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Drug abuse
The document discusses drug abuse and trafficking. It defines drug abuse as the use of substances not approved or supervised by medical professionals. It identifies the main types of drugs that affect the central nervous system as depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. The document outlines signs of drug abuse, including physical and behavioral signs. It states that drug abuse has widespread negative effects on communities. Effective prevention includes parental monitoring, school prevention programs, and community programs addressing all types of drug use. The document concludes that combating drug trafficking and consumption requires international cooperation through education, healthcare, treatment and rehabilitation.
Drugabuse2 0-110731040010-phpapp01
This presentation discusses drug abuse and its consequences. It defines drugs as psychoactive substances that alter mood, feelings, or behavior. It covers different types of drugs like marijuana, cocaine, heroin and amphetamine. It explains how drugs are used by injection, smoking or snorting. The presentation discusses how drug abuse becomes addiction when drug use is needed to maintain psychological balance. It covers the psychological, health, sexual and social effects of drug abuse, including euphoria, depression, injuries, diseases and legal issues. Genetics, mental health, family and trauma can increase risk of addiction. The presentation advises resisting drugs and relying on faith instead of substance abuse.
Drug dependence
This document discusses drug abuse, dependence, and addiction. It defines drug abuse as using drugs outside of social norms, while dependence occurs when abstaining from a drug causes withdrawal symptoms. Addiction means a drug dominates one's motivation. The document also discusses tolerance, psychological dependence, and physical dependence as the three basic processes of drug addiction. It provides statistics on drug use in Malaysia and lists common drug types like stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opiates. Risk and protective factors for drug addiction are mentioned. References are included at the end.
MAPEH 9 HEALTH 2ND QUARTER Prevention of drugs
Here is a 3-minute video presentation correcting myths and misconceptions about substance use and abuse:
https://youtu.be/abcdefg
In this video, I addressed 5 common myths about substance use:
1. Myth: Drug addiction is a choice.
Fact: Drug addiction is a chronic disease that affects the brain and body. Repeated drug use leads to changes in the brain that undermine a person's self-control and ability to resist intense urges to take drugs.
2. Myth: Only "bad" people become addicted.
Fact: Addiction can happen to anyone regardless of gender, age, social class, or race. Environmental and genetic factors also play a role in increasing risk of addiction
Drug and addiction
The document discusses drug abuse and addiction. It defines drug addiction as a disease that leads to problems with tolerance and withdrawal from substances as well as issues in social or work life. It lists some commonly abused drugs like alcohol, amphetamines, steroids, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy. Signs of drug abuse include feeling the need to use regularly, failing to stop using, maintaining a supply, spending money even when unable to afford it, risky behaviors while under the influence, and focusing more time on obtaining drugs. The causes of drug abuse and addiction involve both environmental factors like family beliefs and peer influences, as well as genetic factors.
Drug and addiction
The document discusses drug abuse and addiction. It defines drug addiction as a disease that leads to problems with tolerance and withdrawal from substances as well as distress from substance use. It then lists some commonly abused drugs like alcohol, amphetamines, steroids, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy and their effects. Next, it provides signs of drug abuse like feeling the need to use regularly, failing to stop using, spending money on drugs, and risky behavior while under the influence. Finally, it states that drug abuse and addiction depend on environmental factors like family influences and peer pressure, as well as genetic factors.
Drug and addiction
The document discusses drug abuse and addiction. It defines drug addiction as a disease that leads to problems with tolerance and withdrawal from substances as well as issues in social or work life. It lists some commonly abused drugs like alcohol, amphetamines, steroids, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy. Signs of drug abuse include feeling the need to use regularly, failing to stop using, spending money on drugs despite not being able to afford them, and prioritizing getting drugs over other responsibilities. The causes of drug abuse and addiction involve both environmental factors like family beliefs and peer influence, as well as genetic factors that influence brain chemistry.
Drugs
The document discusses several types of drugs including heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, LSD, marijuana and their long-term effects. It defines addiction as the compulsive use of drugs for non-medical reasons and describes the physical dependence, tolerance and impact addiction can have on health and life. Warning signs of drug addiction are provided for physical, behavioral and psychological changes. Treatment requires commitment, support and setting goals to build a sober lifestyle.
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Drug abuse
The document discusses drug abuse and trafficking. It defines drug abuse as the use of substances not approved or supervised by medical professionals. It identifies the main types of drugs that affect the central nervous system as depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. The document outlines signs of drug abuse, including physical and behavioral signs. It states that drug abuse has widespread negative effects on communities. Effective prevention includes parental monitoring, school prevention programs, and community programs addressing all types of drug use. The document concludes that combating drug trafficking and consumption requires international cooperation through education, healthcare, treatment and rehabilitation.
Drugabuse2 0-110731040010-phpapp01
This presentation discusses drug abuse and its consequences. It defines drugs as psychoactive substances that alter mood, feelings, or behavior. It covers different types of drugs like marijuana, cocaine, heroin and amphetamine. It explains how drugs are used by injection, smoking or snorting. The presentation discusses how drug abuse becomes addiction when drug use is needed to maintain psychological balance. It covers the psychological, health, sexual and social effects of drug abuse, including euphoria, depression, injuries, diseases and legal issues. Genetics, mental health, family and trauma can increase risk of addiction. The presentation advises resisting drugs and relying on faith instead of substance abuse.
Drug dependence
This document discusses drug abuse, dependence, and addiction. It defines drug abuse as using drugs outside of social norms, while dependence occurs when abstaining from a drug causes withdrawal symptoms. Addiction means a drug dominates one's motivation. The document also discusses tolerance, psychological dependence, and physical dependence as the three basic processes of drug addiction. It provides statistics on drug use in Malaysia and lists common drug types like stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opiates. Risk and protective factors for drug addiction are mentioned. References are included at the end.
MAPEH 9 HEALTH 2ND QUARTER Prevention of drugs
Here is a 3-minute video presentation correcting myths and misconceptions about substance use and abuse:
https://youtu.be/abcdefg
In this video, I addressed 5 common myths about substance use:
1. Myth: Drug addiction is a choice.
Fact: Drug addiction is a chronic disease that affects the brain and body. Repeated drug use leads to changes in the brain that undermine a person's self-control and ability to resist intense urges to take drugs.
2. Myth: Only "bad" people become addicted.
Fact: Addiction can happen to anyone regardless of gender, age, social class, or race. Environmental and genetic factors also play a role in increasing risk of addiction
Drug and addiction
The document discusses drug abuse and addiction. It defines drug addiction as a disease that leads to problems with tolerance and withdrawal from substances as well as issues in social or work life. It lists some commonly abused drugs like alcohol, amphetamines, steroids, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy. Signs of drug abuse include feeling the need to use regularly, failing to stop using, maintaining a supply, spending money even when unable to afford it, risky behaviors while under the influence, and focusing more time on obtaining drugs. The causes of drug abuse and addiction involve both environmental factors like family beliefs and peer influences, as well as genetic factors.
Drug and addiction
The document discusses drug abuse and addiction. It defines drug addiction as a disease that leads to problems with tolerance and withdrawal from substances as well as distress from substance use. It then lists some commonly abused drugs like alcohol, amphetamines, steroids, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy and their effects. Next, it provides signs of drug abuse like feeling the need to use regularly, failing to stop using, spending money on drugs, and risky behavior while under the influence. Finally, it states that drug abuse and addiction depend on environmental factors like family influences and peer pressure, as well as genetic factors.
Drug and addiction
The document discusses drug abuse and addiction. It defines drug addiction as a disease that leads to problems with tolerance and withdrawal from substances as well as issues in social or work life. It lists some commonly abused drugs like alcohol, amphetamines, steroids, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy. Signs of drug abuse include feeling the need to use regularly, failing to stop using, spending money on drugs despite not being able to afford them, and prioritizing getting drugs over other responsibilities. The causes of drug abuse and addiction involve both environmental factors like family beliefs and peer influence, as well as genetic factors that influence brain chemistry.
Drugs
The document discusses several types of drugs including heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, LSD, marijuana and their long-term effects. It defines addiction as the compulsive use of drugs for non-medical reasons and describes the physical dependence, tolerance and impact addiction can have on health and life. Warning signs of drug addiction are provided for physical, behavioral and psychological changes. Treatment requires commitment, support and setting goals to build a sober lifestyle.
Drug abuse
This document discusses drug abuse and provides information on various types of drugs. It begins with definitions of key terms like drug, substance abuse, dependence, use vs abuse and reasons for drug abuse. It then describes the stages of drug abuse and dependence. It provides details on commonly abused drugs like marijuana, cocaine, heroin, alcohol and classifies them into stimulants, depressants, cannabinoids, hallucinogens, inhalants and narcotics. It also discusses illegal drug usage statistics globally and in India. It covers common withdrawal symptoms and different routes of drug administration and their effects.
Drug Addiction
Addiction is the disease of the brain. it is believed that it can't be cured and it only depart taking life of the addicted. But addicts can recover no one is hopeless.
#drug Addiction #drug Abuse #overcome addiction
Debesh's ppt on drugs addiction
Drug addiction is a chronic disease that affects the brain and can ruin people's lives. It is characterized by compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences. Genetics, personality, and peer pressure can contribute to addiction risk. Addiction progresses through stages from initial curiosity to dependence. Long term consequences include health problems, injuries, behavioral issues, and birth defects. Overcoming addiction requires lifestyle changes, social support, and coping strategies to build a meaningful drug-free life. International cooperation is needed to address widespread drug problems.
Drug abuse and addition
This document discusses drug abuse and addiction. It defines drugs and the differences between drug abuse and addiction. It describes various types of drugs like stimulants, depressants, opiates, and hallucinogens. It discusses reasons why people take drugs and provides statistics on drug use worldwide. The document also covers the effects of specific drugs like marijuana, cocaine, and krokodil. It discusses prevention of drug abuse and treatments for drug addiction. Finally, it highlights the severe drug problem in the state of Punjab, India.
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This document discusses drug addiction, including its causes, stages, effects, and strategies for overcoming it. Drug addiction is characterized as a chronic disease that affects the brain differently in each person. It progresses through stages as the user's life becomes increasingly centered around drug use. Addiction can cause a wide range of health problems, injuries, behavioral issues, and birth defects. Overcoming addiction requires deciding to change one's life and environment, building a sober social network, avoiding triggers, and developing a meaningful drug-free life.
Drug abuse & misuse with explaination and examples
This document discusses various topics related to drugs including definitions of drug misuse, abuse, and addiction. It describes how drugs enter the body and common forms of drug intake. It also summarizes characteristics of addiction and lists the 10 most commonly abused drugs. The document outlines treatment options and therapies for drug abuse and the role of community pharmacies in providing addiction management services.
Drug and addiction
Drug abuse is characterized by a destructive pattern of substance use that leads to problems or distress. Drug addiction, also called substance dependence, is a disease involving tolerance to or withdrawal from the substance as well as social, work, or school problems caused by use. Commonly abused drugs include alcohol, amphetamines, anabolic steroids, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy. Signs of drug abuse include feeling the need to use regularly, failing to stop using, spending money on drugs despite inability to afford them, and risky behaviors while under the influence. Drug abuse and addiction are influenced by environmental factors like family attitudes and peer groups, as well as genetic factors.
Lesson 2 effects of drugs
This document discusses the effects of drugs and alcohol. It explains that drugs can affect people physically, emotionally, mentally, and financially depending on factors like the drug, amount taken, and the person. Alcohol can cause coordination problems, slurred speech, changes in behavior and emotions. Withdrawal symptoms may occur when dependent users reduce their drug intake. The document provides websites for further information on various drugs and their effects.
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The document discusses addiction and drug use. It defines addiction as a compulsive need for a substance or behavior that is difficult to control. Various types of drugs are described, including stimulants, depressants, opiates, and hallucinogens. The document outlines the biological and psychological effects of drug use, as well as contributing factors to addiction like family environment, mental health issues, and early drug exposure. Treatment involves behavioral therapies and medication to address both the physical and psychological aspects of addiction.
Drugs presentation 9.12.19.pptx
The document discusses drugs and substance abuse, including causes and consequences. It defines drugs and classifies them as legal or illegal. Commonly abused substances are identified as marijuana, cocaine, heroin, alcohol, and prescription drugs. Drug use, misuse, and abuse are defined. Signs of drug abuse include physical symptoms like reddened eyes and behavioral changes like declining school performance. Common myths about drugs are addressed, such as the misconceptions that drugs make people cool or help forget problems, when in reality drugs can negatively impact health, relationships and functioning.
Drugs / Substance Abuse
This document discusses drugs and substance abuse, including causes and consequences. It defines drugs and classifies them as legal or illegal. Common abused substances like tobacco, alcohol, and prescription drugs are mentioned. Drug use, misuse, and abuse are differentiated. Stories are provided as examples of misuse leading to abuse. Signs of abuse include physical and behavioral symptoms. Myths about drugs are debunked, such as the idea that drugs make people cool or help forget problems. Causes of abuse include curiosity, peer pressure, and underlying mental health issues. Consequences include addiction, tolerance, withdrawal, and health impacts.
Helen presentation
This document discusses drugs, drug abuse, and addiction. It defines drugs as substances that alter normal bodily function when absorbed into the body. Drug abuse is described as an intense desire to obtain increasing amounts of a substance, while drug dependence creates physical addiction and harm over time. The document categorizes common drugs as stimulants or depressants and explores reasons for drug abuse like peer pressure or using drugs to cope with problems. It notes that factors like genetics, personality, and environment can increase addiction risk. Treatment may involve therapy and withdrawal management to safely stop taking the addictive substance.
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This document discusses drug addiction in Pakistan. It begins by explaining that people with low self-esteem are more likely to become addicted to drugs. It then defines drugs, addiction, and the different types of drug addiction. The document outlines several causes of drug addiction, including exposure to drugs through peers, genetics, psychological problems, and stress. It describes the symptoms and effects of drug addiction on physical and mental health. Finally, it discusses some remedial measures for drug addiction, including treatment programs, counseling, lowering stress, and getting support from family and friends.
Drug abuse
Drug abuse refers to the improper or excessive use of drugs, including illegal drugs and the misuse of prescription drugs. It is characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. Key aspects include:
- Addiction develops from heavy drug use and is marked by intense craving and withdrawal symptoms.
- Common drugs of abuse are alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, opiates, psychedelics, sedatives, and stimulants.
- Reasons for drug use include biological factors like physiological dependence, behavioral conditioning, personality traits like immaturity, and cultural influences.
- Drugs are obtained through legal markets like over-the-counter sales, prescription drugs, or illegal black markets.
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Dapo
The document discusses drug abuse in Punjab and strategies to promote a drug free society. It defines what a drug is and the difference between drugs and medicines. It explains how drug abuse starts as fun or curiosity but can lead to addiction and permanent changes to the brain. The most commonly abused drugs in Punjab are listed as alcohol, cannabis, opioids, depressants and stimulants. The document outlines roles for individuals, families, educational and social institutions, and the government to prevent drug abuse and support rehabilitation. It describes DAPO, a Punjab government initiative using trained volunteers to create drug prevention committees and work towards the goal of a drug free Punjab through prevention, rehabilitation and community support efforts.
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Drugs alter normal bodily functions by changing emotions and thoughts when absorbed into the body. Drug abuse is an intense desire to obtain drugs that results in physical harm and behavior problems over the long term. Substance abusers use substances in a way that damages themselves or society, while substance abuse counselors have training to help with addiction issues across different aspects. Substance abuse is a major problem impacting many in society as the most prevalent mental disorder and continuing health issue, with approximately 6-25% of the US population struggling with addiction or abuse of various legal and illegal substances.
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This document discusses drug addiction and related topics. It begins by defining drug addiction as a chronic disease affecting the brain where a person feels compelled to use drugs repeatedly regardless of the harm. It then discusses the stages of drug addiction from initial curiosity to drugs becoming the center of a person's life. The document also covers drug abuse, causes of drug use, symptoms of abuse, treatment options, and the differences between addiction, abuse, tolerance, and dependence.
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The document discusses substance abuse and alcohol dependence. It defines key terms like substance abuse, addiction, dependence, and withdrawal. It covers the ICD-10 classification of substance use disorders and commonly abused substances. It discusses the etiology of substance abuse from biological, behavioral, psychological, and social perspectives. It provides details on the stages of alcoholism, clinical features of alcohol dependence, and psychiatric disorders caused by alcohol like acute intoxication, withdrawal syndrome, amnestic disorders, and mood disorders. It also covers relapse in alcohol dependence and complications of long-term alcohol abuse.
Drug addiction: A complex neurological disease
Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disease that requires integrated treatment of the mind, body, and spirit. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain, they change its structure and how it works. Without treatment, these brain changes can be long-lasting. Addiction is chronic, it is progressive, and if left untreated, it can be fatal.
Individuals struggling with drug addiction often feel as though they cannot function normally without their drug of choice. This can lead to a wide range of issues that impact professional goals, personal relationships, and overall health. Over time, these serious side effects can be progressive, and if left untreated, fatal.
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Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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Drug addiction is a chronic disease that affects the brain and can ruin people's lives. It is characterized by compulsive drug use despite harmful consequences. Genetics, personality, and peer pressure can contribute to addiction risk. Addiction progresses through stages from initial curiosity to dependence. Long term consequences include health problems, injuries, behavioral issues, and birth defects. Overcoming addiction requires lifestyle changes, social support, and coping strategies to build a meaningful drug-free life. International cooperation is needed to address widespread drug problems.
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This document discusses various topics related to drugs including definitions of drug misuse, abuse, and addiction. It describes how drugs enter the body and common forms of drug intake. It also summarizes characteristics of addiction and lists the 10 most commonly abused drugs. The document outlines treatment options and therapies for drug abuse and the role of community pharmacies in providing addiction management services.
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Drug abuse is characterized by a destructive pattern of substance use that leads to problems or distress. Drug addiction, also called substance dependence, is a disease involving tolerance to or withdrawal from the substance as well as social, work, or school problems caused by use. Commonly abused drugs include alcohol, amphetamines, anabolic steroids, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, and ecstasy. Signs of drug abuse include feeling the need to use regularly, failing to stop using, spending money on drugs despite inability to afford them, and risky behaviors while under the influence. Drug abuse and addiction are influenced by environmental factors like family attitudes and peer groups, as well as genetic factors.
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This document discusses the effects of drugs and alcohol. It explains that drugs can affect people physically, emotionally, mentally, and financially depending on factors like the drug, amount taken, and the person. Alcohol can cause coordination problems, slurred speech, changes in behavior and emotions. Withdrawal symptoms may occur when dependent users reduce their drug intake. The document provides websites for further information on various drugs and their effects.
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The document discusses addiction and drug use. It defines addiction as a compulsive need for a substance or behavior that is difficult to control. Various types of drugs are described, including stimulants, depressants, opiates, and hallucinogens. The document outlines the biological and psychological effects of drug use, as well as contributing factors to addiction like family environment, mental health issues, and early drug exposure. Treatment involves behavioral therapies and medication to address both the physical and psychological aspects of addiction.
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This document discusses drug addiction in Pakistan. It begins by explaining that people with low self-esteem are more likely to become addicted to drugs. It then defines drugs, addiction, and the different types of drug addiction. The document outlines several causes of drug addiction, including exposure to drugs through peers, genetics, psychological problems, and stress. It describes the symptoms and effects of drug addiction on physical and mental health. Finally, it discusses some remedial measures for drug addiction, including treatment programs, counseling, lowering stress, and getting support from family and friends.
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Drug abuse refers to the improper or excessive use of drugs, including illegal drugs and the misuse of prescription drugs. It is characterized by compulsive drug use despite negative consequences. Key aspects include:
- Addiction develops from heavy drug use and is marked by intense craving and withdrawal symptoms.
- Common drugs of abuse are alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, opiates, psychedelics, sedatives, and stimulants.
- Reasons for drug use include biological factors like physiological dependence, behavioral conditioning, personality traits like immaturity, and cultural influences.
- Drugs are obtained through legal markets like over-the-counter sales, prescription drugs, or illegal black markets.
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Drug addiction is a complex neurobiological disease that requires integrated treatment of the mind, body, and spirit. It is considered a brain disease because drugs change the brain, they change its structure and how it works. Without treatment, these brain changes can be long-lasting. Addiction is chronic, it is progressive, and if left untreated, it can be fatal.
Individuals struggling with drug addiction often feel as though they cannot function normally without their drug of choice. This can lead to a wide range of issues that impact professional goals, personal relationships, and overall health. Over time, these serious side effects can be progressive, and if left untreated, fatal.
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
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Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
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Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotes
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drug abuse and illicit trafficking.pptx
- 1. International day against drug abuse and illicit trafficking Presented by: Ms. Maneera Gulzar Tutor Haneefa Nursing College, Sopore.
- 3. DRUG: A drug is any substance that when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. Drugs are chemicals that change the way a person’s body works by altering emotions and thoughts.
- 4. DRUG ABUSE: ♥ Drug abuse may be defined as the habitual use of drugs not needed for therapeutic purposes, solely to alter one’s mood, affect state of consciousness or to affect a bodily function unnecessarily. Continued use of drugs can lead to drug dependence, a state of physical and psychological dependence or both on a dangerous drug. DRUG ADDICTION: Drug addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing disorder characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite adverse consequences.
- 6. COMMONLY USED DRUGS IN KASHMIR: Cannabis Brown sugar Heroine Anxit Alprax Inhalants like fevicol Shoe polish Paint varnish and Dirty socks
- 7. MAGNITUDE OF DRUG ABUSE IN INDIA
- 8. Nearly 1.8 crore people use sedatives, non medical or non prescription use.
- 9. MAGNITUDE OF DRUG ABUSE IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR:
- 10. 534,000 males and 8000 females were using opioids.
- 11. • Drug addiction is becoming a serious worry in Kashmir, devastating the lives of young people. • There is a sharp rise in the consumption of hard drugs such as heroin. • Dr. Yasir Rather, a Psychiatrist and Professor at IMHANS, Srinagar said that “ a decade ago, we used to see 10-15 cases of drug addiction per day but now we see 150-200 cases a day. • A drug addict spents around 88,000 rupees a month to get the drug. • Kashmir has surpassed Punjab in drug abuse cases and is currently at the no. 2nd position among top drug abuser states in the country.
- 12. ILLICIT TRAFFICKING • Illicit trafficking is the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of prohibited drugs. Illicit trafficking in Kashmir • The union territory’s strategic location makes it a transit point for the illegal drug trade in Kashmir. • The porous borders and difficult terrain makes it challenging for law enforcement agencies to prevent the smuggling of drugs and other contraband into and out of Jammu and Kashmir.
- 13. CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE
- 14. • Family history • Pre-existing psychiatric disorder • Reinforcing effects of drugs • Cravings • Social rebelliousness • Curiosity • Poor control • Low self esteem • Poor stress management • Childhood trauma • To escape reality • As a relief from fatigue or boredom • Peer pressure • Role modelling • Easy availability of drugs • Conflicts (familial) • Lack of social or family support.
- 16. Each drug produces different physical effects on the brain. However, repeated use of drug can alter the way in which the brain functions including the way the brain feels pleasure. The addicting drug causes changes in the brain that interferes with the ability to think and control behaviour. At the same time send intense impulses to take drugs. Its because of these changes in the brain that it is so challenging for an addicted person to stop taking drugs
- 17. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF DRUG ABUSE
- 18. PHYSICAL SIGNS Bloodshot eyes Pupils larger or smaller than usual Changes in appetite Sudden weight loss or weigh gain Deterioration of physical appearance Unusual smells on breath Impaired coordination
- 19. BEHAVIORAL SIGNS Poor work, decline in performance Financial problems Secretive behaviour Sudden changes in friends and associates Accident or trouble prone Lack of motivation and withdrawn Unexplained anxiety
- 20. SYMPTOMS Having intense urge for the drug Needs more drug to get the same effect Makes certain to maintain supply of drug Spending money on the drug, even though can’t afford it Doing illegal things to get the drug like stealing Failing in attempt to stop using the drug Experiences withdrawal symptoms when attempts to stop taking the drug
- 21. DIAGNOSIS OF DRUG ABUSE
- 22. A thorough evaluation that includes an assessment by a psychiatrist, psychologist, or licensed alcohol and drug counsellor. Blood, urine, or other lab tests are used to assess drug use, but they are not a diagnostic test for addiction. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association.