KDM Analytical manufactures dedicated food drying machines and provides various drying solutions including hot air food dehydrators, industrial food vacuum dryers, and food freeze dryers. The document discusses the principles and methods of different food drying techniques such as hot air drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying. It explains how these techniques preserve foods by reducing moisture content to levels where microorganisms cannot grow.
The fields of food science, agriculture, microbiology, chemistry, and engineering are all included in the broad area of food engineering. Food process engineering spans the full spectrum from obtaining raw food ingredients to processing them into food products to preserving, packing, and distributing the food products to the consumer market using thorough research methodologies, cutting-edge machinery, and complex procedures. And this applies to more than simply fresh food. It also encompasses the development and production of nutrient-dense goods in more palatable forms and packaging, such as superfood powder, tablets, oils, and other dietary supplements. This is true for substitutes like superfoods, which provide the same health advantages of fruits and vegetables in a form that is simpler to prepare and eat .There will be a significant growth in these employment in the upcoming years due to the enormous industry that is food engineering, particularly genetic food engineering, which is required to feed the expanding global population. In particular, as seen by the rising consumption of green food supplements and other more practical goods, a growing number of health-conscious consumers are searching for more practical ways to receive their recommended daily intake of nutrients. It also extends to nutritious substitutes like powdered supplements, oils, and other alternatives to food that has been farmed .
Drying is a process that removes water or other solvents from solids, semi-solids, or liquids through evaporation. There are several methods of drying, including direct drying using hot air, indirect drying using a hot wall, freeze drying, super-critical drying, and dielectric drying using radiofrequencies or microwaves. Drying is used for many food and non-food products to inhibit microbial growth and degradation and reduce weight for storage and transport. Common applications of drying include drying foods, wood, paper, washing powder, and sludges from sanitation processes.
Dehydration
food dehydration
preservation effect
controlling factors for dehydration
factors affecting dehydration
driers commonly used are
dehydration and nutritive value
disadvantage
drying and microbes
Drying of fruit & vegetables- An approach for entrepreneurship DevelopmentTh Bidyalakshmi Devi
Drying is one of the easiest and commonly used food processing unit operations that can provide entrepreneurship development to a large extent. Drying of agricultural produce and selling of dried products can generate a huge amount of income.
I. Dehydration involves simultaneously applying heat and removing moisture from foods. Factors controlling the food processing vary depending on the thermal drying method and characteristics of the food.
II. There are multiple drying mechanisms that depend on the food structure and drying parameters, such as temperature, moisture content, and equipment conditions.
III. The goals of drying include minimizing degradation, selectively removing water over other components, and achieving desired properties for storage and use.
KDM Analytical manufactures dedicated food drying machines and provides various drying solutions including hot air food dehydrators, industrial food vacuum dryers, and food freeze dryers. The document discusses the principles and methods of different food drying techniques such as hot air drying, vacuum drying, and freeze drying. It explains how these techniques preserve foods by reducing moisture content to levels where microorganisms cannot grow.
The fields of food science, agriculture, microbiology, chemistry, and engineering are all included in the broad area of food engineering. Food process engineering spans the full spectrum from obtaining raw food ingredients to processing them into food products to preserving, packing, and distributing the food products to the consumer market using thorough research methodologies, cutting-edge machinery, and complex procedures. And this applies to more than simply fresh food. It also encompasses the development and production of nutrient-dense goods in more palatable forms and packaging, such as superfood powder, tablets, oils, and other dietary supplements. This is true for substitutes like superfoods, which provide the same health advantages of fruits and vegetables in a form that is simpler to prepare and eat .There will be a significant growth in these employment in the upcoming years due to the enormous industry that is food engineering, particularly genetic food engineering, which is required to feed the expanding global population. In particular, as seen by the rising consumption of green food supplements and other more practical goods, a growing number of health-conscious consumers are searching for more practical ways to receive their recommended daily intake of nutrients. It also extends to nutritious substitutes like powdered supplements, oils, and other alternatives to food that has been farmed .
Drying is a process that removes water or other solvents from solids, semi-solids, or liquids through evaporation. There are several methods of drying, including direct drying using hot air, indirect drying using a hot wall, freeze drying, super-critical drying, and dielectric drying using radiofrequencies or microwaves. Drying is used for many food and non-food products to inhibit microbial growth and degradation and reduce weight for storage and transport. Common applications of drying include drying foods, wood, paper, washing powder, and sludges from sanitation processes.
Dehydration
food dehydration
preservation effect
controlling factors for dehydration
factors affecting dehydration
driers commonly used are
dehydration and nutritive value
disadvantage
drying and microbes
Drying of fruit & vegetables- An approach for entrepreneurship DevelopmentTh Bidyalakshmi Devi
Drying is one of the easiest and commonly used food processing unit operations that can provide entrepreneurship development to a large extent. Drying of agricultural produce and selling of dried products can generate a huge amount of income.
I. Dehydration involves simultaneously applying heat and removing moisture from foods. Factors controlling the food processing vary depending on the thermal drying method and characteristics of the food.
II. There are multiple drying mechanisms that depend on the food structure and drying parameters, such as temperature, moisture content, and equipment conditions.
III. The goals of drying include minimizing degradation, selectively removing water over other components, and achieving desired properties for storage and use.
This document discusses principles and methods of preservation by drying. It begins by defining drying and dehydration as processes for removing water from food using non-conventional energy sources like sunlight and wind or under controlled conditions. The benefits of dried food include unlimited shelf life when properly stored, reduced transportation and storage costs, and portability. Various factors that affect drying rates and common types of drying methods are described. Pre-treatments like blanching and post-treatments like sweating and screening are outlined. Changes that occur during drying and determining dryness in fruits and vegetables are also summarized.
Pharmaceutical Engineering Unit -3.pptxNikita Gupta
This document provides an overview of various drying techniques used in pharmaceutical engineering. It discusses the objectives, mechanisms, and principles of operation for common dryers like tray dryers, drum dryers, spray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, vacuum dryers, and freeze dryers. The document also covers topics like drying applications, measurements of equilibrium moisture content, and rate of drying curves. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive introduction to drying as a crucial process in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Food Preservation by Drying - Premraja N.pptxPremraja N
This Presentation contains Information and knowledge about various drying methods for Food preservation for enhancing the shelf life of food by lowering the water activity.
various drying methods including, CONVECTIVE DRYING,AIR DRYING,FLUIDIZED BED DRYER,SPRAY DRYERS,
DIELECTRIC DRYING,
Ohmic heating, CABINET DRYER etc.
Dehydration is the oldest method of food preservation that involves reducing the water activity in food below the threshold for microbial growth through drying. The key objectives of dehydration are to minimize chemical degradation, selectively remove water over other components, maintain product structure, and allow for long term storage stability with less refrigeration. Dehydration works by transferring heat through convection and conduction to evaporate water from the food in a drying curve that typically shows an initial heating period, constant drying rate period, and falling rate period as moisture becomes bound within the material.
This document provides an overview of drying in pharmaceutical engineering. It discusses the objectives, applications and mechanisms of drying. The key types of dryers covered include tray dryers, drum dryers, spray dryers and fluidized bed dryers. Tray dryers are described as using forced convection to remove moisture from solids placed on trays inside a heated and insulated chamber. The document also examines the rate of drying curve and factors that influence drying, such as material properties and humidity.
Drying removes moisture from agricultural products to allow for safe storage. There are two main drying periods - a constant rate period where drying is dependent on conditions like temperature/humidity differences, and a falling rate period where moisture moves more slowly within the product. Drying curves plot moisture content or drying rate over time/moisture content. Thermal properties like specific heat and thermal conductivity also impact drying. Drying can occur in thin layers, with full air exposure, or in deep beds with changing internal conditions.
Dehydration is a method of food preservation that involves removing water from foods through the application of heat. This reduction in water content inhibits microbial growth and enzyme activity, extending the shelf life of foods. However, dehydration also causes deterioration in food quality attributes like texture, flavor, and nutrition. Various factors influence the dehydration process, and different equipment like cabinet dryers, tunnel dryers, and spray dryers are used depending on the type of food being dried.
The document discusses drying as a food preservation method that involves removing water through evaporation or sublimation. It describes the drying process as involving heat and mass transfer to remove moisture from food. There are typically three periods in a drying rate curve: a constant rate period where the surface remains saturated, a falling rate period where the surface starts drying out, and a critical moisture content point where the drying rate begins to decrease. Key parameters that influence drying include moisture diffusion, water activity, and moisture content expressed on wet or dry bases.
This document provides information about various drying techniques used in pharmaceutical engineering. It discusses tray drying, drum drying, spray drying, fluidized bed drying and their working principles. Tray drying involves placing materials to be dried in trays that are circulated in a heated chamber to remove moisture via convection. Drum drying uses a rotating heated cylinder to form a thin film of material and dry it. Spray drying atomizes a liquid feed into a drying chamber. Fluidized bed drying suspends particulate materials in an upward-flowing stream of heated air, allowing for rapid and uniform drying.
Lecture 1.3 - General concept - Rehydration (3).pdfssuser972a6c
The rehydration of dried foods is a fundamental unit operation in the food industry.
0 The quality of rehydrated and reconstituted products is affected by the drying conditions and rehydration processes utilized, ultimately influencing consumer acceptance.
0 During the dryi
Conventional food processing techniques Uma Bansal
its a presentation based on conventional food processing techniques and it contains drying methods also along with freeze drying and concentration and evaporation.
This document provides an overview of different drying techniques used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It discusses the objectives and mechanisms of the drying process. Several types of dryers are described, including tray dryers, drum dryers, spray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, vacuum dryers, and freeze dryers. For each dryer type, the document outlines the basic principles, construction, working, uses, advantages, and disadvantages. The document provides a high-level summary of key drying concepts and various dryer technologies commonly employed in the pharmaceutical industry.
Processing Food Drying in food technologyHiNchillPku
This document discusses food drying as the oldest method of food preservation. It removes water from foods through various drying processes to extend shelf life without refrigeration. The key factors discussed are water activity, moisture content, drying rates and mechanisms, and factors that influence drying like temperature, humidity, and time. Various drying methods are outlined, including sun drying, hot air dryers like kilns and tunnels, and novel methods like spray, freeze and microwave drying. The document provides an overview of the principles and processes involved in drying foods for preservation.
Dehydration removes moisture from foods through the application of heat to prevent spoilage. There are several types of dehydration equipment that apply heat in different ways. Hot air driers use convection to dry foods with moving hot air while heated surface driers use conduction without circulating large volumes of air. Freeze driers dry foods through sublimation without passing through the liquid phase by first freezing then drying foods under vacuum at low temperatures. Osmotic dehydration uses a hypertonic solution like sugar syrup to draw moisture from fruits through osmosis.
1. The document discusses various types of dryers used in drying processes including fluidized bed dryers and freeze dryers.
2. Fluidized bed dryers use hot air to fluidize and suspend solid particles, allowing for rapid and uniform drying. Freeze dryers remove water by sublimation under vacuum without melting, suitable for heat-sensitive materials.
3. Examples of applications mentioned include drying of granules in tablet production using fluidized bed dryers and production of injections, solutions, and suspensions using freeze dryers.
Advance in mass transfer in food applicationDayanand Raj
This document discusses advances in mass transfer processes for food applications. It begins by defining mass transfer and providing examples such as evaporation, absorption, and distillation. The fundamentals of mass transfer are then explained, noting that concentration gradients provide the driving force for mass to move between phases. Several key mass transfer operations for separating mixtures are described in detail, including distillation, gas absorption, dehumidification, liquid extraction, leaching, and drying. A variety of industrial and food processing applications that employ these operations are also outlined.
This document discusses food dehydration and drying. It begins by introducing dehydration as a method of food preservation that removes moisture from food to inhibit bacterial growth. It then discusses the basics of the dehydration process using heat, dry air, and air movement. Next, it covers fundamental processes of heat and mass transfer during drying. Several methods of food drying are presented including open sun drying, dehydrators, and freeze-drying. Packaging methods for dehydrated foods like vacuum packaging and modified atmosphere packaging are also outlined. The document concludes by looking at effects of drying on food quality and future trends in dehydrated food packaging and production.
This document discusses drying and its objectives and applications in pharmaceutical technology. It begins by defining drying as the removal of water or other solvents from a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material through the application of heat. The main objectives of drying are to preserve foods and drugs by reducing water content and avoiding the need for refrigeration during storage and transport. In pharmaceuticals specifically, drying is used to avoid moisture that can degrade drugs, improve material properties, reduce volume for transportation and handling, and serve as the final step in various processes like evaporation and crystallization. The document provides examples of how drying is used in preparing bulk drugs and preserving drug products and materials.
DEHYDRATION
Chapter 5
INTRODUCTION
Water Activity is related to the amount of water contained in the food material and defines the amount of water that can be used for the growth and reproduction of micro-organisms,
Water is essential solvent that is needed in biochemical reaction in living organism.
FREE WATER VS BOUND WATER
The term water activity defines the degree in which such water molecules are “bound”.
A portion of the total water content present in a food material is strongly bound to specific sites on the molecules that comprise the food material.
FOOD PRESERVATION BY CONTROLLING WATER ACTIVITY
Preservation of many food materials can be achieved by lowering the amount of water available for the growth of micro-organisms.
CONTROLLING BROWNING REACTIONS
Food products are subject to browning reactions.
Dehydrated products are probably more so than others.
FOOD DRYING
Food is dried when water is removed from it.
The oldest and simplest way of water removal is sun drying.
The use of drying equipment heated by gas, electricity or steam is called artificial drying or dehydration.
Another method of drying food is by frying or oil drying.
ADVANTAGES OF DRIED AND DEHYDRATED FOODS
Decrease in weight and bulk
Convenience
Shelf stable
MECHANISM OF DRYING/DEHYDRATION
Two processes:
Heat transfer
Mass transfer
The rate of drying is affected by the following factors:
Humidity
Surface Area
Temperature
Air velocity
Ventilation/ moist air outlet
Atmospheric pressure and vacuum
STAGES OF DRYING
Constant rate period
Falling rate period
CONSTANT RATE PERIOD
At the start of the drying process, the food material is still completely wet.
FALLING RATE PERIOD
As drying proceeds the moisture content falls and the access of water form the interior of the food to the surface.
TYPES OF FOOD TO DRY
Seeds, leaf vegetables and herbs are probably the easiest to dry.
Lettuce, melons, and cucumbers are a few foods that do not dry well by conventional methods.
CASE HARDENING
The higher the temperature and the lower the humidity, the more rapid the rate of dehydration will be, but if drying takes place too fast, “case hardening” will occur.
UNIFORM DRYING
Simple drying equipment do not dry food uniformly.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
More Related Content
Similar to Drying & Water Content with bound & unbound water
This document discusses principles and methods of preservation by drying. It begins by defining drying and dehydration as processes for removing water from food using non-conventional energy sources like sunlight and wind or under controlled conditions. The benefits of dried food include unlimited shelf life when properly stored, reduced transportation and storage costs, and portability. Various factors that affect drying rates and common types of drying methods are described. Pre-treatments like blanching and post-treatments like sweating and screening are outlined. Changes that occur during drying and determining dryness in fruits and vegetables are also summarized.
Pharmaceutical Engineering Unit -3.pptxNikita Gupta
This document provides an overview of various drying techniques used in pharmaceutical engineering. It discusses the objectives, mechanisms, and principles of operation for common dryers like tray dryers, drum dryers, spray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, vacuum dryers, and freeze dryers. The document also covers topics like drying applications, measurements of equilibrium moisture content, and rate of drying curves. Overall, it serves as a comprehensive introduction to drying as a crucial process in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Food Preservation by Drying - Premraja N.pptxPremraja N
This Presentation contains Information and knowledge about various drying methods for Food preservation for enhancing the shelf life of food by lowering the water activity.
various drying methods including, CONVECTIVE DRYING,AIR DRYING,FLUIDIZED BED DRYER,SPRAY DRYERS,
DIELECTRIC DRYING,
Ohmic heating, CABINET DRYER etc.
Dehydration is the oldest method of food preservation that involves reducing the water activity in food below the threshold for microbial growth through drying. The key objectives of dehydration are to minimize chemical degradation, selectively remove water over other components, maintain product structure, and allow for long term storage stability with less refrigeration. Dehydration works by transferring heat through convection and conduction to evaporate water from the food in a drying curve that typically shows an initial heating period, constant drying rate period, and falling rate period as moisture becomes bound within the material.
This document provides an overview of drying in pharmaceutical engineering. It discusses the objectives, applications and mechanisms of drying. The key types of dryers covered include tray dryers, drum dryers, spray dryers and fluidized bed dryers. Tray dryers are described as using forced convection to remove moisture from solids placed on trays inside a heated and insulated chamber. The document also examines the rate of drying curve and factors that influence drying, such as material properties and humidity.
Drying removes moisture from agricultural products to allow for safe storage. There are two main drying periods - a constant rate period where drying is dependent on conditions like temperature/humidity differences, and a falling rate period where moisture moves more slowly within the product. Drying curves plot moisture content or drying rate over time/moisture content. Thermal properties like specific heat and thermal conductivity also impact drying. Drying can occur in thin layers, with full air exposure, or in deep beds with changing internal conditions.
Dehydration is a method of food preservation that involves removing water from foods through the application of heat. This reduction in water content inhibits microbial growth and enzyme activity, extending the shelf life of foods. However, dehydration also causes deterioration in food quality attributes like texture, flavor, and nutrition. Various factors influence the dehydration process, and different equipment like cabinet dryers, tunnel dryers, and spray dryers are used depending on the type of food being dried.
The document discusses drying as a food preservation method that involves removing water through evaporation or sublimation. It describes the drying process as involving heat and mass transfer to remove moisture from food. There are typically three periods in a drying rate curve: a constant rate period where the surface remains saturated, a falling rate period where the surface starts drying out, and a critical moisture content point where the drying rate begins to decrease. Key parameters that influence drying include moisture diffusion, water activity, and moisture content expressed on wet or dry bases.
This document provides information about various drying techniques used in pharmaceutical engineering. It discusses tray drying, drum drying, spray drying, fluidized bed drying and their working principles. Tray drying involves placing materials to be dried in trays that are circulated in a heated chamber to remove moisture via convection. Drum drying uses a rotating heated cylinder to form a thin film of material and dry it. Spray drying atomizes a liquid feed into a drying chamber. Fluidized bed drying suspends particulate materials in an upward-flowing stream of heated air, allowing for rapid and uniform drying.
Lecture 1.3 - General concept - Rehydration (3).pdfssuser972a6c
The rehydration of dried foods is a fundamental unit operation in the food industry.
0 The quality of rehydrated and reconstituted products is affected by the drying conditions and rehydration processes utilized, ultimately influencing consumer acceptance.
0 During the dryi
Conventional food processing techniques Uma Bansal
its a presentation based on conventional food processing techniques and it contains drying methods also along with freeze drying and concentration and evaporation.
This document provides an overview of different drying techniques used in pharmaceutical manufacturing. It discusses the objectives and mechanisms of the drying process. Several types of dryers are described, including tray dryers, drum dryers, spray dryers, fluidized bed dryers, vacuum dryers, and freeze dryers. For each dryer type, the document outlines the basic principles, construction, working, uses, advantages, and disadvantages. The document provides a high-level summary of key drying concepts and various dryer technologies commonly employed in the pharmaceutical industry.
Processing Food Drying in food technologyHiNchillPku
This document discusses food drying as the oldest method of food preservation. It removes water from foods through various drying processes to extend shelf life without refrigeration. The key factors discussed are water activity, moisture content, drying rates and mechanisms, and factors that influence drying like temperature, humidity, and time. Various drying methods are outlined, including sun drying, hot air dryers like kilns and tunnels, and novel methods like spray, freeze and microwave drying. The document provides an overview of the principles and processes involved in drying foods for preservation.
Dehydration removes moisture from foods through the application of heat to prevent spoilage. There are several types of dehydration equipment that apply heat in different ways. Hot air driers use convection to dry foods with moving hot air while heated surface driers use conduction without circulating large volumes of air. Freeze driers dry foods through sublimation without passing through the liquid phase by first freezing then drying foods under vacuum at low temperatures. Osmotic dehydration uses a hypertonic solution like sugar syrup to draw moisture from fruits through osmosis.
1. The document discusses various types of dryers used in drying processes including fluidized bed dryers and freeze dryers.
2. Fluidized bed dryers use hot air to fluidize and suspend solid particles, allowing for rapid and uniform drying. Freeze dryers remove water by sublimation under vacuum without melting, suitable for heat-sensitive materials.
3. Examples of applications mentioned include drying of granules in tablet production using fluidized bed dryers and production of injections, solutions, and suspensions using freeze dryers.
Advance in mass transfer in food applicationDayanand Raj
This document discusses advances in mass transfer processes for food applications. It begins by defining mass transfer and providing examples such as evaporation, absorption, and distillation. The fundamentals of mass transfer are then explained, noting that concentration gradients provide the driving force for mass to move between phases. Several key mass transfer operations for separating mixtures are described in detail, including distillation, gas absorption, dehumidification, liquid extraction, leaching, and drying. A variety of industrial and food processing applications that employ these operations are also outlined.
This document discusses food dehydration and drying. It begins by introducing dehydration as a method of food preservation that removes moisture from food to inhibit bacterial growth. It then discusses the basics of the dehydration process using heat, dry air, and air movement. Next, it covers fundamental processes of heat and mass transfer during drying. Several methods of food drying are presented including open sun drying, dehydrators, and freeze-drying. Packaging methods for dehydrated foods like vacuum packaging and modified atmosphere packaging are also outlined. The document concludes by looking at effects of drying on food quality and future trends in dehydrated food packaging and production.
This document discusses drying and its objectives and applications in pharmaceutical technology. It begins by defining drying as the removal of water or other solvents from a solid, semi-solid, or liquid material through the application of heat. The main objectives of drying are to preserve foods and drugs by reducing water content and avoiding the need for refrigeration during storage and transport. In pharmaceuticals specifically, drying is used to avoid moisture that can degrade drugs, improve material properties, reduce volume for transportation and handling, and serve as the final step in various processes like evaporation and crystallization. The document provides examples of how drying is used in preparing bulk drugs and preserving drug products and materials.
DEHYDRATION
Chapter 5
INTRODUCTION
Water Activity is related to the amount of water contained in the food material and defines the amount of water that can be used for the growth and reproduction of micro-organisms,
Water is essential solvent that is needed in biochemical reaction in living organism.
FREE WATER VS BOUND WATER
The term water activity defines the degree in which such water molecules are “bound”.
A portion of the total water content present in a food material is strongly bound to specific sites on the molecules that comprise the food material.
FOOD PRESERVATION BY CONTROLLING WATER ACTIVITY
Preservation of many food materials can be achieved by lowering the amount of water available for the growth of micro-organisms.
CONTROLLING BROWNING REACTIONS
Food products are subject to browning reactions.
Dehydrated products are probably more so than others.
FOOD DRYING
Food is dried when water is removed from it.
The oldest and simplest way of water removal is sun drying.
The use of drying equipment heated by gas, electricity or steam is called artificial drying or dehydration.
Another method of drying food is by frying or oil drying.
ADVANTAGES OF DRIED AND DEHYDRATED FOODS
Decrease in weight and bulk
Convenience
Shelf stable
MECHANISM OF DRYING/DEHYDRATION
Two processes:
Heat transfer
Mass transfer
The rate of drying is affected by the following factors:
Humidity
Surface Area
Temperature
Air velocity
Ventilation/ moist air outlet
Atmospheric pressure and vacuum
STAGES OF DRYING
Constant rate period
Falling rate period
CONSTANT RATE PERIOD
At the start of the drying process, the food material is still completely wet.
FALLING RATE PERIOD
As drying proceeds the moisture content falls and the access of water form the interior of the food to the surface.
TYPES OF FOOD TO DRY
Seeds, leaf vegetables and herbs are probably the easiest to dry.
Lettuce, melons, and cucumbers are a few foods that do not dry well by conventional methods.
CASE HARDENING
The higher the temperature and the lower the humidity, the more rapid the rate of dehydration will be, but if drying takes place too fast, “case hardening” will occur.
UNIFORM DRYING
Simple drying equipment do not dry food uniformly.
Similar to Drying & Water Content with bound & unbound water (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
1. Drying & Water Content
Dryers with their classification, various dryers
Equilibrium moisture content, free, bound and unbound water
2. Drying is the process of removing moisture or water content
from a substance, typically a solid material such as food, wood,
or chemicals, to improve its stability, reduce its weight, or
prepare it for further processing. This process is commonly used
in industries such as food processing, agriculture,
pharmaceuticals, and materials manufacturing.
Drying is defined as a process of moisture removal due to
simultaneous heat and mass transfer. Heat transfer from the
surrounding environment evaporates the surface moisture. The
moisture can be either transported to the surface of the product
and then evaporated or evaporated internally at a liquid-vapor
interface and then transported as vapor to the surface.
3. Drying and evaporation are relatively same but the main difference
is that drying involves removal of small amount of water at
temperature below its boiling point while evaporation involves the
removal of large amount of water at its boiling point.
The moisture migration into or from a product is dependent on the
difference in vapor pressure between the atmosphere and the
product.
• Capillary
• Diffusion
• Concentration difference
4.
5.
6. Theory of Drying
Water may be present in a wet solid as bound water and as
unbound water. Bound water is the minimum water held by the
material that exerts an equilibrium vapor pressure less than that of
pure water at the same temperature while unbound water is the
amount of water held by the material that exerts an equilibrium
vapor pressure equal to that of pure water at the same temperature.
Two steps are needed to dry materials:
1. Heat must be supplied and
2. Liberated vapor must be removed by an air stream.