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Dynamic Line Rating: Principles - Applications - Benefits

The document discusses dynamic line rating (DLR) principles, applications, and benefits in the context of smart grid operations. It outlines how DLR improves grid capacity and operational efficiency by using real-time ambient data to optimize power line ratings, thereby aiding congestion management and renewable energy integration. Various examples, technology applications, and challenges faced by grid operators are presented, highlighting the advantages of adopting DLR for better grid management.

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Dynamic Line Rating Principles - Applications - Benefits Jean-Louis Repetto & Rena Kuwahata (Ampacimon) July 2019
ISGAN in a Nutshell Created under the auspices of: the Implementing Agreement for a Co-operative Programme on Smart Grids 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 2 Strategic platform to support high-level government knowledge transfer and action for the accelerated development and deployment of smarter, cleaner electricity grids around the world International Smart Grid Action Network is the only global government-to- government forum on smart grids. an initiative of the Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) Annexes Annex 1 Global Smart Grid Inventory Annex 2 Smart Grid Case Studies Annex 3 Benefit- Cost Analyses and Toolkits Annex 4 Synthesis of Insights for Decision Makers Annex 5 Smart Grid Internation al Research Facility Network Annex 6 Power T&D Systems Annex 7 Smart Grids Transitions Annex 8: ISGAN Academy on Smart Grids
ISGAN’s worldwide presence 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 3 3
Value proposition 4 ISGAN Conference presentations Policy briefs Technology briefs Technical papers Discussion papers Webinars Casebooks Workshops Broad international expert network Knowledge sharing, technical assistance, project coordination Global, regional & national policy support Strategic partnerships IEA, CEM, GSGF, Mission Innovation, etc. 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 4
Presentation Overview 5 Physics of DLR What is DLR and how does it work? 01 Applications How is DLR used by grid operators? 02 Benefits Use cases and analytics 03 Wrap up / take away 04
Physics of DLR What is DLR and how does it work? 6
Clearance Sag Suspension Section Span Dead-end Earth wire Dead-end Clearance Line capacity is limited by sag and conductor temperature • Thermal limits • Maximum Conductor Temperature • Maximum Sag • Rating (maximum load current) • Static based on fixed/seasonal, conservative ambient conditions, no field information • Dynamic based on variable, real-time ambient conditions, with field information Physics of DLR 7
Line capacity is sensitive to weather Ambient conditions impacting rating: • Wind speed • Temperature • Solar irradiation Physics of DLR 8
Applicable standards and guidelines for calculation of line ratings 9 Calculation methods are based on Cigré and IEEE IEEE 738 Cigré TB 207 Cigré TB 601 Cigré TB 498 https://e-cigre.org/ https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ Physics of DLR
Closer look at critical parameters affecting ampacity Physical • Clearance • Conductor temperature • Transmission line properties Electrical • Line current (for some applications) Ambiental • Effective perpendicular wind speed • Ambient temperature • Solar irradiation IEEE 738 CIGRE TB207 Critical parameters Ampacity Physics of DLR 10
Approaches to monitoring critical parameters Technologies 11
Sensor-based monitoring 12 How critical parameters are obtained Line-mountedsagsensor • Direct measurement of: • Sag • Effective perpendicular wind speed • Ambient temperature • Vibration (e.g. galloping) • Infers: • Conductor temperature • Clearance • Third-party inputs: • Ambient temperature • Solar irradiation • Line current Line-mountedclearancesensor • Direct measurement of: • Clearance • Inclination • Vibration • Infers: • Sag • Conductor temperature • Third-party inputs: • Wind speed • Ambient temperature • Solar irradiation • Line current Line-mountedconductor temperaturesensor • Direct measurement of: • Discrete point conductor temperature • Inclination • Ambient temperature • Infers: • Sag • Clearance • Third-party inputs: • Wind speed • Solar irradiation • Line current Indirectsensor • Infers: • Current from electromagnetic field • Sag/Clearance from optical information • Effective wind speed from remote weather stations • Calculates based on spec-sheet values and theoretical model of transmission line: • Conductor temperature • Sag/Clearance Technologies
Installati on design studies Installatio n process Sensor calibratio n Power source Min, operating current Wind speed Conduct or temperat ure Conduct or sag / clearanc e Line operation al safety Processin g power DLR Accuracy Line mounted sag sensor Line mounted conductor temp. sensor n.a. ? Pole- mounted weather station ? Weather model Poor [-]Excellent [+] Features Comparison Technologies 13
On what kind of assets can DLR be used? • Dynamic “Line” Rating applies to Overhead and Underground circuits (techniques differ) • Dynamic rating exists also for power transformers • What kind of overhead lines? • Voltage levels up to 800kV • Sensor installation with or without shutdown • DC cannot do because sensors are powered by induction • Compatible with HTLS • Alloy type is not important (ACSR to copper) • Conductor diameter, bundles are mere parameters • Max. conductor temperature vs. ambient temp (40C) • It can be used on lines with spacers and dampers • Line length unimportant (we have examples from 2km to 100km) 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 14
Applications Examples of implementation by grid operators 15
Real-time Grid Operation Activities Grid operator’s activities • Ensure security of grid at all times • Design and secure sufficient grid capacity for reliability • Lean design and maximize utilization for affordability 16
Drivers and values 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 17 Challenges faced by grid operators where DLR brings value Decarbonization Decentralization Digitalization Regulation Climate Change Avoided reinforcement cost Delayed reinforcement costs Avoided congestion management costs (counter- trading, redispatch, curtailment of RE, load shedding) Increased trade capacity (access to energy in cheaper price zones) Increased social welfare from access to cheaper energy (from neighbor and less sub-optimal dispatch caused by congestion) Increased visibility on asset performance and risks Value of Grid Capacity & Monitoring
Bottlenecks to implementation/operation Incentive not set by regulator CAPEX based incentives, no OPEX saving rewarded Perverse incentives to overinvest Incentivize TOTEX optimization! Costs and benefits may be in different time horizons (diff. regulatory cycles) State-derived, conservative, hierarchy customer organizations Requires cross- departmental coordination Decision making slow Reward innovation! Promote competition! National emergency! Even then it takes time, so start early! Grid security assessment and hosting capacity rule (N-1) Can the Operator change operating limits of Asset Owner’s equipment? Can the Operator control the Generator output in case it causes overloading according to DLR? Make responsibilities and control capability clear between Operator, Asset Owner and Generator What options do Grid Operators have to meet responsibility? Does Operator have capability to monitor and control? e.g., SCADA, EMS, remote control of switches? Which asset is actually causing the bottleneck in grid capacity? Adopt modern technology and training that allows fast and remote control! Understand your asset! 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 18
Synergies with additional benefits Asset risks can be better monitored • Temperature, Sag • Vibration sensors detect also physical anomalies (tower fall, galloping, icing) Maintenance outage can be better managed • Check if DLR gain is sufficient to manage the typical congestion caused by outage or additional measures will still be required Improvement on maintenance by better load monitoring • Accurate assessment of loading characteristics in relation to aging DLR does not detect fault currents, but helps in emergency situations • But it helps with increased loading due to power re-routing caused by fault/damage induced outage Active network management • Automated relays could be linked with DLR 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 19
Security (N-1) calculations use DLR values Real-time Grid Operation Activities DLR data input Improved outcome Reduce human error by integration of data to existing tools and processes Avoid costly remedial actions Reduce need for cumbersome switching actions Ensure minimum clearance at all times Typical benefit 20
Congestion management options (best practice remedial actions) Own illustration based on information from: ENTSOE Operational Handbook, used as basis for grid operation guidelines by each European TSO. Actual applied process may vary from TSO to TSO. 21
Example from Belgium Intraday operation on 14/09/2017 • High N-> S flows + 380.74 in outage • D-1 : PSTs = 6/6/6/6 + 150kV topological measures (still problematic, redispatching prepared) • RT: PSTs = 4/4/4/4, 380.73 highly loaded, no topological measures left, DLR avoid redispatching https://www.entsoe.eu/events/2019/03/20/smart-grid-world-of-innovations-dynamic-line-rating-webinar/ Outage: load shift starts Capacity steep increase - due to wind Rating capped (TSO rules) Redispatching avoided 22
Example from Belgium: display of real- time data 23 EMS (RT tool) used in the National Control Centre • Adaptability to generally used monitoring systems • No change to existing monitoring systems required! https://www.entsoe.eu/events/2019/03/20/smart-grid-world-of-innovations-dynamic-line-rating-webinar/
Forecast ratings are needed for grid operation (video clip)NOTEmistakeinvideo:Vertical axisshouldread“lineratingin amps”not“windspeed” 24
Benefits Use cases and analytics 25
Belgium benefits from reliable capacity increase for congestion relief in intraday and day ahead 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 26 • DLR maximize import capacity on all critical cross-border lines. • Critical internal lines are also equipped with DLR sensors. • Two days ahead capacity forecast offers additional exchange volume to the market. Example: 19/2/2015 • Market limited by Belgian lines. • By using 2-day ahead forecast, less constrained. 3% gain on limiting lines released 22% gain on x- border exchange. • Result: in 4 hours, the gain on the CWE welfare computed to 247 250 € (Elia) Key reference 1
Belgian Offshore Wind Connection  Belgian offshore wind installations concentrated in one location.  Began installation in 2009.  Infeed data available on Elia website.  2 onshore connections.  When offshore wind installations began in 2009 and until 2017 only 150kV network existed  “Stevin” 380 kV link commissioned end of 2017 to alleviate the sub- transmission network.  DLR sensors installed to monitor the high loads since 2014. SL ZB BR Stevin 380kV 150kV Line 150kV Line 150kV Line Offshore Interconnector to UK Offshore wind TowardsBrussels Key reference 2 27
Ampacity gain from 5 years of observation • Maximum gain over 200% • DLR gain was available 98% of the time 127-130% on average 90% of the time 110-116% 95% of the time 105-115% 2% of the time nominal rating is risky Nominal rating Our sensor rating Key reference 2 28
Wind integration case study using sensor data and infeed data 29
Illustrative example: Wind installation capacity larger than connection is not permitted 30 N-1 limit using SLR Wind infeed for Wind farm < connection capacity
Illustrative example: Wind installation capacity larger than connection is permitted but infeed must be curtailed 31 N-1 limit using SLR Wind infeed for Wind farm > connection capacity
Illustrative example: Wind infeed increases but there is still curtailment 32 Wind infeed increase by “oversizing” wind farm N-1 limit using SLR Wind infeed exceeding security limit (based on SLR) is curtailed
Illustrative example: Wind infeed increases and curtailment is reduced 33 Wind infeed increase by using DLR based security limit N-1 limit using SLR N-1 limit using DLR
DLR facilitates wind integration because gains are high when winds are high • Allowing installation capacity to exceed traditional connection capacity, • With increasing installation capacity considered on same line, curtailment begins when the installation capacity exceeds the thermal limit of the line. • In general, curtailment increases but so does infeed. • DLR facilitates wind integration by: • increasing infeed (energy that can be accepted by grid) up to 50-70% • reducing curtailment also up to 15% compared to SLR • increase installation capacity up to 50% without need for curtailment at all Wind case study results https://watttransmission.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/wind-integration-use-case.pdf 34
Congestion management in Germany • Grid congestion management is serious concern in Europe. • Costs of remedial actions exceeded 1Billion EUR in Germany alone (annual costs 2017 and 2018)*1 • Cost of congestion is approx. 100 kEUR per hour, or 4 mEUR per day *2 • Average redispatch cost is 23kEUR/GWh *3 • Line Ville Ost is often congested: in 2017 over 390 hours congestion, causing 270 GWh redispatch Key reference 3 *1 Per country details can be seen in ENTSO-E Bidding Zone Configuration Technical Report *2 Based on total cost of congestion management in 2017 including the “Netzreserve” costs in addition to redispatch and curtailment (values taken from Monitoring Report of BNeztA) *3 Redispatch cost divided by redispatch amount (values taken from Monitoring Report of BNeztA for 2017) 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 35
Ampacity gain from 2 years of observation Maximum gain over 200% DLR gain was available 99.5% of the time Nominal rating Our sensor rating 130% gain on average 114% gain 90% of time 106% gain 98% of time 0.5% of the time nominal rating is risky Key reference 3 Ambient Adjusted Rating neglecting wind speed On 14th February 2017, 9hr redispatch of 200MW max was instructed. This was 1750MWh which if avoided with DLR, saved 40kEUR for this day alone. 36
Duration curve of wind speeds at sensor location show line is not at windy location Wind speed is less than 2m/s on average Less than 3.2m/s 90% of time vs. Wind farms normally start operating at 4m/s Accurate wind measurements at low wind speeds at critical line span is important to obtain safe and useful gains Key reference 3 37
Consideration of DLR in planning phase leads to cost savings Designing a new line with the assumption that it will be equipped and operated with DLR DLR gives accurate line rating -> specific ampacity 98% of time Uses accurate line rating for sizing of the conductor Conductor size impacts tower size Cost savings on conductor, tower, foundation, civil work, tower painting etc Key reference 4 38
ASTER 329 vs ASTER 366 ASTER 288 vs ASTER 366 ASTER 256 vs ASTER 366 ASTER 228 vs ASTER 366 DLR Gain 6% 16% 23% 34% Savings Towers(€) 13.000 31.300 42.000 55.000 Savings paint towers(€) 28.500 69.000 92.200 120.000 Savings conductor (€) 42.000 121.500 210.500 290.000 Savings foundations (€) 129.750 197.250 197.250 242.250 Savings other civil eng.(€) 15.000 36.500 48.500 63.500 Total (€) 228.000 455.500 591.500 771.000 Cost Ref line (€) 4.900.000 4.900.000 4.900.000 4.900.000 Saving (%) 4.7 % 9.3 % 12.1 % 15.7 % 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 ASTER 228 ASTER 256 ASTER 288 ASTER 329 Savings(k€) Conductor type ASTER (mm²) Financial savings- line 90 kV Other civil works Foundations Conductors Towers (+paint) Key reference 4 39
Customer Testimonial (video clip) 40
PSE (PL) Ukrenergo (UA) JSC EMS (RS) RTE (FR) Stanett (NO) EGP (BR) DLR Tender announcements 2018 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 41
Take aways DLR technologies are now well proven, sensors-based, and including Scada/EMS integrated software to optimize grid operations Congestion management (redispatch reduction), Interconnectors optimization, Renewables integration are obvious use cases, with EXTREMELY quick pay-backs Won’t replace new/upgraded lines, but can help significantly thanks to very quick deployments, flexibility and low investment 42
Further trainings • Basics of Dynamic Line Rating – DLR • Course description : http://www.wlenergy.fr/2016/12/16/dynamic-line-rating/# • Contact info : info@wlenergy.fr / francois.hussenot@wlenergy.fr / T +33 (0) 9 82 44 12 23 • Tutorial on Dynamic Line Rating • @ the Wind Integration Workshop http://windintegrationworkshop.org/ 15th October, Dublin • Recorded ENTSOE Webinar https://www.entsoe.eu/events/2019/03/20/smart-grid-world- of-innovations-dynamic-line-rating-webinar/ • Belgian TSO ELIA has published an extensive description of its experience with DLR, from 70kV to 380 kV, in particular the popular forecast options for capacity calculations. http://www.elia.be/en/grid-data/DLR • You probably sometimes have questions about “how the gains are really used/valued”: in the “documents” section, the influence of the regulator and the “cap vs risk” approach are explained: http://www.elia.be/~/media/files/Elia/Grid- data/DLR/Explanatory-note.pdf • The Ampacimon DLR FAQ (Please contact us for your copy) 43 Webinar and tutorials Good to read…
Further readings: 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 44 Contact us for a copy! [1] ENTSO-E Ten-Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP), 2016 and 2018: https://tyndp.entsoe.eu/2016/insight-reports/technology/ https://tyndp.entsoe.eu/Documents/TYNDP%20documents/TYNDP2018/consultation/Technical/Technologies4TS.pdf [2] WG B2-36 CIGRE. TB498: “Guide for Application of Direct Real-Time Monitoring Systems”, June 2012. [3] A Michiorri, H-M Nguyen, Stefano Alessandrini, J Bjørnar Bremnes, S Dierer, et al., Forecasting for dynamic line rating. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, 2015, pp. 1713-1730. [4] Working Group B2-43 CIGRE. TB601: “Guide for Thermal rating Calculations of Overhead Lines.”, December 2014. [5] Guha Thakurta, P., Nguyen, H.-M., and al. (2013). Final report on NETFLEX Demo. Deliverable 7.3. Technical report, EU TWENTIES Project [6] T. Goodwin et al. (2014). Integrating enhanced dynamic line rating into the real-time state estimator analysis and operation of transmission grid increases reliability, system awareness and line capacity, CIGRE 2014, paper B2-208. [7] Nguyen, H.-M., Lambin, J.-J., Vassort, F., and Lilien, J.-l. (2014). “Operational experience with Dynamic Line Rating forecast-based solutions to increase usable network transfer capacity”. CIGRE 2014, C2-103. [8] ENTSO-E (2014), “Technical Report, Bidding Zones Review Process”, 2 January 2014. Page 51. [9] Working Group B2-12 CIGRE. TB299: “Guide for Selection of Weather Parameters for Bare Overhead Conductor Ratings”, August 2006. [10] IEEE (2006), IEEE Std 738-2006 - IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature of Bare Overhead Conductors. [11] Energy Sector Planning and Analysis (ESPA) for the United States Department of Energy (DOE), National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Navigant Consulting Inc., Warren Wang, Sarah Pinter – “Dynamic Line Rating Systems for Transmission Lines: Topical Report” (Smart Grid Demonstration Program), 2014. [12] CIGRE TF 12-6 (B2), October 21, 2004 “Variability of Conductor Temperature in a Two Span Test Line” Tapani O. Seppa, Robert Mohr, Herve Deve, John P. Stovall [13] ELIA implements DLR on 29 overhead lines http://www.elia.be/en/grid-data/DLR Influence of the regulator and “cap vs risk” approach: http://www.elia.be/~/media/files/Elia/Grid-data/DLR/Explanatory-note.pdf [14] David Gorarke, US Department of Energy, Indigo Advisory, “Managing the Energy Information Grid - Digital Strategies for Utilities”: https://www.indigoadvisorygroup.com/blog/2017/11/8/digital-strategies-for-utilities [15] The three steps of DLR (Ingles) [16] Operating OHL in DLR mode (Ingles) [17] The Ampacimon FAQ (en Español o Ingles)
Jean-Louis Repetto & Rena Kuwahata (Ampacimon) rena.kuwahata@ampacimon.com

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Dynamic Line Rating: Principles - Applications - Benefits

  • 1.
    Dynamic Line Rating Principles- Applications - Benefits Jean-Louis Repetto & Rena Kuwahata (Ampacimon) July 2019
  • 2.
    ISGAN in aNutshell Created under the auspices of: the Implementing Agreement for a Co-operative Programme on Smart Grids 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 2 Strategic platform to support high-level government knowledge transfer and action for the accelerated development and deployment of smarter, cleaner electricity grids around the world International Smart Grid Action Network is the only global government-to- government forum on smart grids. an initiative of the Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM) Annexes Annex 1 Global Smart Grid Inventory Annex 2 Smart Grid Case Studies Annex 3 Benefit- Cost Analyses and Toolkits Annex 4 Synthesis of Insights for Decision Makers Annex 5 Smart Grid Internation al Research Facility Network Annex 6 Power T&D Systems Annex 7 Smart Grids Transitions Annex 8: ISGAN Academy on Smart Grids
  • 3.
    ISGAN’s worldwide presence 1/8/2018ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 3 3
  • 4.
    Value proposition 4 ISGAN Conference presentations Policy briefs Technology briefs Technical papers Discussion papers Webinars Casebooks Workshops Broadinternational expert network Knowledge sharing, technical assistance, project coordination Global, regional & national policy support Strategic partnerships IEA, CEM, GSGF, Mission Innovation, etc. 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 4
  • 5.
    Presentation Overview 5 Physics ofDLR What is DLR and how does it work? 01 Applications How is DLR used by grid operators? 02 Benefits Use cases and analytics 03 Wrap up / take away 04
  • 6.
    Physics of DLR Whatis DLR and how does it work? 6
  • 7.
    Clearance Sag Suspension Section Span Dead-end Earth wire Dead-end Clearance Line capacityis limited by sag and conductor temperature • Thermal limits • Maximum Conductor Temperature • Maximum Sag • Rating (maximum load current) • Static based on fixed/seasonal, conservative ambient conditions, no field information • Dynamic based on variable, real-time ambient conditions, with field information Physics of DLR 7
  • 8.
    Line capacity issensitive to weather Ambient conditions impacting rating: • Wind speed • Temperature • Solar irradiation Physics of DLR 8
  • 9.
    Applicable standards andguidelines for calculation of line ratings 9 Calculation methods are based on Cigré and IEEE IEEE 738 Cigré TB 207 Cigré TB 601 Cigré TB 498 https://e-cigre.org/ https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ Physics of DLR
  • 10.
    Closer look atcritical parameters affecting ampacity Physical • Clearance • Conductor temperature • Transmission line properties Electrical • Line current (for some applications) Ambiental • Effective perpendicular wind speed • Ambient temperature • Solar irradiation IEEE 738 CIGRE TB207 Critical parameters Ampacity Physics of DLR 10
  • 11.
    Approaches to monitoringcritical parameters Technologies 11
  • 12.
    Sensor-based monitoring 12 How criticalparameters are obtained Line-mountedsagsensor • Direct measurement of: • Sag • Effective perpendicular wind speed • Ambient temperature • Vibration (e.g. galloping) • Infers: • Conductor temperature • Clearance • Third-party inputs: • Ambient temperature • Solar irradiation • Line current Line-mountedclearancesensor • Direct measurement of: • Clearance • Inclination • Vibration • Infers: • Sag • Conductor temperature • Third-party inputs: • Wind speed • Ambient temperature • Solar irradiation • Line current Line-mountedconductor temperaturesensor • Direct measurement of: • Discrete point conductor temperature • Inclination • Ambient temperature • Infers: • Sag • Clearance • Third-party inputs: • Wind speed • Solar irradiation • Line current Indirectsensor • Infers: • Current from electromagnetic field • Sag/Clearance from optical information • Effective wind speed from remote weather stations • Calculates based on spec-sheet values and theoretical model of transmission line: • Conductor temperature • Sag/Clearance Technologies
  • 13.
    Installati on design studies Installatio n process Sensor calibratio n Power source Min, operating current Wind speed Conduct or temperat ure Conduct or sag/ clearanc e Line operation al safety Processin g power DLR Accuracy Line mounted sag sensor Line mounted conductor temp. sensor n.a. ? Pole- mounted weather station ? Weather model Poor [-]Excellent [+] Features Comparison Technologies 13
  • 14.
    On what kindof assets can DLR be used? • Dynamic “Line” Rating applies to Overhead and Underground circuits (techniques differ) • Dynamic rating exists also for power transformers • What kind of overhead lines? • Voltage levels up to 800kV • Sensor installation with or without shutdown • DC cannot do because sensors are powered by induction • Compatible with HTLS • Alloy type is not important (ACSR to copper) • Conductor diameter, bundles are mere parameters • Max. conductor temperature vs. ambient temp (40C) • It can be used on lines with spacers and dampers • Line length unimportant (we have examples from 2km to 100km) 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 14
  • 15.
  • 16.
    Real-time Grid Operation Activities Gridoperator’s activities • Ensure security of grid at all times • Design and secure sufficient grid capacity for reliability • Lean design and maximize utilization for affordability 16
  • 17.
    Drivers and values 1/8/2018ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 17 Challenges faced by grid operators where DLR brings value Decarbonization Decentralization Digitalization Regulation Climate Change Avoided reinforcement cost Delayed reinforcement costs Avoided congestion management costs (counter- trading, redispatch, curtailment of RE, load shedding) Increased trade capacity (access to energy in cheaper price zones) Increased social welfare from access to cheaper energy (from neighbor and less sub-optimal dispatch caused by congestion) Increased visibility on asset performance and risks Value of Grid Capacity & Monitoring
  • 18.
    Bottlenecks to implementation/operation Incentivenot set by regulator CAPEX based incentives, no OPEX saving rewarded Perverse incentives to overinvest Incentivize TOTEX optimization! Costs and benefits may be in different time horizons (diff. regulatory cycles) State-derived, conservative, hierarchy customer organizations Requires cross- departmental coordination Decision making slow Reward innovation! Promote competition! National emergency! Even then it takes time, so start early! Grid security assessment and hosting capacity rule (N-1) Can the Operator change operating limits of Asset Owner’s equipment? Can the Operator control the Generator output in case it causes overloading according to DLR? Make responsibilities and control capability clear between Operator, Asset Owner and Generator What options do Grid Operators have to meet responsibility? Does Operator have capability to monitor and control? e.g., SCADA, EMS, remote control of switches? Which asset is actually causing the bottleneck in grid capacity? Adopt modern technology and training that allows fast and remote control! Understand your asset! 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 18
  • 19.
    Synergies with additionalbenefits Asset risks can be better monitored • Temperature, Sag • Vibration sensors detect also physical anomalies (tower fall, galloping, icing) Maintenance outage can be better managed • Check if DLR gain is sufficient to manage the typical congestion caused by outage or additional measures will still be required Improvement on maintenance by better load monitoring • Accurate assessment of loading characteristics in relation to aging DLR does not detect fault currents, but helps in emergency situations • But it helps with increased loading due to power re-routing caused by fault/damage induced outage Active network management • Automated relays could be linked with DLR 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 19
  • 20.
    Security (N-1) calculationsuse DLR values Real-time Grid Operation Activities DLR data input Improved outcome Reduce human error by integration of data to existing tools and processes Avoid costly remedial actions Reduce need for cumbersome switching actions Ensure minimum clearance at all times Typical benefit 20
  • 21.
    Congestion management options (bestpractice remedial actions) Own illustration based on information from: ENTSOE Operational Handbook, used as basis for grid operation guidelines by each European TSO. Actual applied process may vary from TSO to TSO. 21
  • 22.
    Example from Belgium Intradayoperation on 14/09/2017 • High N-> S flows + 380.74 in outage • D-1 : PSTs = 6/6/6/6 + 150kV topological measures (still problematic, redispatching prepared) • RT: PSTs = 4/4/4/4, 380.73 highly loaded, no topological measures left, DLR avoid redispatching https://www.entsoe.eu/events/2019/03/20/smart-grid-world-of-innovations-dynamic-line-rating-webinar/ Outage: load shift starts Capacity steep increase - due to wind Rating capped (TSO rules) Redispatching avoided 22
  • 23.
    Example from Belgium:display of real- time data 23 EMS (RT tool) used in the National Control Centre • Adaptability to generally used monitoring systems • No change to existing monitoring systems required! https://www.entsoe.eu/events/2019/03/20/smart-grid-world-of-innovations-dynamic-line-rating-webinar/
  • 24.
    Forecast ratings areneeded for grid operation (video clip)NOTEmistakeinvideo:Vertical axisshouldread“lineratingin amps”not“windspeed” 24
  • 25.
  • 26.
    Belgium benefits fromreliable capacity increase for congestion relief in intraday and day ahead 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 26 • DLR maximize import capacity on all critical cross-border lines. • Critical internal lines are also equipped with DLR sensors. • Two days ahead capacity forecast offers additional exchange volume to the market. Example: 19/2/2015 • Market limited by Belgian lines. • By using 2-day ahead forecast, less constrained. 3% gain on limiting lines released 22% gain on x- border exchange. • Result: in 4 hours, the gain on the CWE welfare computed to 247 250 € (Elia) Key reference 1
  • 27.
    Belgian Offshore WindConnection  Belgian offshore wind installations concentrated in one location.  Began installation in 2009.  Infeed data available on Elia website.  2 onshore connections.  When offshore wind installations began in 2009 and until 2017 only 150kV network existed  “Stevin” 380 kV link commissioned end of 2017 to alleviate the sub- transmission network.  DLR sensors installed to monitor the high loads since 2014. SL ZB BR Stevin 380kV 150kV Line 150kV Line 150kV Line Offshore Interconnector to UK Offshore wind TowardsBrussels Key reference 2 27
  • 28.
    Ampacity gain from5 years of observation • Maximum gain over 200% • DLR gain was available 98% of the time 127-130% on average 90% of the time 110-116% 95% of the time 105-115% 2% of the time nominal rating is risky Nominal rating Our sensor rating Key reference 2 28
  • 29.
    Wind integration casestudy using sensor data and infeed data 29
  • 30.
    Illustrative example: Wind installationcapacity larger than connection is not permitted 30 N-1 limit using SLR Wind infeed for Wind farm < connection capacity
  • 31.
    Illustrative example: Wind installationcapacity larger than connection is permitted but infeed must be curtailed 31 N-1 limit using SLR Wind infeed for Wind farm > connection capacity
  • 32.
    Illustrative example: Wind infeedincreases but there is still curtailment 32 Wind infeed increase by “oversizing” wind farm N-1 limit using SLR Wind infeed exceeding security limit (based on SLR) is curtailed
  • 33.
    Illustrative example: Wind infeedincreases and curtailment is reduced 33 Wind infeed increase by using DLR based security limit N-1 limit using SLR N-1 limit using DLR
  • 34.
    DLR facilitates windintegration because gains are high when winds are high • Allowing installation capacity to exceed traditional connection capacity, • With increasing installation capacity considered on same line, curtailment begins when the installation capacity exceeds the thermal limit of the line. • In general, curtailment increases but so does infeed. • DLR facilitates wind integration by: • increasing infeed (energy that can be accepted by grid) up to 50-70% • reducing curtailment also up to 15% compared to SLR • increase installation capacity up to 50% without need for curtailment at all Wind case study results https://watttransmission.files.wordpress.com/2019/06/wind-integration-use-case.pdf 34
  • 35.
    Congestion management inGermany • Grid congestion management is serious concern in Europe. • Costs of remedial actions exceeded 1Billion EUR in Germany alone (annual costs 2017 and 2018)*1 • Cost of congestion is approx. 100 kEUR per hour, or 4 mEUR per day *2 • Average redispatch cost is 23kEUR/GWh *3 • Line Ville Ost is often congested: in 2017 over 390 hours congestion, causing 270 GWh redispatch Key reference 3 *1 Per country details can be seen in ENTSO-E Bidding Zone Configuration Technical Report *2 Based on total cost of congestion management in 2017 including the “Netzreserve” costs in addition to redispatch and curtailment (values taken from Monitoring Report of BNeztA) *3 Redispatch cost divided by redispatch amount (values taken from Monitoring Report of BNeztA for 2017) 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 35
  • 36.
    Ampacity gain from2 years of observation Maximum gain over 200% DLR gain was available 99.5% of the time Nominal rating Our sensor rating 130% gain on average 114% gain 90% of time 106% gain 98% of time 0.5% of the time nominal rating is risky Key reference 3 Ambient Adjusted Rating neglecting wind speed On 14th February 2017, 9hr redispatch of 200MW max was instructed. This was 1750MWh which if avoided with DLR, saved 40kEUR for this day alone. 36
  • 37.
    Duration curve ofwind speeds at sensor location show line is not at windy location Wind speed is less than 2m/s on average Less than 3.2m/s 90% of time vs. Wind farms normally start operating at 4m/s Accurate wind measurements at low wind speeds at critical line span is important to obtain safe and useful gains Key reference 3 37
  • 38.
    Consideration of DLRin planning phase leads to cost savings Designing a new line with the assumption that it will be equipped and operated with DLR DLR gives accurate line rating -> specific ampacity 98% of time Uses accurate line rating for sizing of the conductor Conductor size impacts tower size Cost savings on conductor, tower, foundation, civil work, tower painting etc Key reference 4 38
  • 39.
    ASTER 329 vs ASTER 366 ASTER288 vs ASTER 366 ASTER 256 vs ASTER 366 ASTER 228 vs ASTER 366 DLR Gain 6% 16% 23% 34% Savings Towers(€) 13.000 31.300 42.000 55.000 Savings paint towers(€) 28.500 69.000 92.200 120.000 Savings conductor (€) 42.000 121.500 210.500 290.000 Savings foundations (€) 129.750 197.250 197.250 242.250 Savings other civil eng.(€) 15.000 36.500 48.500 63.500 Total (€) 228.000 455.500 591.500 771.000 Cost Ref line (€) 4.900.000 4.900.000 4.900.000 4.900.000 Saving (%) 4.7 % 9.3 % 12.1 % 15.7 % 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 ASTER 228 ASTER 256 ASTER 288 ASTER 329 Savings(k€) Conductor type ASTER (mm²) Financial savings- line 90 kV Other civil works Foundations Conductors Towers (+paint) Key reference 4 39
  • 40.
  • 41.
    PSE (PL) Ukrenergo (UA) JSCEMS (RS) RTE (FR) Stanett (NO) EGP (BR) DLR Tender announcements 2018 1/8/2018 ISGAN STANDARD PRESENTATION 41
  • 42.
    Take aways DLR technologiesare now well proven, sensors-based, and including Scada/EMS integrated software to optimize grid operations Congestion management (redispatch reduction), Interconnectors optimization, Renewables integration are obvious use cases, with EXTREMELY quick pay-backs Won’t replace new/upgraded lines, but can help significantly thanks to very quick deployments, flexibility and low investment 42
  • 43.
    Further trainings • Basicsof Dynamic Line Rating – DLR • Course description : http://www.wlenergy.fr/2016/12/16/dynamic-line-rating/# • Contact info : info@wlenergy.fr / francois.hussenot@wlenergy.fr / T +33 (0) 9 82 44 12 23 • Tutorial on Dynamic Line Rating • @ the Wind Integration Workshop http://windintegrationworkshop.org/ 15th October, Dublin • Recorded ENTSOE Webinar https://www.entsoe.eu/events/2019/03/20/smart-grid-world- of-innovations-dynamic-line-rating-webinar/ • Belgian TSO ELIA has published an extensive description of its experience with DLR, from 70kV to 380 kV, in particular the popular forecast options for capacity calculations. http://www.elia.be/en/grid-data/DLR • You probably sometimes have questions about “how the gains are really used/valued”: in the “documents” section, the influence of the regulator and the “cap vs risk” approach are explained: http://www.elia.be/~/media/files/Elia/Grid- data/DLR/Explanatory-note.pdf • The Ampacimon DLR FAQ (Please contact us for your copy) 43 Webinar and tutorials Good to read…
  • 44.
    Further readings: 1/8/2018 ISGANSTANDARD PRESENTATION 44 Contact us for a copy! [1] ENTSO-E Ten-Year Network Development Plan (TYNDP), 2016 and 2018: https://tyndp.entsoe.eu/2016/insight-reports/technology/ https://tyndp.entsoe.eu/Documents/TYNDP%20documents/TYNDP2018/consultation/Technical/Technologies4TS.pdf [2] WG B2-36 CIGRE. TB498: “Guide for Application of Direct Real-Time Monitoring Systems”, June 2012. [3] A Michiorri, H-M Nguyen, Stefano Alessandrini, J Bjørnar Bremnes, S Dierer, et al., Forecasting for dynamic line rating. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, 2015, pp. 1713-1730. [4] Working Group B2-43 CIGRE. TB601: “Guide for Thermal rating Calculations of Overhead Lines.”, December 2014. [5] Guha Thakurta, P., Nguyen, H.-M., and al. (2013). Final report on NETFLEX Demo. Deliverable 7.3. Technical report, EU TWENTIES Project [6] T. Goodwin et al. (2014). Integrating enhanced dynamic line rating into the real-time state estimator analysis and operation of transmission grid increases reliability, system awareness and line capacity, CIGRE 2014, paper B2-208. [7] Nguyen, H.-M., Lambin, J.-J., Vassort, F., and Lilien, J.-l. (2014). “Operational experience with Dynamic Line Rating forecast-based solutions to increase usable network transfer capacity”. CIGRE 2014, C2-103. [8] ENTSO-E (2014), “Technical Report, Bidding Zones Review Process”, 2 January 2014. Page 51. [9] Working Group B2-12 CIGRE. TB299: “Guide for Selection of Weather Parameters for Bare Overhead Conductor Ratings”, August 2006. [10] IEEE (2006), IEEE Std 738-2006 - IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature of Bare Overhead Conductors. [11] Energy Sector Planning and Analysis (ESPA) for the United States Department of Energy (DOE), National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL), Navigant Consulting Inc., Warren Wang, Sarah Pinter – “Dynamic Line Rating Systems for Transmission Lines: Topical Report” (Smart Grid Demonstration Program), 2014. [12] CIGRE TF 12-6 (B2), October 21, 2004 “Variability of Conductor Temperature in a Two Span Test Line” Tapani O. Seppa, Robert Mohr, Herve Deve, John P. Stovall [13] ELIA implements DLR on 29 overhead lines http://www.elia.be/en/grid-data/DLR Influence of the regulator and “cap vs risk” approach: http://www.elia.be/~/media/files/Elia/Grid-data/DLR/Explanatory-note.pdf [14] David Gorarke, US Department of Energy, Indigo Advisory, “Managing the Energy Information Grid - Digital Strategies for Utilities”: https://www.indigoadvisorygroup.com/blog/2017/11/8/digital-strategies-for-utilities [15] The three steps of DLR (Ingles) [16] Operating OHL in DLR mode (Ingles) [17] The Ampacimon FAQ (en Español o Ingles)
  • 45.
    Jean-Louis Repetto &Rena Kuwahata (Ampacimon) rena.kuwahata@ampacimon.com