Proyekto sa FIL4: Panitikan ng Rehiyon
Halaw sa librong "Literatura ng Iba't-Ibang Rehiyon ng Pilipinas" (2001) ni Carmelita S. Lorenzo, et. al.
Presentasyon ni Rachelle Bonza
BSED IIB - FILIPINO
This document summarizes a lab activity where students observed plant cell structures using a microscope. The objectives were to locate, identify, and describe parts of the plant cell. Two specimens - fanwort leaf and onion leaf - were used. For fanwort, the cell wall and chloroplasts were observed, while onion showed a cell wall and nucleus. The purpose of crystal violet dye was to enhance contrast and highlight organelles. Thin sections of specimens were needed for light to pass through and provide clear images under the microscope.
This document discusses three emerging infectious diseases: anthrax, Staphylococcus aureus, and influenza. It provides details on the bacteria and viruses that cause each disease, including their origins, characteristics, modes of infection, symptoms, and treatments. Anthrax is caused by Bacillus anthracis spores which can enter the body through cuts or lungs. Staphylococcus aureus causes infections through toxin production and has developed resistance to antibiotics like methicillin and vancomycin. Influenza is an RNA virus with H and N surface proteins that mutate, allowing the virus to evade immunity through antigenic shifts leading to pandemics.
The document discusses the history and current state of environmental education. It notes that environmental education grew from a grassroots movement counter to mainstream society and was aimed at increasing awareness of environmental issues. However, the document argues that environmental education has not been fully effective, as consumption and behaviors have not changed sufficiently despite education efforts. The document suggests ways to improve environmental education, such as better evaluation, teaching about consumption impacts, nonlinear systems, and critical thinking.
This document discusses the classification of bacteria based on their cellular characteristics and structures. It focuses on cell shape, arrangement, and external structures. The three main shapes are cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), and spirals. Arrangements include pairs, chains, and clusters. External structures can include capsules, flagella, fimbriae, pili, and cell walls that vary between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Cell shape, structures, and wall composition are important factors in bacterial identification and differentiation.
1. Taxonomy is the science of classifying organisms based on similarities. It involves assigning organisms unique scientific names and grouping them in a hierarchical system from the most general domains to the most specific species level.
2. Phylogeny refers to the evolutionary history and relationships between organisms as depicted in phylogenetic trees, which are hypotheses based on evidence from fossils, morphology, DNA, and other sources.
3. Organisms are classified into taxonomic ranks including domains, kingdoms, phyla, classes, orders, families, genera, and species to reflect their evolutionary relationships.
The Brundtland Commission defined sustainable development as "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs". It was established by the UN in 1982 to address growing environmental concerns and published its report, Our Common Future, in 1987. An environmentally sustainable society satisfies basic needs without depleting natural resources, allowing future generations to meet their needs as well.
The document discusses the basics of biological classification including:
1) The hierarchical system used to classify organisms from broad domains to specific species. This includes kingdoms being divided into phyla, classes, orders, families, genera and species.
2) Key concepts in classification like taxonomy, phylogeny, and binomial nomenclature which assigns each species a unique two-part scientific name.
3) Methods used to determine evolutionary relationships between organisms like fossils, DNA, morphology and embryology which are represented in phylogenetic trees.
Basis of evolutionary relationship (body form and function)Alice Herman
The human body is made up of complex systems and organs that work interdependently to keep us alive and functioning. Our cardiovascular system works to circulate blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removing waste. The respiratory system intakes oxygen and expels carbon dioxide, working closely with the cardiovascular system. Together, these key body systems demonstrate how form and function are closely linked in the human body.
The document summarizes key parts of three Philippine acts related to environmental protection and management:
- Republic Act 9275 provides for comprehensive water quality management to protect, preserve and revive fresh, brackish and marine waters. It defines terms and outlines classification and management plans.
- Republic Act 8749 aims to attain sustainable development and assigns responsibility for environmental problems to local governments. It defines terms related to air quality and pollutants.
- Republic Act 9003 establishes an ecological solid waste management program with policies to protect public health, utilize resources, and set guidelines for waste reduction, collection, treatment and disposal. It defines terms regarding waste facilities and recovery.
1. Natural selection works through selective agents in the environment that influence the likelihood of genes being passed to the next generation. These include factors like temperature, sunlight, and predation pressures.
2. There are two main ways natural selection works: differential survival, where some individuals are less likely to survive based on heritable traits, and differential reproductive rates, where some individuals are better at producing offspring.
3. Evolutionary patterns include divergent evolution, where differences accumulate over time leading to new species; extinction of species unable to adapt to environmental changes; and adaptive radiation, where a common ancestor rapidly diversifies to fill new niches.
This document discusses factors that influence natural selection:
1. Genetic variety within species, brought about by mutations and genetic recombination, allows for variation on which natural selection can act.
2. Gene expression influences how genes determine traits.
3. Excess reproduction, the ability of most species to produce more offspring than can survive, means individuals must compete for limited resources. Together, genetic variety, gene expression, and excess reproduction exert influence on the process of natural selection.
Biology is the study of life, including the anatomy, physiology, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy of organisms. It examines life at the molecular, cellular, organism, and population levels. Key principles that unify modern biology are the cell theory, evolution, genetics, homeostasis, and the role of energy in living things.
The document provides evidence for evolution from the fossil record, morphology, embryology, and biochemistry. It discusses how the incomplete fossil record still helps reconstruct evolutionary patterns and trends. Homologous structures provide morphological evidence of shared ancestry, while analogous structures evolved independently. Embryological evidence shows that embryos of related species develop similarly due to shared genes regulating development. Biochemical evidence is found in similar amino acid sequences reflecting common ancestry.
The microscope has evolved significantly since its earliest forms in the 1st century AD. Some key developments include:
1) The earliest microscopes in the 1st century AD had simple lenses that provided around 10x magnification.
2) In the late 16th century, experiments using multiple lenses in a tube led to improved magnification. Galileo later established the optical principles behind using lenses.
3) In the 17th century, Anton van Leeuwenhoek made tiny lenses that greatly increased magnification and allowed him to discover bacteria and microorganisms, while Robert Hooke used early microscopes to observe plant and animal cells.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces gametes, or sex cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and may exchange genetic material through crossing over. The homologous chromosomes then separate, resulting in two daughter cells each with half the original number of chromosomes. Meiosis II then separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four gametes total with only one chromosome from each pair. This process of independent assortment and recombination during meiosis contributes greatly to genetic variation in offspring.
This document provides an overview of the geography and topography of Asia, including:
- Asia is bounded by the Arctic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Red Sea, and Ural Mountains.
- It covers about a third of the world's landmass and spans 8,500 km from east to west.
- Major geographic features include mountain ranges like the Himalayas and Kunlun Mountains, rivers like the Ganges and Yangtze, and lakes like Baikal and the Caspian Sea.
- Environmental issues facing Asia include soil exhaustion, deforestation, and air pollution.
Resistors come in fixed and variable types. Fixed resistors have their resistance printed on them or indicated by color code, while variable resistors called potentiometers have a wiper that can be moved between two terminals to vary resistance. The four band resistor color code provides the resistance value with the first three bands giving a number and the fourth indicating the tolerance.
A capacitor is an electrical component that stores electric energy by separating two conducting plates with an insulating material called a dielectric. There are different types of capacitors that vary in size, plate arrangement, and dielectric material. Capacitors are used in applications like communications equipment, instruments, computers, and power supplies. The ability of a capacitor to store electric charge is measured in Farads, with the amount of stored charge being proportional to the applied voltage. Capacitors charge by allowing electrons to accumulate on plates when connected to a power source, and discharge the stored energy when connected to another circuit.
The Sumerians established settlements in southern Mesopotamia in the 5th millennium BC that developed into major cities like Ur and Kish. They invented cuneiform writing and advanced arts, science, and agriculture. Sumerian cities were organized with farmland owned by temples and worked by groups of farmers. Around 2000 BC, both Sumer and Akkad fell to invaders, with the Elamites destroying Ur. Sargon of Akkad later united Sumer and Akkad into an empire for the first time, though ecological problems with soil salinity and a population shift north also contributed to the decline of Sumerian dominance in the region.
The document discusses the Mesopotamian civilization between rivers Tigris and Euphrates rivers from 4000 BC to 400 BC. It summarizes the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Hittite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Assyrian and Chaldean civilizations that occupied the region. The Sumerians established the first cities and introduced cuneiform writing and irrigation. Later, the Akkadian and Babylonian empires united the city-states and trade flourished. The Hittites were the first to use iron and horse-drawn carts.
2. Ayon kay Arrogante (1991), ang
dula ay isang pampanitikang
panggagaya sa buhay upang
maipamalas sa tanghalan. Sa
pamamagitan ng dula,
nailalarawan ang buhay ng tao
na maaaring malungkot,
masaya,mapagbiro, masalimuot
at iba pa.
4. Dula Noong Panahonat Wayang
Wayang Orang ng mga Katutubo
Purwa (Bisaya)
-tumutukoy sa pagmamalupit ng mga
Sultan sa kanilang aliping mga babae.
- Ginaganap kaugnay ng mga seremonya
sa pananampalataya at pagpaparangal
sa kani- kanilang mga pinuno at
bayani.
- Patula ang usapan ng mga tauhang
magsisiganap
5. Dula Noong Panahon ng mga Katutubo
Embayoka at Sayatan
(Muslim sa Jolo at Lanao)
- dulang pagtutula kahawig ng
Balagtasan ng mga Tagalog.
Kinapapalooban ng sayawan at
awitan.
9. 1. Dulang SENAKULO
Dula Noong Panahon ng mga Espanyol
Panlansangan
isang dulang
nagsasalaysay
ng buhay at
kamatayan ng
Poong
Hesuskristo.
10. Dula Noong Panahon ng mga Espanyol
TIBAG
pagsasadula ng paghahanap nina Reyna
Elena at Prinsipe Constantino sa krus
na pinagpakuan kay Hesus.Ginaganap
ito tuwing Mayo sa mga lalawigan ng
Bulacan, NuevaEcija, Bataan, Rizal.
11. PANUNULUYAN
Dula Noong Panahon ng mga Espanyol
- prusisyong
ginaganap
tuwing bisperas
ng Pasko. Ito ay
tungkol sa
paghahanap ng
bahay na
matutuluyan ng
Mahal na Birhen
sa pagsilang kay
Hesukristo.
13. KARILYO
Dula Noong Panahon ng mga Espanyol
dulang ang mga
nagsisiganap ay mga
tau-tauhang karton.
Pinapagalaw ang mga
ito sa pamamagitan ng
mga nakataling pising
hawak ng mga tao sa
itaas ng tanghalan.Ang
mga taong nagsasalita
ay nasa likod ng telon.
Madilim kung palabasin
ito sapagkat ang
nakikita lamang ng mga
tao ay kanilang mga
anino.
14. MORO-MORO
Dula Noong Panahon ng mga Espanyol
1. Dulang Panlansangan
- isang
matandang
dulang Kastila
na naglalarawan
ng
pakikipaglaban
ng Espanya sa
mga Muslim
noong unang
panahon.