life cycle costs helps management understand cost consequences, identify areas for cost reduction, and make better decisions around product development, pricing, and discontinuation.
This document discusses life cycle cost analysis and presents a case study comparing the total costs of incandescent and compact fluorescent light bulbs over 10,000 hours of use. It finds that while the initial cost of incandescent bulbs is lower, the operational and maintenance costs over the bulbs' lifetimes are much higher. As a result, the total life cycle cost of incandescent bulbs is about $16,350 compared to around $5,500 for compact fluorescent bulbs, making compact fluorescent bulbs the more economical choice over the long run.
This document outlines the 7 phases of the Detailed Engineering Design process used by AMEC. It provides descriptions of the key activities and deliverables in each phase, including scope definition, hazard identification, design development, reviews, and final approvals. The phases ensure technical integrity through standards compliance, risk assessment, and independent audits. Transition between phases occurs once deliverables are complete to progress the design in a controlled manner.
This document discusses life cycle costing (LCC), which is an accounting method used to estimate total costs of owning an asset over its entire life. It explains that LCC can be used for affordability studies, source selection, design tradeoffs, and more. The key steps of LCC are defined as determining the time period for costs, estimating costs, calculating net present values, summing costs annually, and analyzing results. An example LCC analysis is provided comparing costs of owning four different cars over four years to demonstrate how LCC can identify the most economical option.
Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is a process that evaluates the total economic value of a project by analyzing initial costs and discounted future costs over the life of the project. LCC analysis considers factors such as time value of money, inflation, opportunity cost, and discount rates to determine costs. The analysis involves establishing design alternatives, estimating costs, and determining life-cycle costs through either deterministic or probabilistic methods. Sensitivity and risk analyses are then performed to understand variables that influence costs and estimate uncertainty.
The document discusses the differences between general conditions of contract (GCC) and special conditions of contract (SCC). GCC contains standard terms and conditions that apply to all contracts regardless of factors like nature of work or supplier type. SCC relates to terms specific to a particular contract that can vary depending on contract specifics. It is not advisable to change GCC as it has long term legal implications, but SCC for a specific contract does not carry the same level of implications and is more tactical in nature. GCC is more strategic while SCC allows for changes specific to a contract or event.
Built operate transfer case studies in local construction Sector in PakistanMeesum Zaidi
This document discusses built operate transfer (BOT) case studies in the local construction sector of Pakistan. It provides definitions and background for BOT projects, describing their typical structure and stakeholders. The document outlines the objectives and methodology of BOT projects, including the process from building to operating to transferring ownership. It also examines trends in BOT projects in Pakistan, challenges faced, and examples of specific motorway projects. The overall aim is to review BOT project trends and increase understanding of their use for infrastructure development in Pakistan.
LIFE CYCLE COST CALCULATION MODELS FOR BUILDINGSSharan Thampi J
This document discusses life cycle cost (LCC) calculation models for buildings. It provides an overview of theoretical economic methods for LCC analyses and their limitations. Key points include:
1) The most suitable approach for LCC in construction is net present value, but existing models have advantages and disadvantages depending on which cost elements they include.
2) Data required for LCC includes occupancy, physical, performance, quality, and cost data at different stages of a building's life cycle. Reliable data is difficult to obtain but important for accurate analysis.
3) Sources of LCC data include manufacturers, historical data, and modeling techniques. Predicting service lives of building components is also important but challenging given various influencing factors
LIfe cycle costing case studies of RES and EE projectsLeonardo ENERGY
Making sound energy investment decisions is a complex task – no matter whether it concerns a renewable energy system (RES) or an energy efficiency (EE) investment. A life cycle cost (LCC) analysis combined with an assessment of the available financing options should be the obligatory path for every investment decision. Decision makers usually focus on familiar financing schemes and may fail to consider alternative means of financing which can be of significant added value to a project.
This paper is intended to be a guide in the process of evaluating a project. Such evaluation includes an assessment of its cost structure through the LCC approach (also called total cost of ownership or TCO) and an assessment of financing options. It will be demonstrated and explained that the most profitable financing is not always the most appropriate one.
Leonard is considering replacing his company's aging pump system with one of two newer options. He performs a life cycle cost analysis to determine the lowest total cost alternative over a 9-year period. The summary outlines the 6 steps of the analysis: 1) Define the objective as choosing the lowest cost of the three options over 9 years. 2) Identify relevant costs as investment, maintenance, energy, downtime, salvage value. 3) Gather data on these costs from sources and estimate costs for each year. 4) Calculate key financial indicators like net present value and internal rate of return. 5) Perform risk analysis on uncertain inputs. 6) Make the optimal decision.
Value engineering is a systematic process that analyzes functional requirements to achieve essential functions at the lowest total cost while meeting performance, quality, and safety needs. It involves gathering information, analyzing functions, brainstorming alternatives, evaluating and selecting ideas, and implementing solutions. Value engineering can reduce costs, risks, and schedules for projects through improved designs and collaboration. It follows a structured process and uses function analysis to identify alternative approaches that deliver the best value. Benefits include cost savings, risk reduction, and improved designs.
The document discusses two main options for financing a solar project: project financing and corporate balance sheet financing. It then provides details on the preliminary steps a developer would take to set up a project, including site identification, permitting, and grid connections. The document also outlines the typical areas of due diligence a lender would examine, such as legal, insurance, technical reviews, and financial model assumptions. Finally, it lists some key risks for solar projects, such as off-taker risk, tariff risk, technical risk, and plant availability risk.
This document discusses sustainable construction. It outlines how the BRE Environmental Assessment Method provides a comprehensive way to measure and monitor environmental performance in construction. It considers economic, environmental and social sustainability. The challenges of improving older housing stocks are also discussed, as well as opportunities in new homes to build with minimal environmental impact. Various policies and initiatives to promote sustainability are mentioned, including building regulations and the Code for Sustainable Homes. Specific sustainable construction materials and techniques are also outlined.
The building process involves several key steps:
1. Engaging with architects, designers, and consultants to develop sketch plans and refine design ideas while selecting finishes, fittings, and discussing plans with neighbors and local council.
2. Preparing construction certificates by finalizing plans, specifications, and schedules to then lodge the construction certificate for approval.
3. Choosing and checking contracts with the prime contractor that outline schedules, retentions, inclusions and exclusions, and defect liability periods before signing contracts and commencing construction.
This document discusses microgrids and renewable energy integration. It notes that microgrids are decentralized, self-sufficient power networks that are generally located in regions rich in renewable energy resources. Integrating high levels of renewable energy into microgrids presents challenges in maintaining grid stability due to the intermittent nature of renewable sources. The document proposes that intelligent control systems and grid stabilization technologies can enable high renewable energy penetration of up to 100% while keeping the voltage and frequency stable and maximizing fuel savings and return on investment. ABB provides solutions like the Remote Microgrid Controller and PowerStore flywheel system to stabilize grids and maximize the benefits of integrating renewable energy at high levels.
The document presents a slideshow on energy audits in buildings, covering topics such as the definition of an energy audit, the need for energy audits, different types of energy audits, common methods used in energy audits including data collection and analysis, on-site inspections, energy modeling, and benchmarking, as well as how to implement audit recommendations and become an energy auditor.
Engineering services play an essential role in determining material integrity and maintaining reliability. India's engineering services sector is poised for significant growth, with the market expected to increase from $1.5 billion currently to over $40 billion by 2020. However, India faces challenges in attracting, training, and retaining engineering talent to capitalize fully on this opportunity.
Cost management is the process of planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs to help ensure a project is completed within its estimated budget. It involves setting budgets for costs, monitoring actual costs, ensuring costs remain aligned with forecasts, and taking action if actual costs exceed budgets. Effective cost management techniques include cost estimating, budgeting, and cost controlling processes like variance analysis and earned value management.
The document discusses life cycle costing (LCC), which refers to the total cost of owning an asset over its entire lifespan. LCC involves analyzing acquisition costs, operating costs like repairs and maintenance, and disposal costs. It provides an example LCC analysis of vehicle power trains that compares the total ownership costs of diesel vs gas models over 3-5 years. The study found diesel vehicles generally have lower total costs of ownership due to better fuel efficiency outweighing their higher initial prices. LCC helps managers make more informed long-term decisions by accounting for all relevant costs over an asset's full life.
What services should a solar project developer expect from solar park & how much each service can be valued.
The ppt clears concept on value add by solar park.
The building of Internet data centers (IDCs) is a growing industry that is pushing the limits of electric power and reliability requirements. As utilities must decide whether it is worth the cost to build new infrastructure to keep up with the present demand, facility operators are looking at power distribution designs that will improve efficiency and allow them to continue to expand their operations.
Key Steps and Success Factors in EPC ImplementationZAINI ABDUL WAHAB
The document outlines the key steps and criteria for successful energy performance contracting (EPC) projects. It discusses establishing the need for EPC, selecting an energy service company (ESCO), conducting an energy audit, developing an EPC contract, implementing savings measures, and measuring/verifying savings. Successful EPC requires proper evaluation of proposals, agreed upon baselines for energy use, and monitoring/verification of actual savings achieved against the baselines. Case studies show EPC can reduce energy bills by 10-35% through optimizing equipment and systems.
The document discusses several case studies of construction projects around the world. It describes challenges faced in each project such as unpredictable costs, coordination of contractors, and damage from natural disasters. It also outlines solutions and resources used to successfully complete the projects on schedule and budget, improve infrastructure, and meet stakeholder needs. Project managers played a key role in planning, risk management, and community engagement to deliver high-quality outcomes.
The document describes the typical process for an energy performance contracting (EPC) project carried out in 5 phases: 1) initiating and preparing the project, 2) developing the project plan, 3) implementing energy efficiency upgrades, 4) operating and maintaining the upgrades, and 5) ongoing energy reporting and optimization. It provides details on the key activities and responsibilities of the client/employer in each phase, including engaging consultants, procuring the EPC provider, reviewing project proposals, overseeing upgrade installation, verifying energy savings, and ensuring contractual obligations are met.
The document provides an overview of energy management and energy audits. It defines energy and various types of energy like mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, and electromagnetic. Energy management aims to optimize energy use and reduce costs. The objectives are to minimize energy procurement and utilization costs without affecting production. Energy audits identify ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of output. Preliminary audits establish baseline consumption while detailed audits evaluate all energy consuming systems and equipment to identify savings opportunities through a ten step process. The document outlines the various instruments used in energy audits to measure consumption.
Module: EThICS 039.BC01E.10_LCPP_General View
Topic: LIFE CYCLE OF PROJECTS AND PRODUCTS
Subject: General and Systemic View of Life Cycle of Projects and Products
Scope:
PURPOSES OF THE MODULE
INTRODUCTION
Acronyms of EVCN/LCPP
Antonio Sallum Librelato - Director – EThICS Engineering - January - 2013
20/1/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 1
Strategic Motivations
Concepts of Customer Needs
Concepts of Enterprise Vision
Concepts of Life Cycle of Projects and Products
INTEGRATED VISION
Model of Enterprise Vision and Customer Needs
Model of Life Cycle of Projects and Products
APPENDICES
References
EThICS Engineering - Services and Areas of Action
Module: EThICS 039.BG01E.09_SPA_Systemic View
Topic: SYSTEMS AND PRODUCTS ASSURANCE
Subject: SPA - Systems and Products Assurance: Systemic View
Scope:
PURPOSE OF THE MODULE
INTRODUCTION
Acronyms
Motivations for SPA, from Customers and Users
Motivations for SPA, from Developers and Manufacturers
Why Design for Reliability (DFR)?
The Paradigms for Design for Reliability (DFR)
The Risk of Thinking Only on Averages
Fig. 1: The (In)Visibility of the Total Costs
Fig. 2: Model of the Composition of the LCC
Technologies of SPA
Fig. 3: Requirements for Projects of Systems
Scope of Technologies and Specialties of RDI
Scope of Technologies and Specialties of SPA
Main Objectives of SPA
Some Benefits of the SPA Technologies
Major Difficulties of SPA
INTEGRATED VISION OF SPA
Motivations for the Integration of RDI and SPA
Fig. 4: Simultaneous and Proactive Engineering of RDI and SPA
Fig. 5: Elementary Cycle of Project Validation and Assurance
Fig. 6: Integrated Organization of RDI and SPA Specialties
Fig. 7: Initial Steps of RDI of Systems and Products
Fig. 8: Integrated Steps and Tasks of SCR
Fig. 9: Technologies of Research, Development and Innovation
Fig. 10: Responsibilities of Management of SPA - Integration
Responsibilities of Management of SPA - Budget
Responsibilities of Management of SPA - Risks
Management of Information and Knowledge of SPA
Fig. 11: Management of Information and Knowledge of RDI
Fig. 12: Programs e Plans of SPA for Projects
APPENDICES
References
EThICS Engineering - Services and Areas of Action
LIFE CYCLE COST CALCULATION MODELS FOR BUILDINGSSharan Thampi J
This document discusses life cycle cost (LCC) calculation models for buildings. It provides an overview of theoretical economic methods for LCC analyses and their limitations. Key points include:
1) The most suitable approach for LCC in construction is net present value, but existing models have advantages and disadvantages depending on which cost elements they include.
2) Data required for LCC includes occupancy, physical, performance, quality, and cost data at different stages of a building's life cycle. Reliable data is difficult to obtain but important for accurate analysis.
3) Sources of LCC data include manufacturers, historical data, and modeling techniques. Predicting service lives of building components is also important but challenging given various influencing factors
LIfe cycle costing case studies of RES and EE projectsLeonardo ENERGY
Making sound energy investment decisions is a complex task – no matter whether it concerns a renewable energy system (RES) or an energy efficiency (EE) investment. A life cycle cost (LCC) analysis combined with an assessment of the available financing options should be the obligatory path for every investment decision. Decision makers usually focus on familiar financing schemes and may fail to consider alternative means of financing which can be of significant added value to a project.
This paper is intended to be a guide in the process of evaluating a project. Such evaluation includes an assessment of its cost structure through the LCC approach (also called total cost of ownership or TCO) and an assessment of financing options. It will be demonstrated and explained that the most profitable financing is not always the most appropriate one.
Leonard is considering replacing his company's aging pump system with one of two newer options. He performs a life cycle cost analysis to determine the lowest total cost alternative over a 9-year period. The summary outlines the 6 steps of the analysis: 1) Define the objective as choosing the lowest cost of the three options over 9 years. 2) Identify relevant costs as investment, maintenance, energy, downtime, salvage value. 3) Gather data on these costs from sources and estimate costs for each year. 4) Calculate key financial indicators like net present value and internal rate of return. 5) Perform risk analysis on uncertain inputs. 6) Make the optimal decision.
Value engineering is a systematic process that analyzes functional requirements to achieve essential functions at the lowest total cost while meeting performance, quality, and safety needs. It involves gathering information, analyzing functions, brainstorming alternatives, evaluating and selecting ideas, and implementing solutions. Value engineering can reduce costs, risks, and schedules for projects through improved designs and collaboration. It follows a structured process and uses function analysis to identify alternative approaches that deliver the best value. Benefits include cost savings, risk reduction, and improved designs.
The document discusses two main options for financing a solar project: project financing and corporate balance sheet financing. It then provides details on the preliminary steps a developer would take to set up a project, including site identification, permitting, and grid connections. The document also outlines the typical areas of due diligence a lender would examine, such as legal, insurance, technical reviews, and financial model assumptions. Finally, it lists some key risks for solar projects, such as off-taker risk, tariff risk, technical risk, and plant availability risk.
This document discusses sustainable construction. It outlines how the BRE Environmental Assessment Method provides a comprehensive way to measure and monitor environmental performance in construction. It considers economic, environmental and social sustainability. The challenges of improving older housing stocks are also discussed, as well as opportunities in new homes to build with minimal environmental impact. Various policies and initiatives to promote sustainability are mentioned, including building regulations and the Code for Sustainable Homes. Specific sustainable construction materials and techniques are also outlined.
The building process involves several key steps:
1. Engaging with architects, designers, and consultants to develop sketch plans and refine design ideas while selecting finishes, fittings, and discussing plans with neighbors and local council.
2. Preparing construction certificates by finalizing plans, specifications, and schedules to then lodge the construction certificate for approval.
3. Choosing and checking contracts with the prime contractor that outline schedules, retentions, inclusions and exclusions, and defect liability periods before signing contracts and commencing construction.
This document discusses microgrids and renewable energy integration. It notes that microgrids are decentralized, self-sufficient power networks that are generally located in regions rich in renewable energy resources. Integrating high levels of renewable energy into microgrids presents challenges in maintaining grid stability due to the intermittent nature of renewable sources. The document proposes that intelligent control systems and grid stabilization technologies can enable high renewable energy penetration of up to 100% while keeping the voltage and frequency stable and maximizing fuel savings and return on investment. ABB provides solutions like the Remote Microgrid Controller and PowerStore flywheel system to stabilize grids and maximize the benefits of integrating renewable energy at high levels.
The document presents a slideshow on energy audits in buildings, covering topics such as the definition of an energy audit, the need for energy audits, different types of energy audits, common methods used in energy audits including data collection and analysis, on-site inspections, energy modeling, and benchmarking, as well as how to implement audit recommendations and become an energy auditor.
Engineering services play an essential role in determining material integrity and maintaining reliability. India's engineering services sector is poised for significant growth, with the market expected to increase from $1.5 billion currently to over $40 billion by 2020. However, India faces challenges in attracting, training, and retaining engineering talent to capitalize fully on this opportunity.
Cost management is the process of planning, estimating, budgeting, and controlling costs to help ensure a project is completed within its estimated budget. It involves setting budgets for costs, monitoring actual costs, ensuring costs remain aligned with forecasts, and taking action if actual costs exceed budgets. Effective cost management techniques include cost estimating, budgeting, and cost controlling processes like variance analysis and earned value management.
The document discusses life cycle costing (LCC), which refers to the total cost of owning an asset over its entire lifespan. LCC involves analyzing acquisition costs, operating costs like repairs and maintenance, and disposal costs. It provides an example LCC analysis of vehicle power trains that compares the total ownership costs of diesel vs gas models over 3-5 years. The study found diesel vehicles generally have lower total costs of ownership due to better fuel efficiency outweighing their higher initial prices. LCC helps managers make more informed long-term decisions by accounting for all relevant costs over an asset's full life.
What services should a solar project developer expect from solar park & how much each service can be valued.
The ppt clears concept on value add by solar park.
The building of Internet data centers (IDCs) is a growing industry that is pushing the limits of electric power and reliability requirements. As utilities must decide whether it is worth the cost to build new infrastructure to keep up with the present demand, facility operators are looking at power distribution designs that will improve efficiency and allow them to continue to expand their operations.
Key Steps and Success Factors in EPC ImplementationZAINI ABDUL WAHAB
The document outlines the key steps and criteria for successful energy performance contracting (EPC) projects. It discusses establishing the need for EPC, selecting an energy service company (ESCO), conducting an energy audit, developing an EPC contract, implementing savings measures, and measuring/verifying savings. Successful EPC requires proper evaluation of proposals, agreed upon baselines for energy use, and monitoring/verification of actual savings achieved against the baselines. Case studies show EPC can reduce energy bills by 10-35% through optimizing equipment and systems.
The document discusses several case studies of construction projects around the world. It describes challenges faced in each project such as unpredictable costs, coordination of contractors, and damage from natural disasters. It also outlines solutions and resources used to successfully complete the projects on schedule and budget, improve infrastructure, and meet stakeholder needs. Project managers played a key role in planning, risk management, and community engagement to deliver high-quality outcomes.
The document describes the typical process for an energy performance contracting (EPC) project carried out in 5 phases: 1) initiating and preparing the project, 2) developing the project plan, 3) implementing energy efficiency upgrades, 4) operating and maintaining the upgrades, and 5) ongoing energy reporting and optimization. It provides details on the key activities and responsibilities of the client/employer in each phase, including engaging consultants, procuring the EPC provider, reviewing project proposals, overseeing upgrade installation, verifying energy savings, and ensuring contractual obligations are met.
The document provides an overview of energy management and energy audits. It defines energy and various types of energy like mechanical, thermal, nuclear, chemical, and electromagnetic. Energy management aims to optimize energy use and reduce costs. The objectives are to minimize energy procurement and utilization costs without affecting production. Energy audits identify ways to reduce energy consumption per unit of output. Preliminary audits establish baseline consumption while detailed audits evaluate all energy consuming systems and equipment to identify savings opportunities through a ten step process. The document outlines the various instruments used in energy audits to measure consumption.
Module: EThICS 039.BC01E.10_LCPP_General View
Topic: LIFE CYCLE OF PROJECTS AND PRODUCTS
Subject: General and Systemic View of Life Cycle of Projects and Products
Scope:
PURPOSES OF THE MODULE
INTRODUCTION
Acronyms of EVCN/LCPP
Antonio Sallum Librelato - Director – EThICS Engineering - January - 2013
20/1/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 1
Strategic Motivations
Concepts of Customer Needs
Concepts of Enterprise Vision
Concepts of Life Cycle of Projects and Products
INTEGRATED VISION
Model of Enterprise Vision and Customer Needs
Model of Life Cycle of Projects and Products
APPENDICES
References
EThICS Engineering - Services and Areas of Action
Module: EThICS 039.BG01E.09_SPA_Systemic View
Topic: SYSTEMS AND PRODUCTS ASSURANCE
Subject: SPA - Systems and Products Assurance: Systemic View
Scope:
PURPOSE OF THE MODULE
INTRODUCTION
Acronyms
Motivations for SPA, from Customers and Users
Motivations for SPA, from Developers and Manufacturers
Why Design for Reliability (DFR)?
The Paradigms for Design for Reliability (DFR)
The Risk of Thinking Only on Averages
Fig. 1: The (In)Visibility of the Total Costs
Fig. 2: Model of the Composition of the LCC
Technologies of SPA
Fig. 3: Requirements for Projects of Systems
Scope of Technologies and Specialties of RDI
Scope of Technologies and Specialties of SPA
Main Objectives of SPA
Some Benefits of the SPA Technologies
Major Difficulties of SPA
INTEGRATED VISION OF SPA
Motivations for the Integration of RDI and SPA
Fig. 4: Simultaneous and Proactive Engineering of RDI and SPA
Fig. 5: Elementary Cycle of Project Validation and Assurance
Fig. 6: Integrated Organization of RDI and SPA Specialties
Fig. 7: Initial Steps of RDI of Systems and Products
Fig. 8: Integrated Steps and Tasks of SCR
Fig. 9: Technologies of Research, Development and Innovation
Fig. 10: Responsibilities of Management of SPA - Integration
Responsibilities of Management of SPA - Budget
Responsibilities of Management of SPA - Risks
Management of Information and Knowledge of SPA
Fig. 11: Management of Information and Knowledge of RDI
Fig. 12: Programs e Plans of SPA for Projects
APPENDICES
References
EThICS Engineering - Services and Areas of Action
'Applying System Science and System Thinking Techniques to BIM Management' Alan Martin Redmond, PhD
Redmond, A. and Alshawi, M. (2017) 'Applying System Science and System Thinking Techniques to BIM Management' Developments in eSystems Engineering, IEEE CELEBRATING 10 YEARS OF ADVANCING E-SYSTEMS ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT, Paris, France, 14th – 16th June 2017,
The document discusses systems engineering challenges and opportunities, including:
1) Growing mission complexity is exceeding our ability to manage risk, and system designs emerge from pieces rather than sound architectures, resulting in brittle systems.
2) Technical and programmatic sides of projects are poorly coupled, hampering decision making and increasing risk.
3) Too much focus on process comes at the expense of design quality, driving up costs and risk.
The document proposes addressing these with model-based systems engineering, architecture frameworks, and integrating technical and programmatic considerations through architecture.
ABB Consulting and Full Service-The road to efficiency and reliability-april2013Sammy Saba
ABB Global Consulting provides services across multiple areas including efficiency, reliability, spare parts optimization, safety, and training. Their portfolio includes implementing CMMS systems, energy audits, reliability engineering, warehouse management, and more. The goal is to help clients improve plant efficiency, reduce costs and downtime, and optimize maintenance through customized solutions and long-term agreements.
Companies are looking forward for single Operation center for entire IT stack, This preso summarize the design components for ESOC which will cater entire IT infrastructure and application stack from a single facility.
- The document presents a taxonomy for performance assurance methodologies applied across three stages of product development: high-level performance, RTL performance, and silicon performance.
- The taxonomy includes two components: an independent performance assurance space for each stage, and a correlation performance assurance space between stages to validate performance correlations.
- The taxonomy provides a framework for understanding the full performance assurance solution space, comparing different methodology approaches, identifying gaps, and assessing risk in meeting performance targets throughout the product development cycle.
Managing system reliability and maintenance under performance based contract ...ASQ Reliability Division
Performance based contracting (PBC) emerged as a new service model which is reshaping the acquisition, operation and maintenance of capital equipment. PBC is often referred to as performance based logistics in defense industry, or is called as power-by-the-hour in the airline industry. The focus of PBC is on the outcome of the system reliability performance, not materials and labors involved in the maintenance. This presentation introduces a novel quantitative approach to planning performance-based contracts in the presence of system usage uncertainty. We develop an analytical model to characterize the system availability by comprehending five key performance drivers: failure rate, usage variability, spare parts inventory, repair turn-around time, and system fleet population. This analytical insight into the system performance allows us to estimate the lifecycle cost by taking into account the design, manufacturing, maintenance and repair across the system lifetime. Two types of contracting schemes are examined under the cost minimization and the profit maximization. This presentation aims to provide theoretical guidance to facilitate the paradigm change as it shits from material based services to performance based contracting.
Webinar - Slimme besluitvorming over project-portfolio’s in asset managementStork
Het maken van de juiste project keuzes is doorslaggevend voor succes, ook in asset management. Het uitstellen van besluiten of het nemen van verkeerde besluiten door complexiteit of ontbrekende data, heeft grote impact op uw team en de projectresultaten. Ook u heeft hier dagelijks mee te maken.
Het tijdig nemen van de juiste besluiten is daarom onderwerp van ons webinar over besluitvorming rond Capex en Opex projecten in asset management. Alles doen is niet mogelijk, niets doen is geen optie: hoe bepaalt u het juiste portfolio? Welke projecten verdienen prioriteit en welke hebben minder impact?
Stork en Flightmap delen hiervoor een methodische aanpak.
ATI Technical CONOPS and Concepts Technical Training Course SamplerJim Jenkins
This three-day course is designed for engineers, scientists, project managers and other professionals who design, build, test or sell complex systems. Each topic is illustrated by real-world case studies discussed by experienced CONOPS and requirements professionals. Key topics are reinforced with small-team exercises. Over 200 pages of sample CONOPS (six) and templates are provided. Students outline CONOPS and build OpCons in class.
The document presents a taxonomy for performance assurance methodologies applied across three stages of developing high performance computer architectures: high-level performance, RTL performance, and silicon performance. The taxonomy includes independent performance assurance spaces for each stage as well as correlation spaces between stages. It provides insight into the coverage and limitations of tools/methods at each stage. The taxonomy is intended to help manufacturers deliver high performance architectures by providing a framework to assess risks, identify gaps, and plan detailed performance assurance.
The document presents a taxonomy for performance assurance methodologies applied across three stages of developing high performance computer architectures: high-level performance, RTL performance, and silicon performance. The taxonomy includes independent performance assurance spaces for each stage as well as correlation spaces between stages. It provides insight into the coverage and limitations of tools/methods at each stage. The taxonomy is intended to help manufacturers deliver high performance architectures by providing a framework to assess risks, identify gaps, and plan detailed performance assurance.
A TAXONOMY OF PERFORMANCE ASSURANCE METHODOLOGIES AND ITS APPLICATION IN HIGH...IJSEA
This paper presents a systematic approach to the complex problem of high confidence performance
assurance of high performance architectures based on methods used over several generations of industrial
microprocessors. A taxonomy is presented for performance assurance through three key stages of a product
life cycle-high level performance, RTL performance, and silicon performance. The proposed taxonomy
includes two components-independent performance assurance space for each stage and a correlation
performance assurance space between stages.
Webinar - Slimme besluitvorming over project-portfolio’s in asset managementStork
Het maken van de juiste project keuzes is doorslaggevend voor succes, ook in asset management. Het uitstellen van besluiten of het nemen van verkeerde besluiten door complexiteit of ontbrekende data, heeft grote impact op uw team en de projectresultaten. Ook u heeft hier dagelijks mee te maken.
Het tijdig nemen van de juiste besluiten is daarom onderwerp van ons webinar over besluitvorming rond Capex en Opex projecten in asset management. Alles doen is niet mogelijk, niets doen is geen optie: hoe bepaalt u het juiste portfolio? Welke projecten verdienen prioriteit en welke hebben minder impact?
Stork en Flightmap delen hiervoor een methodische aanpak.
Whole life performance lecture south bank universityKim Newman
- Whole life performance considers the long term costs and ownership of an asset from inception through decommissioning. It aims to design-in lower maintenance and repair costs.
- Key stakeholders in whole life performance include the client, designers, contractors, facilities managers, and funders who have long term interests. However, ownership and management of the whole life process is still debated.
- Up to 80% of lifetime costs are determined at the design stage, yet design is often focused on initial capital costs alone. Whole life costing aims to optimize costs over the entire asset lifetime.
The document discusses analyzing software architectures and making design decisions. It describes several benefits of architecture evaluation such as cost savings, early problem detection, and improved quality. It also outlines techniques for architecture evaluation including ATAM and CBAM. The document discusses moving from single systems to product lines, using off-the-shelf components which requires managing architectural mismatches, and searching for compatible components. Finally, it examines how software architecture may evolve in the future as programming languages and tools continue to develop.
Presentation on component based software engineering(cbse)Chandan Thakur
The document presents an overview of component based software engineering. It discusses what a component is, the fundamental principles of CBSE, the CBSE development lifecycle, and metrics used in CBSE. Benefits include reduced complexity and development time while difficulties include quality of components and satisfying requirements. CBSE uses pre-built components while traditional SE builds from scratch. Current component technologies discussed are CORBA, COM, EJB, and IDL. Applications of CBSE are in many domains.
This document discusses various costing methodologies that can be used for information technology projects. It describes parametric methods like cost estimating relationships, learning curves, and regression analysis. It also covers bottom-up and top-down approaches, as well as total cost of ownership versus total cost of acquisition. Additional topics include life cycle costing, cost benefit analysis using net present value and return on investment, and examples of parametric cost models like COCOMO. The document emphasizes that accurate cost estimation requires defining the problem, alternatives, and quantifying benefits and costs to support project selection and resource allocation decisions.
This document discusses the physical verification process for integrated circuit (IC) design. Physical verification involves design rule checking (DRC), layout versus schematic (LVS) checking, and extraction (XRC) to check for errors before manufacturing. As designs increase in complexity and size, the runtime and memory usage of physical verification tools also increases drastically. The document outlines the different stages of physical verification flows for both digital and analog designs. It emphasizes that physical verification is a crucial last stage before fabrication, and that delays at this stage can negatively impact the time to market. Automating parts of the physical verification process can help reduce turnaround times and catch errors earlier.
Similar to Concepts and Principles of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Effectiveness (20)
O documento apresenta os fundamentos gerais de meteorologia radar, abordando conceitos como energia eletromagnética, forma de onda, espectro de sinais, funcionamento de radares meteorológicos Doppler e seus principais componentes.
This document provides a guide to viewing presentations, documents, and videos uploaded by Antonio Sallum Librelato to his SlideShare page. It includes an introduction explaining the purpose and overview of the guide. A table of contents then lists the topics covered and files available for each, including areas like organizational strategy, knowledge management, research and development, and radar meteorology. The appendix also lists some of the services and areas of action covered by EThICS Engineering.
Módulo: EThICS 039.CE06.05_PDI_PCS_Pesq Conc Sist_Metod
Tópico: PESQUISA, DESENVOLVIMENTO E INOVAÇÃO
Assunto: Pesquisa e Conceituação de Sistemas - Metodologia
Escopo:
PROPÓSITOS DO MÓDULO
INTRODUÇÃO
Acrônimos de PCS
Conceitos Principais sobre PCS
Destaques do Método de PCS
Táticas de PCS
Propósitos de PCS
Escopo de PCS
Benefícios de PCS
Motivações de PCS
Fatores de Influência para PCS
ORGANIZAÇÃO DE PCS
Elementos do Método PCS
Fases Principais de PDI de Sistemas e Produtos
Etapas Iniciais de PDI de Sistemas e Produtos
Acrônimos de PDI
Sequência de Etapas de Eng de Novos Projetos
Tecnologias de PDI
Etapas e Tarefas de PCS
Etapas e Tarefas de PCS: ANR e ECS
Etapas e Tarefas de PCS: DCS e ARGS
Etapas de PCS: Finalidades e Questões Básicas
ANR - ANÁLISE DE NEC E REQ
Propósitos ,Questões Principais e Escopo de ANR
ANR1: Visão do Problema
ANR2: Análise das Necessidades
ANR3: Análise Operacional
ANR4: Análise Funcional
ANR5: Definições de Exequibilidade
ANR6: Validação das Necessidades
ANR7: Definição dos Requisitos Operacionais
ECS - EXP CONCEITUAL DE SISTEMAS
Propósitos ,Questões Principais e Escopo de ECS
ECS1: Formulação dos Requisitos de Desempenho
ECS2: Arquitetura Básica do Novo Sistema
ECS3: Exploração dos Conceitos Alternativos
ECS4: Avaliação dos Conceitos Alternativos
ECS5: Validação dos Conceitos Alternativos
DCS - DEF CONCEITUAL DO SISTEMA
Propósitos ,Questões Principais e Escopo de DCS
Etapas e Tarefas de DCS
DCS1: Seleção do Conceito do Novo Sistema
DCS2: Definição do Conceito do Novo Sistema
DCS3: Planej para o Desenv do Novo Sistema
ARGS - ANÁLISE RISC E GAR DE SIST
Propósitos ,Questões Principais e Escopo de ARGS
ARGS1: ARGS durante ANR
ARGS2: ARGS durante ECS
ARGS3: ARGS durante DCS
APÊNDICES
Referências
O documento apresenta os conceitos, princípios e métodos do planejamento estratégico. Discorre sobre a importância do planejamento estratégico para organizações sobreviverem, conviverem e evoluírem num ambiente de incerteza e riscos. Também aborda tópicos como a mentalidade estratégica, os elementos básicos do planejamento estratégico e modelos sistêmicos para entendê-lo.
Módulo: EThICS 904.003.00_GIC_Compet em Centros de Inform
Tema: GESTÃO DO CONHECIMENTO
Assunto: Competências em Centros de Informação
1º Seminário de Gestão do Conhecimento em Educação e Tecnologia de Informação
"Multidisciplinaridade em Ciência e Tecnologia de Informação na Organização do Conhecimento em Educação"
Faculdade de Educação - UNICAMP
MESTRADO Biblioteconomia e Ciência da Informação - PUC/Campinas
Campinas, 28/29 Janeiro 2002
Escopo:
Tendências Evolutivas de Organizações de Informação
Ambiente e Contexto Organizacional do CI
Cenário Ambiental da Empresa
Relações Funcionais no CI
Serviços de um Centro de Informação
Funções do CI
Capacitadores e Fases da Criação do Conhecimento
Desenvolvimento de Competências
Competências e Campos de Atuação
Principais Competências Requeridas
À Guisa de Conclusão
Artigo: Observações de Algumas Estruturas Meteorológicas por Radar
Anais VII Congresso Brasileiro de Meteorologia - São Paulo - SP, Sociedade Brasileira de Meteorologia
September 1992
Observations of Some Meteorological Structures by Radar
Annals of the VII Brazilian Congress of Meteorology, Sep 28th to Oct 2nd, 1992. São Paulo- SP, Brazil. Vol 2, p 748-752.
The observations of some meteorological structures were possible using a conventional magnetron weather radar system with a digital radar processor and a 386 PC as remote radar workstation. The station is used as a radar system development bench and is operated by engineers.
Module: EThICS 903.029.00_Dynam of Meetings
Topic: ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGY
Subject: Dynamics of Meetings - Workgroups
Scope:
PURPOSES OF THE MODULE
INTRODUCTION
Classes of Meetings
MEETINGS OF WORKGROUPS
Purposes
Participants
Organization of Phases
Etiquette
Pitfalls and Difficulties
Lack of Objectivity
Indiscipline
Demotivation
Disorganization
PLANNING AND EXECUTION OF MEETINGS
Phase of Preparation
Definitions
Support
Coordination
Phase of Execution
Starting
Development
Conclusion
Phase of Monitoring and Control
Elaboration of the Minutes
Monitoring of Actions and Results
APPENDICES
References
EThICS Engineering
O documento discute o uso de radares em meteorologia, destacando suas vantagens como observações volumétricas de ampla área sem deslocamento do instrumento. Também apresenta aplicações científicas como pesquisa atmosférica e operacionais como previsão do tempo e defesa civil.
Módulo: EThICS 903.012.01_Dinâmica de Reuniões
Tópico: ESTRATÉGIA ORGANIZACIONAL
Assunto: Dinâmica de Reuniões - Grupos de Trabalho
Escopo:
SUMÁRIO
Tipos de Reuniões
Finalidades de Reuniões de Grupos de Trabalho
Papéis dos Participantes
Etiqueta de Reuniões de Trabalho
Planejamento e Execução de Reuniões de Trabalho
Preparativos
Execução
Acompanhamento e Controle
Armadilhas e Dificuldades
Módulo: EThICS 903.007.03_Aprend Sobr Evol Séc XXI
Tópico: ESTRATÉGIA ORGANIZACIONAL
Assunto: Aprendendo a Sobreviver e a Evoluir no Século XXI
Escopo:
QUAL É O PROBLEMA?
Algumas Empresas Longevas
Princípios Comuns às Empresas Longevas
Organização Como Ser Vivo
Organizações que Aprendem
As 5 Disciplinas das Organizações que Aprendem
PENSAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO
Planejamento Estratégico: O Que Não É e O Que É
Planejamento Estratégico: Para Quê ?
Hierarquia de Planejamento
Ciclo Integrado de Planejamento, Ação e Revisão
Etapas e Elementos do Planejamento Estratégico
Segmentação Ambiental das Organizações
Cenário Ambiental da Empresa
Públicos Relevantes da Organização
Análise SWOT
Megatendências (algumas...)
E Daí?
Módulo: EThICS 039.A01.01_PDI_Acrônimos
Tópico: PESQUISA, DESENVOLVIMENTO E INOVAÇÃO - PROGRAMA DE ESTUDOS EM METODOLOGIA INTEGRADA DE CVPP, PDI E GSP
Assunto: Acrônimos para PDI e GSP
Escopo:
Relação de siglas e abreviaturas mais usadas em estudos e documentos sobre Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação, integrados com a Garantia de Sistemas e Produtos.
Módulo: EThICS 039.B01.03_PDI & GSP_Ref Bibliog - Janeiro, 2013.
Tópico: PESQUISA, DESENVOLVIMENTO E INOVAÇÃO - TEMAS SOBRE METODOLOGIA DE PDI & GSP
Assunto: Relação Geral de Referências Bibliográficas de PDI e GSP
Escopo:
1. INTRODUÇÃO
1.1. Propósito deste Documento
1.2. Acrônimos
1.3. Motivações
1.4. Referências sobre PDI & GSP
2. REFERÊNCIAS SOBRE GESTÃO DE PDI & GSP
2.1. Ciclo de Vida de Projetos, Sistemas e Produtos
2.2. Custos do Ciclo de Vida de Projetos, Sistemas e Produtos
2.3. Gestão de Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação
2.4. Gestão de Garantia de Sistemas e Produtos
2.5. Gestão de Riscos
2.6. Gestão de Configuração
2.7. Gestão da Garantia de Software
2.8. Gestão de Direitos e Penalidades de Garantias
2.9. Gestão da Informação e do Conhecimento
2.10. Aprendizado Organizacional
2.11. Criatividade e Inovação
2.12. Inteligência Tecnológica e Competitiva
3. REFERÊNCIAS SOBRE ENGENHARIA DE PDI & GSP
3.1. Engenharia de Sistemas
3.2. Engenharia de Requisitos
3.3. Engenharia de Garantia da Qualidade
3.4. Engenharia de Garantia de Confiabilidade
3.5. Engenharia de Dependabilidade de Sistemas
3.6. Engenharia de Mantenabilidade
3.7. Engenharia de Segurança de Sistemas
3.8. Engenharia de Proteção de Sistemas
3.9. Engenharia de Fatores Humanos
3.10. Engenharia de Suportabilidade e Logística
3.11. Engenharia de Sustentabilidade de Sistemas e Produtos
3.12. Engenharia de Verificação e Validação
3.13. Engenharia de Produção
3.14. Engenharia de Resiliência
Móduloo: EThICS 039.BC02.08_CVPP_Conc e Princ_LCC & Efetiv
Tema: CICLO DE VIDA DE PROJETOS E PRODUTOS
Assunto: Custo do Ciclo de Vida (LCC) e Efetividade: Conceitos e Princípios.
Escopo:
PROPÓSITOS DO MÓDULO
INTRODUÇÃO
Acrônimos
Motivações para LCC e Efetividade
Normas sobre LCC
CONCEITOS BÁSICOS DE LCC
Elementos de Ciclo de Vida
Life Cycle (Ciclo de Vida)
Fig. 1: Modelo de Ciclo de Vida de Projetos e Produtos
Fig. 2: Etapas de PDI de Sistemas e Produtos
Acrônimos de PDI
Elementos de Custos do Ciclo de Vida
Cost Driver (Agente de Custo)
Cost Profile (Perfil de Custo)
CBS – Cost Breakdown Structure (Estrutura de Desdobramento do LCC)
Recurrent Costs (Custos Recorrentes)
Non-Recurrent Costs (Custos Não-Recorrentes)
Fig. 3: Elementos de Custos do Ciclo de Vida
LCC – Life Cycle Cost (Custo do Ciclo de Vida)
Life Cycle Costing (Custeio do Ciclo de Vida)
TLC - Through-Life Cost (Custo ao Longo da Vida)
WLC - Whole-Life Cost (Custo da Vida Completa)
WLCC - Whole-Life Cycle Costing (Custeio do Ciclo de Vida Completo)
TCO – Total Cost of Ownership (Custo Total de Propriedade)
TCA – Total Cost of Acquisition (Custo Total de Aquisição)
COO – Total Cost Of Operations (Custo Total de Operações)
LAC - Life Acquisition Cost (Custo de Vida de Aquisição)
LOC - Life Ownership Cost (Custo de Vida de Propriedade)
LLC - Life Loss Cost (Custo de Vida de Perdas)
LCCA – Life Cycle Cost Analysis (Análise do LCC)
CONCEITOS DE EFETIVIDADE
Elementos de Efetividade
Effectiveness Analysis (Análise de Efetividade)
System Effectiveness (Efetividade de Sistema)
Fig. 4: FOM - Factors Of Merit (Fatores de Mérito de Efetividade)
MOE - Measure Of Effectiveness (Medidas da Efetividade)
Operational Effectiveness (Efetividade Operacional)
Elementos da Efetividade Operacional
Operational Suitability (Adequabilidade Operacional)
MOS - Measure Of Suitability (Medidas de Adequabilidade)
Operational Availability (Disponibilidade Operacional)
Operational Utility (Utilidade Operacional)
Cost Effectiveness (Efetividade de Custo)
CONCEITOS DE DESEMPENHO
Elementos de Desempenho
Performance (Desempenho)
System Performance (Desempenho de Sistema)
Level of Performance (Nível de Desempenho)
Categorias de Desempenho
Desempenho Objetivo
Desempenho Subjetivo
Atributos de Sistema
Attributes of Operational Performance (Atributos de Desempenho Operacional)
Physical Attributes (Atributos Físicos)
Functional Attributes (Atributos Funcionais)
MOP - Measures Of Performance (Medidas de Desempenho)
MODELOS DE LCC
Fig. 5: Visão Sumária dos Custos Totais do Ciclo de Vida
Modelo de Composição de LCC
Fig. 6: A (In)Visibilidade dos Custos Totais
Fig. 7: As Proporções dos Elementos do LCC
Considerações sobre Métodos, Custos e Garantias de P&D
Fig. 8: Ciclo Elementar de Validação e Garantia de Projetos
Fig. 9: O Impacto nos Custos Devi
Módulo: EThICS 903.015.00_Estrat Organiz_Plan, Conhec e Capacit
Tópico: ESTRATÉGIA ORGANIZACIONAL
Assunto: Planejamento, Conhecimento & Capacitação
Escopo:
QUAL É O PROBLEMA?
A Questão do Conhecimento
As Empresas Longevas e as Organizações Que Aprendem
As Mais Longevas
Os 4 Princípios Comuns às Empresas Longevas
As 5 Disciplinas das Organizações que Aprendem
Hierarquia de Planejamento
PENSAMENTO ESTRATÉGICO
Modelo Sistêmico do Processo de Gestão Estratégica
Planejamento Estratégico: O Que Não É e O Que É
Planejamento Estratégico: Para Quê ?
Forças Motivacionais e Transformadoras
O que é Conhecimento?
O Valor Agregado pelo Conhecimento
Os Conhecimentos e os Negócios
O que é a Gestão do Conhecimento?
O que a Gestão do Conhecimento NÃO é
O Que é a Gestão da Informação?
O Que é a Inteligência Competitiva?
Ciclo Integrado de Planejamento, Ação e Revisão
Etapas e Elementos do Planejamento Estratégico
Dinâmica do Planejamento Estratégico
Segmentação Ambiental das Organizações
Cenário Ambiental da Empresa
Públicos Relevantes da Organização
Dinâmica da Aplicação Estratégica do Conhecimento
Análise SWOT
Desenvolvimento de Competências
Desenvolvimento Pessoal
Desenvolvimento de Grupos de Trabalho
Competências Pessoais e Campos de Atuação
A Resposta à Questão do Conhecimento
E Daí? O Que Fazer?
Module: [LIBR_02]_SIGE XIII_SCR Applied to Radar Design
Topic: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT & INNOVATION
Subject: Systems Concepts Research Applied to Radar Design
Article by Antonio Sallum Librelato and Osamu Saotome, presented and published during the XIII SIGE. ITA, 27 a 30 de setembro de 2011.
Scope:
Abstract
I. INTRODUCTION
Principles of SCR
Motivations for SCR Applied for Radar Systems
Phases of the SCR
II. NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS FOR A RADAR SYSTEM
NRA1. VISION OF PROBLEM
NRA2. NEEDS ANALYSIS
NRA3. OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS
NRA4. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS
NRA5. FEASIBILITY DEFINITIONS
NRA6. NEEDS VALIDATION
NRA7. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS SYNTHESIS
III. SYSTEMS CONCEPTS EXPLORATION FOR A RADAR SYSTEM
SCE1. OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS
SCE2. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FORMULATION
SCE3. IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPTS EXPLORATION
SCE4. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS VALIDATION
SCE5. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS SYNTHESIS
IV. SYSTEM CONCEPT DEFINITION FOR A RADAR SYSTEM
SCD1. PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ANALYSI
SCD2. FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS AND FORMULATION
SCD3. IMPLEMENTATION CONCEPT SELECTION
SCD4. CONCEPT VALIDATION AND DESCRIPTION
SCD5. SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT PLANNING
V. SYSTEMS RISKS AND ASSURANCE ANALYSIS FOR A RADAR SYSTEM
SRAA1. SRAA DURING NRA
SRAA2. SRAA DURING SCE
SRAA3. SRAA DURING SCD
VI. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Module: [LIBR_01]_SIGE XIII_Method Prop to Design Radars
Topic: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT & INNOVATION
Subject: A Methodology Proposal to Design Radars - Systems Approach
Article by Antonio Sallum Librelato and Osamu Saotome, presented and published during the XIII SIGE. ITA, 27 a 30 de setembro de 2011.
Scope:
Abstract
I. INTRODUCTION
Motivations for the Systems Concepts Research (SCR) method
II. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SCR METHOD
Principles of SCR
Phases of the SCR
Purposes of SCR
III. NRA - NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS
Purposes of NRA
Steps and Tasks of NRA
IV. SCE - SYSTEMS CONCEPTS EXPLORATION
Purposes of SCE
Steps and Tasks of SCE
V. SCD - SYSTEM CONCEPT DEFINITION
Purposes of SCD
Steps and Tasks of SCD
VI. SRAA - SYSTEMS RISKS AND ASSURANCE ANALYSIS
Purposes of SRAA
Steps and Tasks of SRAA
VII. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Module: EThICS 039.CE06E.04_RDI_SCR_Syst Concepts Research_Method
Topic: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT & INNOVATION
Subject: Methodology of Systems Concepts Research.
Scope:
INTRODUCTION
Acronyms for SCR
Main Concept of SCR
Highlights of the SCR Method
Tactics of SCR
Purposes of SCR
Scope of SCR
Benefits of SCR
Motivations of SCR
Factors of Influence to SCR
ORGANIZATION OF SCR
Elements of the SCR Method
Main Phases of RDI of Systems and Products
Initial Steps of RDI of Systems and Products
Acronyms of RDI
Sequence of Steps of New Projects Engineering
Technologies of RDI
Integrated Steps and Tasks of SCR
Flux of Steps and Tasks of SCR
Steps of SCR - Finalities and Main Questions
NRA - NEEDS AND REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS
Purposes ,Main Questions , Scope of NRA
NRA1: Vision of Problem
NRA2: Needs Analysis
NRA3: Operational Analysis
NRA4: Functional Analysis
NRA5: Feasibility Definitions
NRA6: Needs Validation
NRA7: Operational Requirements Definition
SCE - SYSTEMS CONCEPTS EXPLORATION
Purposes , Main Questions , Scope of SCE
SCE1: Performance Req Formulation
SCE2: Basic New System Architecture
SCE3: Alternative Concepts Exploration
SCE4: Alternative Concepts Evaluation
SCE5: Alternative
SCD - SYSTEM CONCEPT DEFINITION:
Purposes, Main Question, Scope of SCD
SCD1: New System Concept Selection
SCD2: New System Concept Definition
SCD3: New System Development Planning
SRAA - SYSTEMS RISKS & ASSURANCE ANALYSIS
Purposes, Main Questions , Scope of SRAA
SRAA1: SRAA during NRA
SRAA2: SRAA during SCE
SRAA3: SRAA during SCD
APPENDICES
References
Módulo: 908 MENT_PEV_ART FACESM_V3
Tópico: ESTRATÉGIA ORGANIZACIONAL
Assunto: Mentoreação para o Planejamento Estratégico de Vida
Artigo publicado na revista da FACESM (Itajubá, MG)
Escopo:
RESUMO
ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUÇÃO
2. CONCEITOS
3. ATITUDE REATIVA X ATITUDE PROATIVA
3.1. Modelo Reativo
3.2. Modelo Proativo
4. ROTEIRO DO PEV
5. ETAPAS DE PLANEJAMENTO DO PEV
5.1. Etapa 1: Preparativos
5.2. Etapa 2: Diagnóstico da Situação Atual
5.3. Etapa 3: Delineamento do Novo Paradigma
5.4. Etapa 4: Desenvolvimento do PEV
5.5. Etapa 5: Programação das Ações
6. ETAPAS DE EXECUÇÃO, CONTROLE, AVALIAÇÃO E REVISÃO DO PEV
6.1. Etapa 6: Execução do PEV
6.2. Etapa 7: Controle, Avaliação e Revisão do PEV
7. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS
8. BIBLIOGRAFIA
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Concepts and Principles of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Effectiveness
1. Engineering
EThICS Technology, Intelligence
ENGINEERING
Consulting & Systems
EThICS 039.BC02E.07
RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION
LIFE CYCLE OF PROJECTS AND PRODUCTS
- Concepts and Principles of LCC and Effectiveness -
Antonio Sallum Librelato - Director – EThICS Engineering - March - 2013
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 1
2. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07
PURPOSES OF THE MODULE
INTRODUCTION
Acronyms
Motivations for LCC and Effectiveness
Standards for LCC
BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC
Elements of Life Cycle:
Life Cycle
Fig. 1: Model of Life Cycle of Projects and Products
Fig. 2: Initial Steps of RDI of Systems and Products
Acronyms of RDI
Elements of Life Cycle Cost:
Cost Driver
Cost Profile
CBS – Cost Breakdown Structure
Recurrent Costs
Non-Recurrent Costs
Fig. 3: Elements of Life Cycle Costs
LCC – Life Cycle Cost
Life Cycle Costing
TLC - Through-Life Cost
WLC - Whole-Life Cost
WLCC - Whole-Life Cycle Costing
TCO – Total Cost of Ownership
TCA – Total Cost of Acquisition
COO – Total Cost Of Operations
LAC - Life Acquisition Cost
LOC - Life Ownership Cost
LLC - Life Loss Cost
LCCA – Life Cycle Cost Analysis
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 2
3. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07
CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS MODELS OF LCC
Elements of Effectiveness Fig. 5: Summary Vision of Total Costs of the Life Cycle
Effectiveness Analysis Model of the Composition of the LCC
System Effectiveness Fig. 6: The (In)Visibility of the Total Costs
Fig. 4: FOM - Factors Of Merit Fig. 7: The Proportions of the Elements of the LCC
MOE - Measure Of Effectiveness Considerations about R&D Methods, Costs and Assurance
Operational Effectiveness Fig. 8: Elementary Cycle of Project Validation and Assurance
Elements of Operational Effectiveness Fig. 9: The Impact on Costs Due to Method Change
Operational Suitability Fig. 10: The Impact of Changes of |Method on Costs
MOS - Measure Of Suitability
Fig. 11: The Balance of Factors of Cost-Effectiveness
Operational Availability
Fig. 12: The Factors of Effectiveness and the Costs of the Systems
Operational Utility
Cost Effectiveness
APPENDICES
References
CONCEPTS OF PERFORMANCE
EThICS Engineering - Services and Areas of Action
Elements of Performance
Performance
System Performance
Level of Performance
Categories of Performance
Objective Performance
Subjective Performance
System Attributes
Attributes of Operational Performance
Physical Attributes
Functional Attributes
MOP - Measures Of Performance
Antonio Sallum Librelato - Director – EThICS Engineering - January - 2013
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 3
4. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 [EE_039.BC02.06]
Purposes of the Module
The main purpose of this module is to present, in an introductory
way, concepts and models about LCC - Life Cycle Costs and its
relation to the steps and actions RDI - Research, Development and
Innovation and SPA - Systems and Products Assurance.
The concepts of performance and effectiveness of systems and costs
are also treated.
It will be shown the advantages of developing projects incorporating
solutions that meet the performance requirements, with warranty
and with balance between effectiveness and cost.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 4
5. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07
INTRODUCTION
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 5
6. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 INTRODUCTION [EE_039.BC02.06]
Acronyms
ACRONYM MEANING
CBS Cost Breakdown Structure
CISP Construction and Integration of Systems and Products
COO Total Cost of Operations
DoD, DOD Department of Defense
DPSP Definitive Project of Systems and Products
DSP Development of Systems and Products
EVCN Enterprise Vision and Clients Needs
FOM Figure Of Merit
HDBK Handbook
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
ILS Integrated Logistical Support
LAC Life Acquisition Cost
LCC Life Cycle Cost
LCCA Life Cycle Cost Analysis
LCPP Life Cycle of Projects and Products
LLC Life Loss Cost
LOC Life Ownership Cost
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 6
7. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 INTRODUCTION [EE_039.BC02.06]
Acronyms
ACRONYM MEANING
MIL Military
MOE Measure Of Effectiveness
MOP Measure Of Performance
MOS Measure Of Suitability
OT&E Operational Test and Evaluation
PPSP Preliminary Project of Systems and Products
PSP Production of Systems and Products
RDI Research, Development and Innovation
ROI Return On Investiments
ROI Return On Investment
SCR Systems Concepts Research
SPA Systems and Products Assurance
TCA Total Cost of Acquisition
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
TLC Through-Life Cost
TSR Technology and Systems Research
USP Use of Systems and Products
WLC Whole-Life Cost
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 7
8. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 INTRODUCTION Ref.: [JONE_01]
Motivations for LCC and Effectiveness
The prediction (estimate) of the total costs that will occur over the life of a
system, device or product in demand is of great importance in the acquisition
process.
It lets to make choices and take decisions on various solution alternatives,
regarding the characteristics of the systems, infrastructure and physical
resources required to operate and maintain the system.
The concept of cost of ownership is used to project the future financial
obligations and charges that will be required to possess and use the system.
During the acquisition of systems and products, cost of ownership allows you
to focus on total costs over the life of the system, rather than focusing only
on the purchase price.
The methods of Supportability Engineering to estimate the cost of property
already in the process of acquiring and analyzing future agents which then
cost can be reduced without reducing the performance and operational
availability.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 8
9. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 INTRODUCTION Ref.: [JONE_01][KAWA_01][BARR_01][GIUD_01]
Standards for LCC
IEC 60300-3-3 Dependability management – Part 3-3: Application guide
– Life cycle costing. Second edition, 2004-07.
ISO 15663-1: 2000 Petroleum and natural gas industries - Life cycle
costing. Part 1: Methodology.
ISO 15663-2: 2001 Petroleum and natural gas industries - Life cycle
costing. Part 2: Guidance on application of methodology and calculation
methods.
ISO 15663-3: 2001 Petroleum and natural gas industries - Life cycle
costing. Part 3: Implementation guides.
MIL-HDBK-259 Military Handbook - Life Cycle Cost in Navy Acquisitions
(1 April 1983).
MIL-HDBK-276-1 Military Handbook - Life Cycle Cost Model for Defense
Material Systems, Data Collection Workbook (3 February 1984).
MIL-HDBK-276-2 Military Handbook - Life Cycle cost Model for Defense
Material Systems Operating Instructions (3 February 1984).
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 9
10. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 INTRODUCTION Ref.: [JONE_01][KAWA_01][BARR_01][GIUD_01]
Standards for LCC
NORSOK O-CR-001 Common requirements - Life cycle cost for system
and equipment. Rev. 1, April 1996.
NORSOK O-CR-002 Life cycle cost for production facility, 1996
SAE-ARP 4293 Life cycle cost: Techniques and applications, 1992.
SAE-ARP 4294 Data formats and practices for life cycle cost information,
1992.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 10
11. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07
BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 11
12. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [KOSS_01][KAWA_01]
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
Life Cycle:
It is the interval of time between conception and discarding a product.
[KAWA_01]
It is the evolution of the system or product, beginning with the identification
of a need perceived by the customer, and the activities resulting from
development, testing, manufacturing, operation, support and training,
continuing over several improvements or developments until the product, and
their related processes are discarded. [KOSS_01]
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 12
13. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [GRAD_01][EE_039.BC01.09]
Fig. 1: Model of Life Cycle of Projects and Products
RESEARCH, PRODUCTION INTEGRATED USE OF
DEVELOP & OF SYSTEMS LOGISTICAL SYSTEMS & outcomes
INNOVATION & PRODUCTS SUPPORT PRODUCTS
LCPP
EXPLORATION ACTIVITIES
OF NEW WITH
BUSINESSES CLIENTS
RESEARCHES
Tendencies • Innovations
Innovations • Technological and Competitive Analyses
PROJECTS
Knowledge
Needs • Continuous Feedback
EVCN
Requirements • Results of the Projects
Restrictions POTENTIAL MARKETS
Suppositions • New Needs
20/01/13
• Needs of Improvements
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 13
14. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [EE_039.BE01.07]
Fig. 2: Initial Steps of RDI of Systems and Products
SOURCES OF INFO &
KNOWLEDGE
RDI
TCI SAT TTA
TSR TECHNOLOGY & SYST RESEARCH MRP MANAG RDI PROGR
NSD STE TPP STE TME OME
SCR SYSTEMS CONCEPTS RESEARCH DSP DEVELOP SYST AND PROD SYST
Needs
NRA SCE SCD PPSP DPSP CISP &
&
PROD
Req
SRAA PRAA
26/11/11
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 14
15. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [EE_039.BE01.07]
Acronyms of RDI
MRP Management of RDI Programs
SMR Strategic Management of RDI
TMR Tactical Management of RDI
OMR Operational Management of RDI
TSR Technology and Systems Research
TCI Technological and Competitive Intelligence
SAT Strategic Analysis of Technologies
STE Special Technical Studies
NSD New Systems Development
TPP Technical Presentations of Projects
TTA Technology Transfer and Absorption
SCR Systems Concepts Research
NRA Needs and Requirements Analysis
SCE Systems Concepts Exploration
SCD System Concept Definition
SRAA Systems Risks and Assurance Analysis
DSP Development of Systems and Products
PPSP Preliminary Project of Systems and Products
DPSP Definitive Project of Systems and Products
CIPS Construction and Integration of Systems and Products
IPSP Installation Project of Systems and Products
PRAA Products Risks and Assurance Analysis
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 15
16. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [KAWA_01]
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
Cost Driver
It is the element of LCC that has a greater impact on life cycle costing.
[KAWA_01]
Cost Profile
It is a tabular or graphical representation showing the distribution of
costs over the life cycle (or part thereof) of a product. [KAWA_01]
CBS – Cost Breakdown Structure:
It ordered the deployment of cost elements to arrive at the cost of the
total life cycle of the product. [KAWA_01]
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 16
17. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [VARG_01]
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
Recurrent Costs
Are the repetitive costs, direct or indirect, that vary with the quantity
produced and the time of use. [VARG_01]
Non-Recurrent Costs
These are costs that occur only once, such as in developments and
investments. [VARG_01]
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 17
18. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [KAWA_01]
Fig. 3: Elements of Life Cycle Costs
Concepts of elements of cost (source: IEC 60300 3-3)
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 18
19. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [KAWA_01][JONE_01][JONE_02]
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
LCC – Life Cycle Cost
It is the cumulative cost of a product throughout its life cycle.
[KAWA_01]
It is a technical process that compares the costs of the relative merits of
two or more options. [JONE_01] [JONE_02]
Life Cycle Costing
The process of economic analysis for the inventory cost of the life cycle
of a product throughout its life cycle or a portion of it. [KAWA_01]
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 19
20. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [JONE_01][JONE_02][BOUS_01]
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
TLC - Through-Life Cost
It is a budget process that estimates the financial cost of a certain option
over its intended life, in terms of budget categories and periods of
financial accounting. [JONE_01] [JONE_02]
It is a process of costing lifecycle where it emphasizes the role of
continuous funding over the life of the system, considering the forecasts
of costs, reviews, and compilations of actual costs.
WLC - Whole-Life Cost
It is an estimate of the total cost to acquire, equip, maintain and operate
a certain option throughout its intended life. [JONE_01] [JONE_02]
Equivalent to the LCC, including financial, environmental and social costs,
covering all the elements and agents costs, from "cradle" to "grave".
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 20
21. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [BOUS_01]
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
WLCC - Whole-Life Cycle Costing
It is a dynamic and progressive process that allows the stochastic
evaluation of the performance of built facilities, the feasibility to disposal
or sale. [BOUS_01]
The WLCC evaluation process takes into account the characteristics of
the facilities constructed, reuse, sustainability, maintainability and
obsolescence, as well as the capital, maintenance, finance, and the cost
and waste disposal. [BOUS_01]
The results of this stochastic evaluation form the basis of a series of
performance indicators for economic and non-economic, related to the
various stakeholder interests and goals throughout the lifecycle of a
project. [BOUS_01]
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 21
22. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [JONE_01][JONE_02]
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
TCO – Total Cost of Ownership
This is the total of costs incurred to get and use a capability, including
the costs of research and development, acquisition , operating, support ,
and disposal. [JONE_01] [JONE_02]
It is a financial estimate to help consumers and enterprise managers in
determining the direct and indirect costs of a product or system.
It is a management accounting concept that can be used in full cost
accounting or even ecological economics to include social costs.
The TCO analysis includes the total cost of acquisition and
operational costs.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 22
23. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
TCA – Total Cost of Acquisition
It is a management accounting concept that includes all costs associated
with the purchase of goods, services or assets.
COO – Total Cost Of Operations
Are recurring expenses associated with the operation of a business or
operation of a device, component, equipment or system installation.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 23
24. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [KAWA_01]
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
LAC - Life Acquisition Cost [KAWA_01]
Equipment purchase cost
Installation cost
Commissioning cost
Insurance spares cost
Reinvestment cost
Design and administration cost
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 24
25. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [KAWA_01]
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
LOC - Life Ownership Cost [KAWA_01]
Man-hour cost
Corrective maintenance
Preventive maintenance
Servicing
Spare parts consumption cost
Corrective maintenance
Preventive maintenance
Servicing
Logistics support cost
Energy consumption cost
Insurance cost
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 25
26. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [KAWA_01]
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
LLC - Life Loss Cost [KAWA_01]
Cost of deferred production
Hazard cost (Liability cost)
Warranty cost
Loss of image and prestige cost
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 26
27. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 BASIC CONCEPTS OF LCC Ref.: [BLAN_02]
Elements of Life Cycle Cost
LCCA – Life Cycle Cost Analysis
It is the process of evaluating alternative configurations for system
designs, according to an economic perspective. [BLAN_02]
It is a procedure of economic analysis of LCC, based on engineering
data.
It is used for comparison of LCC alternatives considering all significant
costs.
Take the present value of the costs.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 27
28. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07
CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 28
29. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS
Elements of Effectiveness
The degree of success of a system and its mission depends on four
factors (subjective and objective):
If there is an operational need for the system by the market (window
of opportunity).
If there is a perception by users of the operational usefulness,
suitability and availability of the system.
If the system is able to perform the mission of the user, if there is
system's effectiveness.
If there is a return on investment (ROI) for the resources spent to
operate and maintain the system, if there is the cost effectiveness.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 29
30. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS Ref.: [KOSS_01]
Effectiveness Analysis
It is an analytical approach used to determine how well a system
performs in its intended operational environment. [KOSS_01]
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 30
31. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS Ref.: [KOSS_01][BLAN_02][WASS_01][INCO_01]
System Effectiveness
It is a measure of the ability of a system to meet the operational
effectiveness of their intended uses when called to do so. [KOSS_01]
This is the extent to which a system is able to perform its intended
functions. [BLAN_02]
It is a quantitative measure of the extent to which a system is
expected to meet the needs and requirements of customers.
[WASS_01] [INCO_01]
It is a function of adequacy, dependability (reliability, availability,
maintainability), and capacity.
Represents the physical reality of performance and results, based on
the effects of the operation of the system, which can be viewed from
two perspectives:
Planned performance.
Actual performance.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 31
32. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS Ref.: [BLAN_01]
Fig. 4: FOM - Factors Of Merit
They are forms of measures of effectiveness (MOE) that seek to take
into account both the technical factors as economic factors, such as:
[BLAN_01]
Performance x Availability Supportability
LCC LCC
FOM
System Capacity LCC
Revenues - Costs 21/01/13 Facility Space
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 32
33. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS Ref.: [KOSS_01][DoD 500.59-M]
MOE - Measure Of Effectiveness
It is a metric used to quantify the degree to which the performance
objectives of a given system, subsystem, or component are achieved.
[KOSS_01]
Are qualitative or quantitative measures of performance of a model
or simulation, or characteristic that indicates the degree to which it
performs the task or achieve the operational objective or requirement
under specified conditions. [DoD 500.59-M] [KOSS_01]
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 33
34. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS Ref.: [KOSS_01][WASS_01][INCO_01]
Operational Effectiveness
It is the overall degree of mission accomplishment of a system when
used in its operating environment. [KOSS_01]
It is a measure of test and operational evaluation (OT & E), which
measures the overall degree of mission accomplishment of a system
when used by personal representative, in the environment planned or
assumed for the operational use of the system, considering
organization, doctrine, tactics, survival, vulnerability and threat
(including countermeasures, initial effects of nuclear weapons,
threats of nuclear contamination, biological and chemical. [WASS_01]
[INCO_01]
Elements of Operational Effectiveness:
Are those witch define whether the goals and organizational objectives
were achieved in:
Results
Costs
Deadlines
Risks
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 34
35. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS Ref.: [WASS_01]
Operational Suitability
It is the degree to which a system can be implemented satisfactorily
for field use, considering the requirements of availability,
compatibility, transportability, interoperability, reliability, ... rate of
use, maintainability, safety, human factors, supportability to the work
force, logistics supportability, effects and impacts of the natural
environment, documentation and training. [WASS_01]
Characterizes HOW WELL a system or product: [WASS_01]
It is suitable for a specific user´s application in a given operating
environment.
Integrates and performs through the already existing user´s system.
MOS - Measure Of Suitability
These are objective measures of performance derived from subjective
criteria of users to evaluate the operational suitability of the system for
organizational applications and mission. [WASS_01]
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 35
36. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS Ref.: [BLAN_02][WASS_01]
Operational Availability
It is the probability that the system will operate satisfactorily when
requested at any instant in time under specified operating conditions
in a real environment and logistical support. [BLAN_02]
This means the system, product or service is ready and on demand
to carry out the mission, when assigned the task. [WASS_01]
The operational availability becomes a critical metric for assessing
the readiness of the system to perform the task. [WASS_01]
It is a function of reliability and maintainability of the system.
[WASS_01]
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 36
37. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS Ref.: [WASS_01]
Operational Utility
Users expect that systems and products have a degree of operational
utility to enable them to fulfill their missions and complete the
organizational goals and objectives. [WASS_01]
A system or product that has operational usefulness is one that:
[WASS_01]
It's the RIGHT system, product or service for the objective to be
achieved.
Has no unacceptable hazard or risk to safety, the environment or human
health.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 37
38. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF EFFECTIVENESS Ref.: [WASS_01]
Cost Effectiveness
It is an objective way to measure the success of the system.
[WASS_01]
Does the system produce a performance based on its results and
performance and provide a return on investment (ROI) that justify its
continued use?
The cost effectiveness is a metric computed from:
Life Cycle Cost (LCC, TCO).
System Effectiveness.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 38
39. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07
CONCEPTS OF PERFORMANCE
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 39
40. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF PERFORMANCE Ref.: [KOSS_01][WASS_01][IEEE 649-1998]
Elements of Performance
Performance
The degree to which a system or component may, within a given set of
constraints, perform their designated functions. [KOSS_01]
It is a quantitative measure that characterizes a physical or functional
attribute relating to the execution of an operation or function.
[WASS_01] [IEEE 649-1998]
System Performance
Represents the performance of the integrated system elements, such as
equipment, personnel, and resources of the mission that provide
capabilities, operations and system processes. [WASS_01]
Level of Performance
It is an objective and measurable parameter which serves to delineate
the ability of a system to perform a function based on a set of assumed
scenarios, initial conditions and operating conditions. [WASS_01]
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 40
41. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF PERFORMANCE Ref.: [WASS_01]
Elements of Performance
Categories of Performance [WASS_01]
Objective Performance :
Performance that produces measurable physical evidences of system
effectiveness based on pre-defined criteria.
Subjective Performance :
Performance indicated by a subjective quality that varies according to the
sensory values, interpretations or individual perspectives.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 41
42. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF PERFORMANCE Ref.: [WASS_01][IEEE 649-1998]
System Attributes
Attributes of Operational Performance
Are the critical performance parameters of the system needed to achieve
the objectives in the different places of operation. They can include:
Quantity: how many, how much they cost
Quality: how well
Coverage: how much area, how far
Temporality: how often, how responsive
Readiness availability, mission and operational readiness
Other: according to each of systems operation
Physical Attributes
Quantitative and qualitative expressions about material aspects, such as
composition, size, finish, form, fit, and their respective tolerances.
[WASS_01] [IEEE 649-1998
Functional Attributes
Are measurable performance parameters including reliability,
maintainability and safety. [WASS_01] [IEEE 649-1998]
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 42
43. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 CONCEPTS OF PERFORMANCE Ref.: [WASS_01]
MOP - Measures Of Performance
Are measures from the lowest performance level representing
subsets of measures of effectiveness (MOEs). [WASS_01]
Examples: speed, load, distance, time, frequency, or other attribute
or feature.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 43
44. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07
MODELS OFF LCC
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 44
45. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 MODELS OF LCC
Fig. 5: Summary Vision of Total Costs of the Life Cycle
TCO
Total Cost of Ownership
TCA COO
Total Cost of 21/01/13 Total Cost of
Acquisition Operation
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 45
46. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 MODELS OF LCC Ref.: [BLAN_01]
Model of the Composition of the LCC
PREPARATION COSTS SUSTAINMENT COSTS
Costs of Schedule and
Cost of Use of
RDI Costs Replication Cost Cost of Investments Non-Schedules Disposal Costs
Facilities
Maintenance
Non-Recurring Recurring Non-Recurring Recurring Recurring Recurring
Occur for every Occur for each unit Occur for each unit
Occurs only once for Occur for each unit Occur only once for
installation of each installed and for each installed and for each
all units produced produced each unit installed
unit maintenance cycle operation cycle
TSR Technology and PSP Production of ILS Integrated Logistic
Installation Project Operation Legal Permission
Systems Research Systems and Products Support
Design and
SCR Systems Concepts Factory Acceptance Replacement and Training for Continued Demolition and
Construction of
Research Tests Renovation Operation Disposal
Infrastructure
Consumption of
Improvement of Modification of
DSP Development of Qualification and Energy , Water, Repairs and
Equipment and Systems and
Systems and Products Certification Communications and Restorations
Infrastructure Equipment
Other
SPA Systems and Improvement of Materials, Labor- Supply of Materials
Depreciation
Products Assurance Utilities Work, Charges and Consumables
Improving the
Trading and Systems Integration Transportation and
Rents Environmental
Contracting and Commissioning Insurance
Sustainability
Initial Preparations for
Outsourced Services
Operation
Management and Management and Management and Management and Management and Management and
Documentation Documentation Documentation Documentation Documentation Documentation
TCA TOTAL COST OF ACQUISITION COO COST OF OPERATION
TCO TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 46
47. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 MODELS OF LCC Ref.: [BATA_01][BLAN_01][BLAN_02][KAWA_01]
Fig. 6: The (In)Visibility of the Total Costs
The TCO is represented by the
Barely Part of the Total Cost of Acquisition complete “iceberg” of costs!
What is done here, at each
project and at each
produced unit,... Cost of RDI + PSP + Infra
Before having the full possession
...defines what happens
of the system or product, the
here, and that is repeated
at each acquisition and in Part of the Non-Recurrent client often does not realize the
Investments Costs costs beyond what is "visible.“
each period of the rest of
+ After the inauguration, he will
the life cycle of each one!
have to look the "invisible“ part
Most part of the TCO is
Recurrent Investment Costs of the iceberg.
associated to the Investments +
Costs and Sustainment Costs. Sustainment Costs
During the steps of the RDI and
PSP, those costs are often
neglected, when there is more Remainder of the Total Cost of
focus only on the purchase
costs.
Acquisition +
21/01/13 Total Cost of Operation
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 47
48. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 MODELS OF LCC Ref.: [BLAN_01]
Fig. 7: The Proportions of the Elements of the LCC
Use
Cost
Acquisition Discard
21/01/13
Time
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 48
49. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 MODELS OF LCC Ref.: [EE_039.BG01.06] [EE_039.BG02.00]
Considerations about R&D Methods, Costs and Assurance
“Traditional” R&D Method:
Focus on lowest time and cost to obtain the prototype of the product
(R&D costs) to be reproduced (manufactured) and used by the
customers.
Tendency to start the project directly from the development steps (DSP),
ignoring the steps of the Systems Concepts Research (SCR).
Unconcern about the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) of the systems and
product.
Strong confidence on past experience and on already used technologies.
Tendency to disregard risks due to hazards and uncertainties created by
the new solutions.
Tendency to react (a posteriori) to faults, errors and failures, instead of
being proactive (a priori) to select solutions that avoid them.
Considerations about product assurance limited to reliability, availability
and maintainability (RAM), non-integrated with each development step.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 49
50. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 MODELS OF LCC Ref.: [EE_039.BG01.06] [EE_039.BG02.00]
Considerations about R&D Methods, Costs and Assurance
“New” Proposed R&D Method:
Focus on LCC and Effectiveness, aiming the best TCO.
Perform the TSR and SCR steps, before starting the DSP steps.
Look for strong knowledge about new technologies, compared with the
dominated technologies.
Exert deep analysis and actions to mitigate the risks of hazards and
uncertainties, since the initial steps of the project.
Promote the proactive actions of systems and products assurance,
integrated and simultaneous with the actions of SCR and DSP steps,
and at each elementary step of project (See Fig. 8).
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 50
51. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 MODELS OF LCC Ref.: [EE_039.BG01.06] [EE_039.BG02.00]
Fig. 8: Elementary Cycle of Project Validation and Assurance
Operational, Technical and Performance and SPA
Functional Requirements. Requirements.
PROJECT
Methods of Project. Methods of SPA.
EXECUTION
RDI Plan of the Project. SPA Plan of the Project.
Documentation EACH
of Project and of SOLUTION OF
Results. THE PROJECT
PROJECT
REVISION
V? = is the solution valid?
A? = is the solution assured?
V&A? NON
YES
EACH SOLUTION NEXT STEP
OF THE PROJECT OF THE
20/03/13 V&G PROJECT
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 51
52. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 MODELS OF LCC Ref.: [BLAN_01]
Fig. 9: The Impact on Costs Due to Method Change
Costs of Design Changes
Cost to change the
solutions, by using
the current practices
Costs to change the
solutions, by using
the new desired
practices 21/01/13
TSR + SCR PPSP DPSP + CISP PSP ILS USP
Major Program Phases
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 52
53. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 MODELS OF LCC Ref.: [GROS_01][SOUT_02]
Fig. 10: The Impact of Changes of Method on Costs
N times the costs of these steps!
21/01/13
Curve of the
Curve of the
accumulated costs
accumulated costs by
by the traditional
the new proposed Saving!
method
LCC Accumulated
method
Reduced costs of production
Higher costs of development
Lower costs of support and usage
TSR + SCR PPSP DPSP + CISP PSP ILS USP
Major Program Phases
Non-Recurrent Costs Recurrent Costs
1~3 years 15~25 years
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 53
54. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 MODELS OF LCC Ref.: [KAWA_01]
Fig. 11: The Balance of Factors of Cost-Effectiveness
ECONOMIC FACTORS TECHNICAL FACTORS
FACTORS OF FACTORS OF
COST EFFECTIVENESS
COSTS OF ACQUISITION FACTORS OF PERFORMANCE
+ +
COSTS OF SUSTAINMENT FACTORS OF ASSURANCE
21/01/13
The balance between cost factors and factors of
effectiveness must be achieved by the use of methods,
best practices and knowledge of engineering and
management.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 54
55. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 MODELS OF LCC Ref.: [BLAN_01][BLAN_02]
Fig. 12: The Factors of Effectiveness and the Costs of the Systems
COST-EFFECTIVENESS OF THE
SYSTEM
ECONOMICAL FACTORS 21/01/13 TECHNICAL FACTORS
(benefit/cost) (effectiveness)
Benefits (return on investments) Characteristics of performance
Costs of the life cycle: Factors of systems assurance:
1. Costs of R&D Quality
2. Costs of production or Reliability
construction Maintainability
3. Costs of operation and Human factors
maintenance
Safety and security
4. Costs of retirement or discard
Logistical support
Other factors
OBJECTIVE:
A balanced approach
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 55
56. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 APPENDICIES
References
[BATA_01] BATTAGLIA, M. Design for supportability. Available at
<https://c3.nasa.gov/dashlink/static/media/other/Design4Supportability.pdf>. Accessed in
12/04/2011. 16p.
[BLAN_01] BLANCHARD, B. S. System engineering management. 4th ed. Hoboken NJ:
John Wiley, 2008. 539 p.
[BLAN_02] BLANCHARD, B. S.; VERNA, D.; PETERSON, E. L. Maintainability: a key to
effective serviceability and maintenance management. New York, NY: John Wiley, 1995.
537 p.
[BOUS_01] BOUSSABAINE, H.; KIRKHAM, R. Whole life-cycle costing: risk and risk
responses. Blackwell Publishing, 2004. 252 P.
[EE_039.BC01.09] LIBRELATO, A. S. EThICS 039.BC01.09: CVPP - Ciclo de Vida de
Projetos e Produtos - Visão Geral. Novembro, 2011. 13 p.
[EE_039.BC02.06] LIBRELATO, A. S. EThICS 039.BC02.06: CVPP - Conceitos e Princípios
de LCC e Efetividade. Dezembro, 2011. 55 p.
[EE_039.BE01.07] LIBRELATO, A. S. EThICS 039.BE01.07: PDI - Pesquisa,
Desenvolvimento e Inovação - Visão Geral. Novembro, 2011. 39 p.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 56
57. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 APPENDICIES
References
[EE_039.BG01.06] LIBRELATO, A. S. EThICS 039.BG01.06: GSP - Visão Geral. Abril, 2012.
30 p.
[EE_039.BG02.00] LIBRELATO, A. S. EThICS 039.BG02.00: GSP - Conceitos e Princípios de
GSP. Maio, 2011. 57 p.
[GIUD_01] GIUDICE, F.; ROSA, G. L.; RISITANO, A. Product design for the environment
- a life cycle approach. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2006. 471 p.
[GRAD_01] GRADY, J. O. System requirements analysis. Burlington, MA: Elsevier, 2006.
455 p.
[GROS_01] GROSSON, J. Integration of Systems Engineering & Supportability. NDIA
Technical Information Division Symposium, Lockheed Martin, 3 March 2005. 15 p.
Available at <www.dtic.mil/ndia/2005techinfo/grosson.ppt>. Accessed in 12/04/2011.
[JONE_01] JONES, J. V. Supportability engineering handbook: implementation,
measurement and management. USA: McGraw-Hill, 2007.
[JONE_02] JONES, J. V. Integrated logistics support handbook. 3rd ed. USA: McGraw-
Hill, 2006.
[KAWA_01] KAWAUCHI, Y.; RAUSAND, M. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis in oil and
chemical process industries. RAMS Group, NTNU, Norway. 1999. 82 p.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 57
58. EThICS
ENGINEERING CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES OF LCC AND EFFECTIVENESS
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 APPENDICIES
References
[SOUT_02] SOUTES, D. O. Custo Total de Propriedade (TCO): É importante? Para
quem? Anais do II Encontro Científico de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas de Marechal Cândido
Rondon. Perspectivas do Ensino, da Pesquisa e da Extensão nas Ciências Sociais Aplicadas,
Unioeste, outubro (15, 16 e 17), Editora Coluna do Saber, 2007. ISBN: 85-98475-22-X. 10
p.
[TAYL_01] TAYLOR, G. D. Logistics engineering handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press,
2008. 640 p.
[TAYL_02] TAYLOR, G. D. Introduction to logistics engineering. Boca Raton, FL: CRC
Press, 2009. 315 p.
[WASS_01] WASSON, C. S. System analysis, design and development: concepts,
principles and practices.. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley, 2006. 818 p.
20/3/2013 Intellectual Property of EThICS Engineering 58
59. Engineering
EThICS Technology, Intelligence
ENGINEERING
Consulting & Systems
EThICS 039.BC02E.07 APPENDICIES
SERVICES
Consulting
Assessorship
Study, Analysis & Diagnostic
Planning
Research & Development
Deployment
Training
Mentoring
ENGINEERING ORGANIZATIONAL
& TECHNOLOGY AREAS OF ACTION STRATEGY
Antonio Sallum Librelato – Director
+5512 3941 8277 – a.sallum@uol.com.br – skype: a_sallum1
Profile: http://www.linkedin.com/in/sallum
59