This document discusses different types of natural hazards including geological hazards such as earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, and volcanic eruptions. It provides details on the impact of specific past events in the Philippines and recommends preparedness, response, and rehabilitation strategies. These include evaluating building safety, developing evacuation plans, staying away from damaged areas, and obtaining disaster information from radio after an event occurs. The goal is to minimize harm and casualties from natural hazards through preparedness before, appropriate response during, and rehabilitation after such events.
2. Natural Hazard
Natural hazards are potenti
ally damaging natural phenom
ena that may occur within spe
cific period of time in a given
area that may cause danger to
people, structures or economi
c assets and which may lead t
o a disaster.
3. KINDS OF NATURAL HAZAR
DS
1. Hydro Meteorogical Hazards
2. Geological Hazards
3. Astronomical Hazards
5. July 16, 1990; Intensity 8July 16, 1990; Intensity 8
1,666 dead1,666 dead โโ 3,500 injured3,500 injured
P11B cost of damage in propertyP11B cost of damage in property
P1.2B in agricultureP1.2B in agriculture
Geological HazardsGeological Hazards
a. Earthquake
6. a. Earthquake
- An earthquake is a shaking
of the ground caused by
sudden slippage of rock masses bel
ow or at the surface
of the earth.
- It is a wave-like movement o
f the earthโs surface.
7. Preparedness and Mitigation (What t
o do before):
โขEvaluate the structural soundness of school bui
ldings and important infrastructures and recom
mend for strengthening or retrofitting if found ne
cessary.
โข Determine whether the school site is alo
ng the active fault and/or liquefaction or la
ndslide prone areas which may cause scho
ol building to fall;
8. โข Make sure that proper structural design and
engineering practice is followed when constru
cting a school building;
โข Make sure that all classrooms shall have a
n entry and exit doors to include an entry and
exit gates, both doors at swing-out mode.
โข Familiarize students as well as school pers
onnel with the easiest exit or route to take
โข Teach the school children on how to use fir
e extinguishers, first aid kits, alarms and emer
gency exits.
9. โข Do not use the elevator during and after the ea
rthquake. Structural and power failure may lea
d you to get stranded in the elevator.
โข Identify strong parts of the building like door ja
mbs, near elevator shafts, sturdy tables where
the pupils/students can take refuge during an e
arthquake.
โข Prepare and maintain an earthquake survival k
it consisting of a battery-powered radio, flashlig
ht, first aid kit, potable water, candies, ready to
eat food, whistle and dust mask.
โข Develop a School Earthquake Evacuation Plan.
โข Conduct Orientation and Earthquake Drill.
10. โขAcquire the most recent school grounds layou
t or planning to identify open spaces and deter
mine the total area of available space that can
be utilized as โarea of temporary refugeโ that w
ill be designated for the occupants of each sch
ool building.
โข Obtain a building lay out/floor plan for each b
uilding that shows the rooms, corridors, stairca
ses and exit points.
โขConduct building watching exercise and identi
fy safe and unsafe spots inside the school gro
unds.
11. Response (What to do during):
โขStay inside a structurally sound building.
โขAdvise students to protect their body from fall
ing debris by bracing themselves in a doorwa
y or by getting under a sturdy desk or table.
โขPull to the side of the road and stop, when in
side a vehicle,. Do not attempt to cross bridg
es or overpasses which may have been dama
ged.
12. โข Direct students to move to an open area
when they are in the outside.
โข Stay away from buildings with large glass
panes.
โข Move away from steep escarpments whic
h may be affected by landslides particular
ly if they are on a mountain or near a ste
ep hill slopes.
โข Stay away from power lines, posts, walls,
and other structures that may fall or colla
pse
13. Rehabilitation (What to do after):
โขAdvise students to take the fastest and saf
est way out if caught in an old and weak cl
assroom. They should be advised to :
โขGet out calmly and in an orderly manner.
Not to rush or push one another.
โขDo not use elevators instead use the stair
s;
โขCheck themselves for cuts and for injuries
and approach the nearest teacher for assi
stance.
14. โข Check the surroundings of the schools
โข Call the authority to clean up chemical spills, to
xic and flammable materials since this is hazardou
s to untrained people.
โข Check for fire and if any, have it controlled.
โข Check the water and electrical lines for defects.
If any damage is suspected, turn the system off in
the main valve or switch.
โข Help reduce the number of casualties from the e
arthquake:
โข Do not enter partially damaged school buildings,
as strong aftershocks may cause these to collap
se.
15. โข Gather information and disaster preventio
n instructions from battery-operated radio
s.
โข Obey public safety precautions.
โข Do not use your telephone to call relatives
and friends. Disaster prevention authoritie
s may need the lines for emergency calls
and communications.
โข Do not use your car and drive around area
s of damage. Rescue and relief operation
s need the roads for mobility.
16. Affects the countryโs coastal areas up to four meters
above sea level. The coastal areas of southwest
Mindanao are most vulnerable
Affects the countryAffects the countryโโs coastal areas up to four meterss coastal areas up to four meters
above sea level. The coastal areas of southwestabove sea level. The coastal areas of southwest
Mindanao are most vulnerableMindanao are most vulnerable
Geological HazardsGeological Hazards
(Effect of an Earthquake)(Effect of an Earthquake)
b. Tsunami
17. TSUNAMI
- Tsunamis are giant sea w
aves generated by under-the s
ea earthquakes and volcanic er
uptions.
Not all submarine earthquakes
, however, can cause the occurrenc
e of tsunamis.
18. Preparedness and Mitigation (What t
o do before):
โขConduct school advocacy on tsunami awar
eness, preparedness and mitigation. Regula
r tsunami drills should be conducted.
โขTurn on your radio to learn if there is a tsun
ami warning if an earthquake occurs and yo
u are in a coastal area.
โขAssign a focal person to monitor and obser
ve the water recession after an earthquake.
19. Response (What to do during):
โขCAUTION: Move away immediately, if
there is noticeable recession in water a
way from the shoreline.
โขMove inland to predetermined higher g
round immediately and stay there.
โขStay away from the beach. Never go d
own to the beach to watch a tsunami co
me in. If you can see the wave you are
too close to escape it.
20. Rehabilitation (What to do after):
โขStay away from flooded and damage
d areas until officials say it is safe to r
eturn.
โขStay away from debris in the water; i
t may pose a safety hazard to boats a
nd people.
โขSave yourself โ not your possession
s.
21. Geological HazardsGeological HazardsSan Francisco, S.San Francisco, S. LeyteLeyte,,
Dec.15Dec.15--23, 200323, 2003
207 dead207 dead โโ 54 injured54 injured โโ 1 missing1 missing
P508.4MP508.4M -- cost of damagecost of damage
c. Landslide
23. c. Landslide
Geological HazardsGeological HazardsSan Francisco, S.San Francisco, S. LeyteLeyte,,
Dec.15Dec.15--23, 200323, 2003
207 dead207 dead โโ 54 injured54 injured โโ 1 missing1 missing
P508.4MP508.4M -- cost of damagecost of damage
โขA landslide is a massive outwa
rd and downward movement of
slope-forming materials.
โขThe term landslide is restricted
to movements of rocks and soil
masses. These masses may ra
nge in sized from card to entire
mountainsides.
โขTheir movements may vary in v
elocities
โขLandslide as a geological haza
rd is caused by earthquake or v
olcanic eruption.
โขThis initiated when a section of
a hill slope or sloping section of
a sea bed is rendered weak to s
upport its own weight
24. Mt. PinatuboMt. Pinatubo
The worst volcanic eruptionThe worst volcanic eruption
of the century June 1991of the century June 1991
800800 -- dead P10.6Bdead P10.6B -- damagedamage
Geological HazardsGeological Hazards
d. Volcanic Eruption
25. d. Volcanic Eruption
Volcanic Eruption is a process wher
ein volcanic materials such as molten o
r hot fragmented rocks or gaseous mat
erials are ejected from a volcano. Haza
rds from volcanoes may be of different
nature. These hazards include flowing
of fast-moving molten rocks and other e
jected.
26. Three Phases of Strategy
1. Preparedness and Mitigation (
what to do before)
2. Response (what to do during)
3. Rehabilitation (what to do afte
r)
