Drug abuse is the excessive, maladaptive, or addictive use of drugs for nonmedical purposes which could create harmful effects on human health and society. Purpose: The purpose of this webinar is to raise awareness among the people about the demerits of such chemicals, their causes , their effects and preventive measures. The illegal use of drugs not only anguishes the persons mental and physical health but it destroys his family's life as well. The ignorance about the after effects of drugs could lead to destruction of society economically , ethically and health wise. Our collaborative movement towards this issue will help us eliminate the illegal usage of drugs. So , become a part of this movement by attending the session.

1. Drug Abuse
By
Dr. RIDA BATOOL

2. Drug Abuse
Definition
Refers to the inappropriate, excessive self administration of a
drug for non-medical purposes.
Drug abuse or substance abuse refers to the use of certain chemicals
for the purpose of creating pleasurable effects on the brain.
The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter
drugs for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be used,
or in excessive amounts.

3. Terms related drug abuse
DRUG MISUSE
DRUG USE
DRUG ABUSE
DRUG ADDICTION

4. DRUG USE
• Chemical substance with the potential to prevent or
cure disease or enhance physical or mental
wellbeing. In pharmacology, drug refers to any
agent that alters the biochemical or physiological
processes of tissue or organ.
• Right disease
• Right drug
• Right dose
• Right RODA
• Right time
5 RIGHTS

5. DRUG MISUSE
• Drug misuse is defined as the use of a substance
for a purpose not consistent with legal or medical
guidelines (WHO, 2006). It has a negative impact on
health or functioning and may take the form of drug
dependence, or be part of a wider spectrum of
problematic or harmful behaviour.
• Most misused drugs are:
 Prescription drugs( amphetamine, opioids,
sedatives/hypnotics etc.)
 OTC drugs
• Dose increase for better results and is not
prescribed.

6. DRUG ABUSE
• Refers to the inappropriate, excessive self
administration of a drug for non-medical purposes.
• The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or
over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than
those for which they are meant to be used, or in
excessive amounts. Drug abuse may lead to social,
physical, emotional, and job-related problems.

7. DRUG ADDICTION
• Addiction is the state of periodic or chronic
intoxication detrimental to individual and society
which is characterized by an over whelming desire
to continue and obtaining it by any mean.
• Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder,
is a disease that affects a person's brain and
behavior and leads to an inability to control the use
of a legal or illegal drug or medication. Substances
such as alcohol, marijuana and nicotine also are
considered drugs.
• Substances such as alcohol, marijuana, cocaine,
heroin, hashish and nicotine also are considered
drugs. (ILLEGAL)
• Prescription drugs (BZP, Opioids etc.)
• OTC drugs (cough and antiallergics)

8. Drug dependence
Drug dependence is a chronic, progressive disease characterized
by significant impairment that is directly associated with persistent
and excessive use of a psychoactive substance. Impairment may
involve physiological, psychological, or social dysfunction.
Physical dependence Psychological
dependence
A state in which there is a feeling
of satisfaction and psychic drive
that requires periodic or
continuous administration of the
drug to produce pleasure or to
avoid discomfort symptoms e.g
depression , emotional over
reaction, sleeping problems, lack
of motivation, rapid mood
change.
It is a state of adaptation that is
manifested by specific withdrawal
syndrome that can be produce by
abrupt cessation, rapid dose
reduction, decreasing blood level
of drug or administration of
antagonist
physical symptoms e.g
sweating, frequent bloody nose,
shakes, tremors, slurred speech
Withdrawal
symptoms

9. Drug dependence
•Cross dependence
When one drug maintains the physical
dependence produce by another drug
•Tolerance
After repeated administration of a drug, a
larger dose is required to produce the same
effect e.g BZD, barbiturates
•Drug habituation
Condition resulting from the repeated
consumption of drug

10. Why do people try drugs?
They want to feel good
Stop feeling bad
perform better in school or at work
Peer Pressure
Thrill Seeking
Commitments with others
Self-Medication & Escape

11. Symptoms of drug abuse
Abrupt change in behavior
Diminished drive, ambition,
moodiness
Deteriorating judgment and loss of
short term memory
Isolation from family members
Use of odd words
Over react to even mild criticism
Carelessness regarding appearance
Rapid weight loss and loss of appetite
Article missing from home
Loss of ability to plan, ability to solve
problem
Loss of motor coordination

12. Harms related to drug use
Social problems
Drug use crimes
Drug use and accidents
legal issues
Medical problems

13. Drugs of abuse
DRUG USE TERMS
• lead to severe physical addiction
• Drug that is generally considered to be more dangerous,
with a higher risk of dependence
• Eg.: Heroin, methamphetamine, cocaine.
Hard
drugs
• do not cause physical addiction
• While they do not cause physical addiction, some of them
may still lead to psychological dependency.
• Eg: lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), Cannabis
Soft
drugs

14. Drug that is taken for nonmedical
reasons (usually for mind altering
effects);drug abuse can lead to
physical and mental damage and (with
some substance) dependence and
addiction. E.g alcohol, heroine,
methamphetamine, cocaine and
marijuana.
STREET DRUGS
AN illegal drug, can’t prescribed. Eg.:
Cocaine, heroin, LSD, marijuana
ILLICIT DRUGS
Drugs of abuse
DRUG TYPES
14
A synthetic drug very similar in
chemical makeup to an existing drug
and thus exerting similar. E.g ecstasy
(MDMA), gamma hydroxybutyrate or
The most common designer drugs
include analogs of fentanyl,
meperidine, piperazine, and
methamphetamines.
DESIGNER DRUGS
On the basis of use
A drug whose use primarily occurs in
clubs, bars and trance parities. E.g:
Rohypnol, ketamine ,ecstasy
CLUB DRUGS
Recreational drugs are those used for
non medicinal purposes, in particular,
for fun or leisure.
Eg.: methamphetamine (potent psycho
stimulant of the phenethylamine), that
is used to treat attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), drive
long distances and obesity
RECREATIONAL DRUGS

15. Drugs of abuse
DRUG TYPES
On the basis of function
STIMULANTS
Speed up the brain and
central nervous systemCaffeine (coffee, energy
drinks, tea) - Nicotine (cigarettes) -
Amphetamines (meth, ecstasy) - Speed - “Bath
salts” - Cocaine and Crack Cocaine - Diet Pills.
01
DEPRESSANTS
Slow down the brain and
central nervous systemAlcohol (beer, wine,
vodka, Whiskey, etc.) - Heroin - Tranquilizers -
Sleeping Pills - Marijuana.
02
HALLUCINOGENS
These drugs alter the user’s state of
consciousness. (Distort auditory and visual
sensations). LSD - Ecstasy - Magic
mushrooms - PCP
03

16. Endorphins governs pain
GABA govern sedation,
antianxiety
Serotonin govern mood, sleep,
appetite, perception
Dopamine governs reward
system D
S
E
G
Four major neurotransmitters involved in abuse or addiction

17. Withdrawal symptoms
Physical withdrawal effects
 Experienced when drug is removed
 E.g. seizures in alcohol, stomach
cramps, severe influenza, insomnia
in nicotine,
 Physical withdrawal are quite severe
and for shorter duration than
psychological withdrawal effects.
Psychological withdrawal effects
 Includes psychological disturbances
 E.g. intense emotional experiences,
unmasking of grief, intense desire,

18. •Amphetamine
and
methampheta
mine
•(club drugs,
student drug,
party drug)
•Caffeine
•Cocaine
•Nicotine
STIMULANTS
• Synthetic
cannabinoids
• Marijuana
• LSD(lysergic
acid
diethylamide)
• PCP
HALLUCINOGENS
Drugs of abuse
On the basis of function
Sedative and
hypnotics
•Alcohol
•Barbiturates
•Benzodiazepines
•Methaqualones
(soaps)
DEPRESSANTS OPIATE AND OPIOID
ANALGESICS
Naturally occurring
• Morphine
• Codeine
Semi synthetic
Heroin
(diacetylmorphine)
• Oxycodiene
• Hydrocodone
• Hydromorphone
Synthetic
• Fentanyl
• Meperidine
• methadone
DRUG TYPES

19. •Amphetamine
and
methampheta
mine
•(club drugs,
student drug,
party drug)
•Caffeine
•Cocaine
•Nicotine
STIMULANTS
Withdrawal symptoms
MOA;
 Activate the mesolimbic dopamine
system
 Inhibition of reuptake of dopamine and
serotonin
 Increase production of catecholamine's
 This can cause an intense euphoria or
rush that is followed by dysphoria
Depression
Hypersomnia
Fatigue
Apathy
Tobacco

21. Withdrawal symptoms
Sedative and
hypnotics
•Alcohol
•Barbiturates
•Benzodiazepines
•Methaqualones
(soaps)
DEPRESSANTS MOA;
 Binds to specific site of GABA BZD
receptor Cl channel complex
 Increases the frequency of opening of Cl
channel
 Increases Cl conductance
 Membrane hyperpolarization occurs
hypnotic effect occurs
Anxiety symptoms
Anxiety, Sweating,
Insomnia
Disorder perception
Feeling of unreality ,
Fear
Abnormal sensation
Psychosis , Seizures

22. Alcohol ranks third behind heart disease and cancer
as greatest health threats in USA

23. OPIATE AND OPIOID
ANALGESICS
Naturally
occurring
• Morphine
• Codeine
Semi synthetic
Heroin
(diacetylmorphine)
• Oxycodiene
• Hydrocodone
• Hydromorphone
Synthetic
• Fentanyl
• Meperidine
• methadone
Withdrawal symptoms
 MOA
 Analgesic effect due to binding at mu
receptors.
 Decrease the release of substance P.
 Dec influx of ca+ and decrease release of
excitatory neurotransmitter i.e glutamate.
 Inc K+ efflux and decrease response of
excitatory neurotransmitter at post
synaptic membrane.
Watery eyes
Running nose
Excessive sweating
Restlessness
Dilated pupil
Tremors
Irritability
Narcotics

24. Clinical effects of opioid poisoning result from central nervous system and respiratory system depression
manifesting as lethargy or coma, decreased respiratory rate, miosis, bradypnea, and possibly apnea

25. • Synthetic
cannabinoids
• Marijuana
• LSD(lysergic
acid
diethylamide)
• PCP
HALLUCINOGENS
Withdrawal symptoms
cannabinoids
 Chemical compounds that act on cannabinoid
receptors in cell that alter neurotransmitter
release in brain Cannabinoid receptors.
 These are located throughout the body, are
part of cannabinoid system, which is involved
in variety of physiological processers including
including memory, mood, sensation, pain.
Marijuana
 The active chemical ingredient in
marijuana is THC. THC travels through the
bloodstream and eventually alters the
brain. Brain cells then release dopamine
which creates sensations of pleasure and
euphoria. Marijuana is also used
medicinally as a pain reliever.
Marijuana
Cannabis

26. • Synthetic
cannabinoids
• Marijuana
• LSD(lysergic
acid
diethylamide)
• PCP
HALLUCINOGENS
Withdrawal symptoms
LSD “acid”: lysergic acid diethylamide is one of the
strongest mood altering chemicals. It is found in a fungus
called ergot, which grows on rye and other grains. Effects
take app. 30-90 minutes and the users emotions can
continuously change. High doses can cause delusions
delusions and visual hallucinations. Other side effects
include increased body temp, increase HR, sweating,
sleeplessness, and tremors. Some users also experience
flashbacks
PCP (Phencyclidine):
Otherwise know as angel dust. Originally
developed in the 1950’s as an anesthetic
(something used to reduce pain). It works by
changing the distribution of a glutamate (like
dopamine) in the brain. Glutamates are
responsible, in part for a person’s memory and
perception of pain.
 Side effects can be feelings of increased
Ergot Mushroom

27. Strategies to control drug abuse
DRUG EDUCATION 02
2
REHABILIATION
05 5
PREVENTION
01 1
DETOXIFICATION
4 04
03 SOCIAL SUPPORT 3

28. PREVENTION
01 1
05
03
02
04
 It is concerned with preventing people from
starting to use of drug
Basic aim
 Warning people about possible harms of drug use It
includes;
 Educational compaigns
 Promotional compaigns
 legislation
PRIMARY
PRIMARY
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
Basic aim
 Aimed at people who use, It includes
 Giving advice to users to prevent further
problem
Examples: Use of CNS depressants by stimulant
user

29. DRUG EDUCATION 02
2
05
03
01
04
Basic aim;
 To provide education to general public
 People who are dependent on drug may also
benefit from drug education as they may not be
fully informed on drugs they use
It involves;
 Leaflets
 Booklets
 Videos
 posters
Given by;
 Teachers
 Youth workers
 Health promotion workers
 Medical and nursing staff
 Pharmacist (Drug Expert)
 Police officers

30. SOCIAL SUPPORT
03 3
05
02
01
04
 Nonmedical intervention
that can be made.It includes;
Psychological tools
It is motivational interviewing ;
it aims to assist people in
examining their drug use

31. 05
03
02
01
DETOXIFICATION
4 04
 Provision of treatment in order to
help someone who is dependent on a
drug to stop using it.
Examples
 Antidotes
https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/antidotes.html#:~:text=An%20antidote%20is%20a%20drug,the%20toxicity%20of%20numerous%20drugs.

32. REHABILIATION
05
5
03
02
01
04  It is medical or
psychotherapeutic treatment
for dependency on
psychoactive substances. It
involves;
§ Detoxification
§ Social support
§ Psychotherapy
Purpose;
 To enable patient to cease
substance abuse
 To avoid psychological, legal,
financial, social and physical

33. Poisons are NOT the drugs but ALL DRUGS are Poison

34. THANKS FOR
LISTENING