1. Dredging involves digging and removing material from water bodies like harbors, channels, and lakes to deepen them or maintain their depth. It is done for purposes like navigation, construction, environmental remediation, and more.
2. There are two main types of dredging: mechanical dredging which uses buckets and grabs, and hydraulic dredging which uses pumps to remove material in liquid form. Each has their own advantages and limitations.
3. Dredged material must be properly managed through beneficial reuse, confined disposal, treatment if contaminated, or open water disposal if suitable. Large dredging projects can impact the environment so careful planning and assessment is important.
Dredging involves digging and removing material from waterways to deepen them for navigation. It maintains harbor and channel depths and creates new access points. There are two main types: mechanical dredging uses buckets to excavate material, while hydraulic dredging uses water pressure to break up and pump material through pipes. Dredging is needed to allow vessel passage, but can disturb seabeds and increase turbidity through suspended sediments. Proper planning aims to minimize environmental impacts of this necessary maintenance of waterways.
Dredging involves the removal of sediments from bodies of water. There are two main types: mechanical dredging, which uses buckets or clamshells to remove material, and hydraulic dredging, which uses cutterheads and pumps to liquefy and pump sediments through pipelines. Common dredging equipment includes hopper dredges, which can transport dredged material, and cutterhead dredges, which are often used with pipelines to move material long distances. Dredging is required to maintain depths in ports, harbors, and shipping channels.
A harbor provides safe anchoring or mooring for ships and may be natural or man-made. It has an entrance but no gates. A dock is dug out and has gates to regulate water levels for mooring ships to exchange cargo or passengers or undergo repairs. A port contains one or more harbors and allows ships to dock and transfer people and goods between land and sea. Harbors have features like entrance channels, berthing basins, breakwaters, piers, wharves and jetties to facilitate ship movement and cargo operations.
Dredging involves excavating underwater to gather and dispose of bottom sediments. It is used for maintaining waterways, replenishing beaches, and land reclamation and construction projects. There are several types of dredging including capital dredging for new harbors and waterways, preparatory dredging for future structures like bridges, and maintenance dredging to deepen waterways and keep reservoirs at their holding capacity by addressing silt and sediment buildup. Land reclamation dredging mines material from the seabed that is then used to construct new land and for flood and erosion control projects. Dredging plays an important role in maintaining global shipping routes and enabling expansion for new residential areas around the world.
Necessity/advantage of a tunnel, Classification of Tunnels,
Size and shape of a tunnel, Alignment of a Tunnel, Portals and Shafts,
Methods of Tunneling in Hard Rock and Soft ground, Mucking, Lighting
and Ventilation in tunnel, Dust control, Drainage of tunnels, Safety in
tunnel construction.
The document discusses the dredging process and its effects. It provides an overview of different types of dredgers including mechanical dredgers like bucket ladder dredgers and grab dredgers, and hydraulic dredgers like suction hopper dredgers and cutter suction dredgers. It also discusses site investigation processes, soil classification, dredger selection, dumping grounds, effectiveness, impacts, and environmental effects of dredging. Dredging is necessary for activities like creating harbors and maintaining waterways, but can impact the environment through disturbed sediments and potential contamination. Careful planning is required to select the appropriate dredger and minimize negative impacts.
Dredging involves excavating sediments and relocating them using specialized floating equipment called dredgers. There are several types of dredgers that differ in how they excavate and transport sediments. Mechanical dredgers use buckets and grabs to lift sediments, while hydraulic dredgers use pumps to create a slurry of sediments and water. Common dredgers include bucket ladder dredgers, grab dredgers, cutter suction dredgers, and trailing suction hopper dredgers. Dredging is used for capital projects like deepening ports, coastal engineering, and maintenance to maintain navigation depths. While necessary for development, dredging can disturb aquatic ecosystems by changing water chemistry and releasing nutrients and toxicants from sediments.
1. Dredging involves digging and removing material from water bodies like harbors, channels, and lakes to deepen them or maintain their depth. It is done for purposes like navigation, construction, environmental remediation, and more.
2. There are two main types of dredging: mechanical dredging which uses buckets and grabs, and hydraulic dredging which uses pumps to remove material in liquid form. Each has their own advantages and limitations.
3. Dredged material must be properly managed through beneficial reuse, confined disposal, treatment if contaminated, or open water disposal if suitable. Large dredging projects can impact the environment so careful planning and assessment is important.
Dredging involves digging and removing material from waterways to deepen them for navigation. It maintains harbor and channel depths and creates new access points. There are two main types: mechanical dredging uses buckets to excavate material, while hydraulic dredging uses water pressure to break up and pump material through pipes. Dredging is needed to allow vessel passage, but can disturb seabeds and increase turbidity through suspended sediments. Proper planning aims to minimize environmental impacts of this necessary maintenance of waterways.
Dredging involves the removal of sediments from bodies of water. There are two main types: mechanical dredging, which uses buckets or clamshells to remove material, and hydraulic dredging, which uses cutterheads and pumps to liquefy and pump sediments through pipelines. Common dredging equipment includes hopper dredges, which can transport dredged material, and cutterhead dredges, which are often used with pipelines to move material long distances. Dredging is required to maintain depths in ports, harbors, and shipping channels.
A harbor provides safe anchoring or mooring for ships and may be natural or man-made. It has an entrance but no gates. A dock is dug out and has gates to regulate water levels for mooring ships to exchange cargo or passengers or undergo repairs. A port contains one or more harbors and allows ships to dock and transfer people and goods between land and sea. Harbors have features like entrance channels, berthing basins, breakwaters, piers, wharves and jetties to facilitate ship movement and cargo operations.
Dredging involves excavating underwater to gather and dispose of bottom sediments. It is used for maintaining waterways, replenishing beaches, and land reclamation and construction projects. There are several types of dredging including capital dredging for new harbors and waterways, preparatory dredging for future structures like bridges, and maintenance dredging to deepen waterways and keep reservoirs at their holding capacity by addressing silt and sediment buildup. Land reclamation dredging mines material from the seabed that is then used to construct new land and for flood and erosion control projects. Dredging plays an important role in maintaining global shipping routes and enabling expansion for new residential areas around the world.
Necessity/advantage of a tunnel, Classification of Tunnels,
Size and shape of a tunnel, Alignment of a Tunnel, Portals and Shafts,
Methods of Tunneling in Hard Rock and Soft ground, Mucking, Lighting
and Ventilation in tunnel, Dust control, Drainage of tunnels, Safety in
tunnel construction.
The document discusses the dredging process and its effects. It provides an overview of different types of dredgers including mechanical dredgers like bucket ladder dredgers and grab dredgers, and hydraulic dredgers like suction hopper dredgers and cutter suction dredgers. It also discusses site investigation processes, soil classification, dredger selection, dumping grounds, effectiveness, impacts, and environmental effects of dredging. Dredging is necessary for activities like creating harbors and maintaining waterways, but can impact the environment through disturbed sediments and potential contamination. Careful planning is required to select the appropriate dredger and minimize negative impacts.
Dredging involves excavating sediments and relocating them using specialized floating equipment called dredgers. There are several types of dredgers that differ in how they excavate and transport sediments. Mechanical dredgers use buckets and grabs to lift sediments, while hydraulic dredgers use pumps to create a slurry of sediments and water. Common dredgers include bucket ladder dredgers, grab dredgers, cutter suction dredgers, and trailing suction hopper dredgers. Dredging is used for capital projects like deepening ports, coastal engineering, and maintenance to maintain navigation depths. While necessary for development, dredging can disturb aquatic ecosystems by changing water chemistry and releasing nutrients and toxicants from sediments.
This document discusses different types of dredging including capital dredging, maintenance dredging, and dredging requirements. It describes various dredging operations such as sediment disposal, transport, and dredging layout. The document also classifies and describes different types of dredgers including mechanical dredgers, hydraulic dredgers, hopper dredges, cutterhead dredges, and bucket wheel dredges.
The document provides information on various types of excavating equipment used in construction projects including power shovels, draglines, hoes, clam shells, and trenching machines. It describes the basic components, applications, factors affecting output, advantages and disadvantages of each type of equipment. An example calculation is also provided to determine the total cost of excavation and hauling per cubic meter using data on a hoe excavator and hauling trucks.
This document defines harbors and docks and classifies them. It states that a harbor is a sheltered area of sea that provides protection from storms and allows for loading/unloading of vessels. Docks are enclosed areas that keep ships at a uniform level for cargo handling. Harbors are classified as natural, artificial, or semi-natural based on physical protections. They can also be refuge, commercial, fishery, or military harbors based on their functions. Docks include wet docks for berthing ships and dry docks for ship repairs.
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
harbour and dock engineering ppt 01 introductionHasna Hassan
This document discusses the classification and types of harbours. It describes natural harbours, which have natural protection from storms, and artificial harbours, which require man-made structures for protection. Harbours are classified based on the protection needed, their utility, and location. Types include harbours of refuge for emergency shelter, commercial harbours for shipping cargo, fishery harbours for unloading fish catches, and military harbours that also serve as supply depots. Marina harbours provide berths and amenities for small boats. Location determines classification as canal, lake, river/estuary, or ocean harbours.
Backhoe Dredger is the Cousin of the Hydraulic Excavator, that often seen in land based construction and mining works.
It is basically a Large Hydraulic Excavator mounted over a pontoon, that is equipped with Spud Carriage System.
A railway station has platforms for passengers to board and disembark trains. It also has a station building for ticket sales and waiting areas. Stations range in size from small stops to large terminals. A station yard contains multiple tracks for sorting trains, including passenger, goods, locomotive, and marshalling yards. Marshalling yards separate incoming cars and reform them into outbound trains using flat, gravity, or hump yard designs. Larger stations have more facilities for passengers and goods handling.
Docks are enclosed areas for berthing ships to facilitate loading and unloading cargo. They can be classified as wet docks, also called harbor docks, which are used for berthing ships to load and unload passengers and cargo, or dry docks, which are used for ship repairs. Docks need to provide a uniform water level and shelter from tides to efficiently transfer cargo and passengers. Their shape is usually straight to accommodate ships, with common designs including rectangular, diamond, and inclined quay docks. Dry docks include graving docks, floating dry docks, marine railways, ship lifts, and slipways used for repairs and shipbuilding.
The document discusses various aspects of tunnel engineering. It begins by introducing tunnels and their uses for transportation. It then discusses the Thames Tunnel in London as an example. The document outlines several advantages of tunneling over other methods. It also discusses considerations for selecting tunnel routes and economies of tunneling. The remainder of the document describes various tunneling methods through both rock and soft ground, as well as tunnel drainage, lighting, ventilation, lining, and maintenance.
1) Navigational aids assist sailors in determining their position and safely navigating hazards. There are fixed structures like lighthouses, beacons, and navigational lights on piers as well as floating aids like lightships and buoys.
2) Lighthouses are tall towers with powerful lights that can be seen from far away. They are often located on shorelines or islands and have lanterns, service rooms, and living quarters. Common components include a lantern room, service room, and lightning protection.
3) Buoys are floating objects that are anchored and use their shape, color, lights, or bells to provide navigational information. Examples are can, nun, and
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow excavation work to be done safely and efficiently below the water table. There are several reasons why dewatering is needed, including providing a dry work area, improving stability, and increasing safety. Common dewatering techniques include sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and trenches. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the site conditions and depth of water lowering required. Proper planning and design of a dewatering system is important to effectively control groundwater and allow construction work to progress smoothly.
Dragline excavators are large machinery used in surface mining and excavation that use a large bucket suspended from a boom. The bucket is moved using chains and ropes to excavate material. John W. Page invented the dragline in 1904 for canal digging. Modern draglines are among the largest mobile equipment, weighing over 10,000 tons. They are used in strip mining to remove overburden and extract coal. Technological advances include automation and the Universal-Dig-Dump system. Heavy Engineering Corporation in India was the first in the country to manufacture a walking dragline.
This document outlines the planning requirements and considerations for developing different types of harbors. Key factors that must be studied in harbor planning include surveys of the site terrain, tides, weather patterns, and depth of waters. The size and features of the harbor must accommodate the intended ships while providing safe anchorage. Requirements vary depending on the harbor type, such as sufficient depth and shelter for commercial harbors, repair facilities for harbors of refuge, and accommodation for naval vessels in military harbors. Proper positioning of harbor elements is important for safe navigation.
Front-end loaders, also known as wheel loaders or bucket loaders, are heavy construction equipment used to load materials into trucks or other machinery. They have a front-mounted bucket connected to two boom arms. Loaders come in various sizes, with bucket capacities ranging from 0.5 to 36 cubic meters. Common manufacturers of loaders include Caterpillar, John Deere, Komatsu, Volvo, and JCB. Safety is important when operating loaders, and machines display signs warning of risks like rollovers.
This document provides an overview of docks and harbours for construction. It defines key terms like dock and harbour. Harbours are sheltered areas used for loading/unloading vessels and providing refuge from storms. Harbours are classified as artificial, natural, or semi-natural. Planning requires studying site conditions. Requirements include sufficient depth, anchorage, and entrance width. Harbour features include breakwaters, docks, channels, jetties, and basins. Docks enclose areas for berthing ships, and can be wet or dry. Entrance channels should be deep and wide. Jetties project into water for berthing. Basins are used for parking and turning ships.
Here is the some basic information regarding Tunneling & Rock Drilling Equipments which I have collected from different resources (Internet,Professors,Experts,Engineers,Companies etc). It would be very helpful for M.Tech students of Construction Engineering & Management.
-RAJARSHI
This document discusses railway turnouts. It begins by defining a turnout as the combination of points and crossings that allows a train to move from one track to another, either parallel or diverging. It then describes the key components of a turnout, including tongue rails, stock rails, lead rails, and a vee crossing. It also explains the classification of turnouts as left-hand or right-hand depending on the direction of diversion. Diagrams are included to illustrate the components and working principle of a turnout. The document concludes by stating that turnouts are essential for diverting traffic but can cause issues if not designed and maintained properly.
This document discusses different types of excavators used in construction. It describes the history and development of excavators from the late 1700s/early 1800s. It outlines three main types of excavators - crawler excavators, wheel excavators, and shovel excavators. Crawler excavators are used in hilly areas due to their low ground pressure, while wheel excavators are used for plain ground operations. Shovel excavators include power shovel, backhoe, and front shovel excavators. The document provides details on the applications and operation of each type. It also discusses factors that affect shovel excavator production rates, such as bucket size, cycle times, fill factors, and operator efficiency.
Planning and design of facilities for ships to discharge or receive cargo and passengers.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD HARBOR
Classification of Harbor
Littoral drift
coastal current
Break water
Classification of breakwaters:
Docks are enclosed areas used for berthing ships to facilitate loading and unloading of cargo and passengers or for ship repairs. They provide a uniform water level without tidal fluctuations, which is necessary for efficient cargo operations. There are two main types of docks - wet docks, which keep ships afloat, and dry docks for repairs. Wet docks are further classified as those in tidal basins, which allow ships to enter at all times, and enclosed basins, which use lock gates to maintain a consistent water level despite tides. The shape, location, internal arrangements, approaches, and water supply of docks must be appropriately designed based on site conditions.
Sand mining is becoming an environmental issue as demand increases. It can damage habitats, lower water tables, pollute water, and destabilize river banks. Several mitigation measures can be taken, including selecting less impactful mining areas, limiting mining depths, excluding sensitive zones, seasonal restrictions, monitoring ecosystems, and restoration efforts. However, illegal sand mining in India operates constantly without regulation, destroying habitats and infrastructure.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of sand mining and provides mitigation measures. It notes that sand mining is becoming an issue as demand increases, and can cause considerable environmental damage by disturbing habitats and ecosystems. It then lists several specific impacts of sand mining, such as reducing bird habitats, degrading water quality, lowering groundwater levels, and destroying riparian vegetation. The document proposes 10 mitigation measures that can be taken, such as selecting mining areas to minimize damage, limiting mining during certain seasons, and restoring mined areas with replanting. It also discusses illegal sand mining occurring in India and steps taken in Kerala to address it, such as a complaint cell and raids to seize vehicles involved in illegal mining.
This document discusses different types of dredging including capital dredging, maintenance dredging, and dredging requirements. It describes various dredging operations such as sediment disposal, transport, and dredging layout. The document also classifies and describes different types of dredgers including mechanical dredgers, hydraulic dredgers, hopper dredges, cutterhead dredges, and bucket wheel dredges.
The document provides information on various types of excavating equipment used in construction projects including power shovels, draglines, hoes, clam shells, and trenching machines. It describes the basic components, applications, factors affecting output, advantages and disadvantages of each type of equipment. An example calculation is also provided to determine the total cost of excavation and hauling per cubic meter using data on a hoe excavator and hauling trucks.
This document defines harbors and docks and classifies them. It states that a harbor is a sheltered area of sea that provides protection from storms and allows for loading/unloading of vessels. Docks are enclosed areas that keep ships at a uniform level for cargo handling. Harbors are classified as natural, artificial, or semi-natural based on physical protections. They can also be refuge, commercial, fishery, or military harbors based on their functions. Docks include wet docks for berthing ships and dry docks for ship repairs.
This document discusses different types of earth and rockfill dams. It describes rolled fill dams which are constructed by compacting soil in thin layers. Homogeneous dams consist of a single material throughout while zoned dams have distinct core, shell, and filter zones. Diaphragm dams contain an impervious core like a thin wall. Key elements of earth dam design include the top width, freeboard, slopes, central core, and downstream drainage system.
harbour and dock engineering ppt 01 introductionHasna Hassan
This document discusses the classification and types of harbours. It describes natural harbours, which have natural protection from storms, and artificial harbours, which require man-made structures for protection. Harbours are classified based on the protection needed, their utility, and location. Types include harbours of refuge for emergency shelter, commercial harbours for shipping cargo, fishery harbours for unloading fish catches, and military harbours that also serve as supply depots. Marina harbours provide berths and amenities for small boats. Location determines classification as canal, lake, river/estuary, or ocean harbours.
Backhoe Dredger is the Cousin of the Hydraulic Excavator, that often seen in land based construction and mining works.
It is basically a Large Hydraulic Excavator mounted over a pontoon, that is equipped with Spud Carriage System.
A railway station has platforms for passengers to board and disembark trains. It also has a station building for ticket sales and waiting areas. Stations range in size from small stops to large terminals. A station yard contains multiple tracks for sorting trains, including passenger, goods, locomotive, and marshalling yards. Marshalling yards separate incoming cars and reform them into outbound trains using flat, gravity, or hump yard designs. Larger stations have more facilities for passengers and goods handling.
Docks are enclosed areas for berthing ships to facilitate loading and unloading cargo. They can be classified as wet docks, also called harbor docks, which are used for berthing ships to load and unload passengers and cargo, or dry docks, which are used for ship repairs. Docks need to provide a uniform water level and shelter from tides to efficiently transfer cargo and passengers. Their shape is usually straight to accommodate ships, with common designs including rectangular, diamond, and inclined quay docks. Dry docks include graving docks, floating dry docks, marine railways, ship lifts, and slipways used for repairs and shipbuilding.
The document discusses various aspects of tunnel engineering. It begins by introducing tunnels and their uses for transportation. It then discusses the Thames Tunnel in London as an example. The document outlines several advantages of tunneling over other methods. It also discusses considerations for selecting tunnel routes and economies of tunneling. The remainder of the document describes various tunneling methods through both rock and soft ground, as well as tunnel drainage, lighting, ventilation, lining, and maintenance.
1) Navigational aids assist sailors in determining their position and safely navigating hazards. There are fixed structures like lighthouses, beacons, and navigational lights on piers as well as floating aids like lightships and buoys.
2) Lighthouses are tall towers with powerful lights that can be seen from far away. They are often located on shorelines or islands and have lanterns, service rooms, and living quarters. Common components include a lantern room, service room, and lightning protection.
3) Buoys are floating objects that are anchored and use their shape, color, lights, or bells to provide navigational information. Examples are can, nun, and
Dewatering is the process of removing water from construction sites to allow excavation work to be done safely and efficiently below the water table. There are several reasons why dewatering is needed, including providing a dry work area, improving stability, and increasing safety. Common dewatering techniques include sump pumping, well points, deep wells, and trenches. Each method has advantages and disadvantages depending on the site conditions and depth of water lowering required. Proper planning and design of a dewatering system is important to effectively control groundwater and allow construction work to progress smoothly.
Dragline excavators are large machinery used in surface mining and excavation that use a large bucket suspended from a boom. The bucket is moved using chains and ropes to excavate material. John W. Page invented the dragline in 1904 for canal digging. Modern draglines are among the largest mobile equipment, weighing over 10,000 tons. They are used in strip mining to remove overburden and extract coal. Technological advances include automation and the Universal-Dig-Dump system. Heavy Engineering Corporation in India was the first in the country to manufacture a walking dragline.
This document outlines the planning requirements and considerations for developing different types of harbors. Key factors that must be studied in harbor planning include surveys of the site terrain, tides, weather patterns, and depth of waters. The size and features of the harbor must accommodate the intended ships while providing safe anchorage. Requirements vary depending on the harbor type, such as sufficient depth and shelter for commercial harbors, repair facilities for harbors of refuge, and accommodation for naval vessels in military harbors. Proper positioning of harbor elements is important for safe navigation.
Front-end loaders, also known as wheel loaders or bucket loaders, are heavy construction equipment used to load materials into trucks or other machinery. They have a front-mounted bucket connected to two boom arms. Loaders come in various sizes, with bucket capacities ranging from 0.5 to 36 cubic meters. Common manufacturers of loaders include Caterpillar, John Deere, Komatsu, Volvo, and JCB. Safety is important when operating loaders, and machines display signs warning of risks like rollovers.
This document provides an overview of docks and harbours for construction. It defines key terms like dock and harbour. Harbours are sheltered areas used for loading/unloading vessels and providing refuge from storms. Harbours are classified as artificial, natural, or semi-natural. Planning requires studying site conditions. Requirements include sufficient depth, anchorage, and entrance width. Harbour features include breakwaters, docks, channels, jetties, and basins. Docks enclose areas for berthing ships, and can be wet or dry. Entrance channels should be deep and wide. Jetties project into water for berthing. Basins are used for parking and turning ships.
Here is the some basic information regarding Tunneling & Rock Drilling Equipments which I have collected from different resources (Internet,Professors,Experts,Engineers,Companies etc). It would be very helpful for M.Tech students of Construction Engineering & Management.
-RAJARSHI
This document discusses railway turnouts. It begins by defining a turnout as the combination of points and crossings that allows a train to move from one track to another, either parallel or diverging. It then describes the key components of a turnout, including tongue rails, stock rails, lead rails, and a vee crossing. It also explains the classification of turnouts as left-hand or right-hand depending on the direction of diversion. Diagrams are included to illustrate the components and working principle of a turnout. The document concludes by stating that turnouts are essential for diverting traffic but can cause issues if not designed and maintained properly.
This document discusses different types of excavators used in construction. It describes the history and development of excavators from the late 1700s/early 1800s. It outlines three main types of excavators - crawler excavators, wheel excavators, and shovel excavators. Crawler excavators are used in hilly areas due to their low ground pressure, while wheel excavators are used for plain ground operations. Shovel excavators include power shovel, backhoe, and front shovel excavators. The document provides details on the applications and operation of each type. It also discusses factors that affect shovel excavator production rates, such as bucket size, cycle times, fill factors, and operator efficiency.
Planning and design of facilities for ships to discharge or receive cargo and passengers.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD HARBOR
Classification of Harbor
Littoral drift
coastal current
Break water
Classification of breakwaters:
Docks are enclosed areas used for berthing ships to facilitate loading and unloading of cargo and passengers or for ship repairs. They provide a uniform water level without tidal fluctuations, which is necessary for efficient cargo operations. There are two main types of docks - wet docks, which keep ships afloat, and dry docks for repairs. Wet docks are further classified as those in tidal basins, which allow ships to enter at all times, and enclosed basins, which use lock gates to maintain a consistent water level despite tides. The shape, location, internal arrangements, approaches, and water supply of docks must be appropriately designed based on site conditions.
Sand mining is becoming an environmental issue as demand increases. It can damage habitats, lower water tables, pollute water, and destabilize river banks. Several mitigation measures can be taken, including selecting less impactful mining areas, limiting mining depths, excluding sensitive zones, seasonal restrictions, monitoring ecosystems, and restoration efforts. However, illegal sand mining in India operates constantly without regulation, destroying habitats and infrastructure.
This document discusses the environmental impacts of sand mining and provides mitigation measures. It notes that sand mining is becoming an issue as demand increases, and can cause considerable environmental damage by disturbing habitats and ecosystems. It then lists several specific impacts of sand mining, such as reducing bird habitats, degrading water quality, lowering groundwater levels, and destroying riparian vegetation. The document proposes 10 mitigation measures that can be taken, such as selecting mining areas to minimize damage, limiting mining during certain seasons, and restoring mined areas with replanting. It also discusses illegal sand mining occurring in India and steps taken in Kerala to address it, such as a complaint cell and raids to seize vehicles involved in illegal mining.
This document discusses reservoir sedimentation and methods for managing sediment in reservoirs. It begins by describing physical processes in watersheds like weathering, erosion, and sediment yield. Methods for estimating sediment yield in a watershed are then presented. The document outlines three forms of sediment transport in rivers and describes depositional zones in reservoirs. Consequences of reservoir sedimentation include loss of storage capacity. Elements of sediment management include reducing sediment inflow, routing sediments, removal of deposited sediments, providing large storage volumes, and sediment placement. Case studies on sediment routing at the Three Gorges Dam and the Sanmenxia Key Water Control Project in China are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of various surface mining methods. It begins by defining surface mining as extracting ore that lies near the surface by removing overburden. It then discusses the history of surface mining and factors to consider for evaluating surface deposits, including geography, legal issues, and economics. Specific surface mining methods covered include placer mining using panning, sluicing, hydraulicking, and dredging, as well as strip mining and open pit mining.
Marine aggregates provide essential resources for construction in England and Wales, contributing 17% of the countries' sand and gravel needs. They are extracted through dredging from licensed areas of the seabed. Dredging extracts only a small fraction of 1% of the total area of the UK continental shelf each year. The aggregates are used widely in construction projects after processing and help reduce the environmental impacts of land-based transportation compared to obtaining all resources from quarries.
Sand Wand Sediment Removal System for In-stream RestorationStreamside
Streamside LLC develops sediment removal and water treatment technologies to address sedimentation issues and improve water quality. Their flagship product is the patented Sand Wand system, a manually operated suction device that selectively removes fine sediments from gravel streams, restoring habitats. They have completed over 75 projects across the US and Canada. Additional technologies include a sediment collector to prevent further sedimentation and an Airy Gator floating water treatment platform that circulates water to introduce additives.
Siltation reduces the storage capacity of reservoirs over time. The document discusses various causes of siltation including sediment transport, erosion, landslides, and lack of vegetation. Effects of siltation include reduced water supply and hydropower generation. Remedial measures discussed include sediment traps, detention basins, and vegetative screens to reduce sediment flow into reservoirs. Maintaining reservoir capacity through disiltation techniques is important to prevent issues like flooding.
Dredging Corporation of India (DCI) was established in 1976 and is headquartered in Visakhapatnam, India. DCI provides dredging services to maintain navigable depths in shipping channels for major and minor ports, the Indian Navy, and other maritime organizations. Services include capital dredging, maintenance dredging, beach nourishment, land reclamation, shallow water dredging, and project management consultancy. Dredging is necessary to remove accumulated sediments that fill channels and harbors over time in order to ensure safe passage of vessels.
Dredging is performed to maintain navigation channels and harbors for shipping vessels. There are two main types of dredging: construction dredging removes previously undisturbed materials to create new channels, while maintenance dredging periodically removes accumulated sediment to maintain authorized depths. The Corps of Engineers is responsible for navigation channels, while port authorities oversee harbors. Dredged materials come from various areas like inlets, harbors, and inland waterways, and range from sand to silt and clay. Dredged materials are disposed of through ocean placement, beach nourishment, upland placement, open water placement, or within banks placement. Dredging provides environmental benefits such as wetland construction, landfill cover, and beach
Beach nourishment involves replacing sand lost to erosion from external sources to widen beaches. It reduces storm damage by dissipating wave energy and protects structures. Nourishment must be repeated as it doesn't stop erosion forces. Sand used must match native beaches in size and texture. Nourishment widens beaches for recreation while providing flood and erosion protection. It is expensive to implement but supports local economies. Alternative stabilization methods include hard structures or soft techniques but don't fully restore eroded beaches like nourishment does.
This document provides details on the design and operation of trailing suction hopper dredgers. It describes the key components of a trailing suction hopper dredger including dragheads attached to suction pipes that are dragged along the seabed and dredge pumps that suck up loosened material. The material is deposited into a hold called a hopper. Trailing suction hopper dredgers can dredge a wide variety of materials including silt, sand, and clay. They have been used since the 1850s and have evolved from early designs with stationary suction pipes to self-propelled ships that can freely move during dredging operations.
project on dam and dam safety with application of geophysicsRIPU DAMAN SINGH
The document discusses dams and dam safety. It provides background on the history of dam construction, beginning with dams built by ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians. It then outlines the objectives of dams, including irrigation, water supply, flood control, hydroelectric power and more. The document also discusses important considerations for selecting suitable dam sites, such as foundation conditions, reservoir size and shape, and potential impacts. It describes the necessary investigations conducted to evaluate potential dam sites, including engineering surveys, geological and hydrological studies, and subsurface exploration.
Groundwater exists underground in aquifers, stored in rock and sediment pores and fractures. The amount of groundwater available depends on the volume and interconnectivity of these spaces. Various natural and human factors can influence groundwater quantity and quality, such as precipitation levels, geology, and contamination sources. The aggregate industry aims to protect groundwater resources through best practices like containment areas, monitoring, and replenishing extracted water.
This document discusses the impacts of dredging on seagrass. It begins with background information on seagrass, including what it is, where it is found globally, and where it grows. It then discusses various types of seagrass and their locations. The document outlines threats to seagrass, including dredging. It defines dredging and discusses its common uses. Finally, it details the environmental impacts of dredging on seagrass, such as reduced water clarity, removal or burial of vegetation, and release of toxic chemicals.
Dams provide many benefits but also have environmental impacts. They are constructed for purposes like hydropower, irrigation, water supply, flood control, and navigation. The main types of dams are gravity, earthfill, arch, and buttress dams. Dams allow for recreation, flood control, water storage, hydroelectricity generation, and inland navigation. However, they can negatively impact fish, spread diseases, cause soil erosion, and displace human populations. In India, most dams are owned by state governments and must be approved by planning authorities. Strict safety standards and reviews are required during a dam's design, construction, operation, and maintenance to prevent failures. The controversial Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada
This document discusses parameters for constructing breakwaters, including conducting hydrographic surveys, geotechnical investigations of the seabed, wave hindcasting to determine wave heights, assessing material needs, and designing the cross-section. It describes basic and advanced methods for geotechnical investigations and outlines three methods for wave hindcasting - using wave rider buoys, statistical computer models, or manual observation with a theodolite. The key parameters that must be determined before breakwater construction can begin are also listed.
This document discusses offshore mining and the key stages and techniques involved. It describes the 4 main stages as prospecting, exploration, production, and rehabilitation. For minerals, it outlines the types found in different ocean zones from the epipelagic to abyssopelagic zones, such as mineral sands, gold, tin, and polymetallic nodules. It then discusses the main dredging techniques used for offshore mining, including bucket ladder, grab, dipper, cutter suction, and trailing suction hopper dredgers. Finally, it provides context on offshore mining by India, including areas being explored and technology being developed by organizations like NIOT for polymetallic nodule mining.
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY LECT 4 - LAND RECLAIMATION.pdfDRJULAIDAKALIWON
Land reclamation is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. It involves improving land to allow for more intensive use through methods like irrigation or removing salt/alkali. Land is reclaimed to develop agricultural land, property, or raise economic activity. Challenges include drainage, clearing wet areas, and subsidence. Safety measures like silt curtains are used and slopes should not exceed 45 degrees to prevent erosion. Land reclamation guidelines require following national physical plans and environmental impact assessment laws.
Prayas, the word in Sanskrit means making an effort, attempt, try, exercising, and practicing some positive actions for the betterment of individual and the community as well.
Here, in Tenet, “Prayas” is entitled as an interim effort of Tenetians for betterment in professional, educational, cultural and social aspects of life. It includes different training, exercising and performing activities to share the best of a person’s thought with others.
In Prayas, presently we have several agendas like Prayas-1, the “share-your-knowledge” programme, exercising a power-point presentation in every Wednesday by an individual under a senior’s mentorship. This exercise also helps in improving our communication skill. In Prayas-2, “personality development” programme, we conduct language skill building classes for our Tenetians in every Monday evening. Apart from these, we are arranging several cultural activities by individual’s performances under Prayas-1 to enjoy environment with work.
We also have a few more sports activities already started to refresh our body and mind to enhance an overall growth for all of us to come under Prayas very shortly.
Prayas Session : Rain Water Harvesting by Soumalya Nandi
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
2. Dredging is an excavation activity usually carried out
underwater, in shallow seas and in freshwater with the
purpose of gathering up bottom sediments & widening.
It is a technique, often used to keep waterways
navigable and creates an anti-sludge pathway for boats.
It is also used as a way to replenish sand on some public
beaches, where sand has been lost because of coastal
erosion.
Dredger is an apparatus for bringing up objects,sand or
mud from a river or a seabed by scooping & dragging.
3.
4. 1) Capital : Dredging is carried out to create a new
harbour, berth or waterway ,or to deepen existing
facilities in order to allow larger ships access.This
work is usually done by using a cutter suction
dredge or large trailing suction hopper dredge.
2) Preparatory: This excavation work is prepared for
future bridges, piers or docks/wharves, often
connected with foundation work.
5. 3) Maintenance: Dredging maintain navigable
waterways or channels which becomes silted with
the passage of time, due to sedimented sand and
mud,makes them too shallow for navigation. This
is often carried out with a trailing suction hopper
dredge. Mostly dredging is used for this purpose.
4) Land Reclamation: Dredging to mine sand, clay or
rock from the seabed and using it to construct
new land elsewhere.This is perform by a cutter-
suction dredge or trailing suction hopper dredge.
5) Harvesting materials: Dredging sediment for
elements like gold, diamonds or other valuable
trace substances.
6. 6) Seabed mining: It can be used probably in future
for recovering natural metal ore nodules from the
sea abyssal’s plains.
7) Construction materials: Dredging sand and
gravels from offshore licensed regions can be
used in construction industry, principally for use
in concrete.
8) Beach Nourishment: Mining sand offshore and
placing on a beach,is used to replace sand
eroded by storms or wave action. This is done to
enhance the protective function of the beaches.
7. 9) Flood Prevention: This can help to increase
channel depth and therefore increase a channel's
capacity for carrying water.
10) Contaminant Remediation: To reclaim the areas
affected by chemical spills, storm water surges
(with urban runoff) and other soil contaminations,
including silt from sewage sludge and from
decayed matter, like wilted plants. Disposal
becomes a proportionally large factor in these
operations.
8. Dredgers may be broadly classified into two main
types depending upon the method used to
transport loosened material from the sea-bed to
the water surface. These are :
1. Mechanical dredgers.
2. Hydraulic dredgers.
MECHANICAL DREDGER
Mechanical dredgers come in a variety of forms, each
involving the use of grab or bucket to loosen the in-situ
material and raise and transport it to the surface.
9. A Bucket Dredger is a stationary dredger, fixed on anchors and
moved while dredging along semi-arcs by winches. The bucket
dredger is one of the oldest types of dredging equipment. It has an
endless chain of buckets that is used to scrape over the bottom.
10. A Grab Dredger is a stationary dredger, moored on anchors or on
spud-poles. The dredging tool is a grab normally consisting of two
half-shells operated by wires or (electro)-hydraulically. The grab can
be mounted on a dragline or on a hydraulic excavator of the
backhoe type.
11. A Backhoe Dredger is a stationary dredger, moored on anchors or on
spud-poles. A spud is a large pole that can anchor a ship. Small
backhoe dredgers can be track mounted and work from the banks of
ditches. A backhoe dredger is a hydraulic excavator equipped with a
half open shell.
12. Hydraulic dredging is most efficient when
working with fine materials, because they can
easily be held in suspension. Coarser materials
and even gravel can be worked but with a
greater demand on pump power and with
greater wear on pumps and pipes. The
principal feature of all dredgers in this category
is that the loosened material is raised from its
in-situ state in suspension through a pipe
system connected to a centrifugal pump.
Dredgers of this type is now widely used.
13. A Suction Dredger is a stationary dredger used to mine for sand. The
suction pipe is pushed vertically into a sand deposit. If necessary
water jets help to bring the sand up. It is loaded into barges or
pumped via pipeline directly to the reclamation area.
14. A Cutter Suction Dredger is a stationary dredger which makes use of
a cutter head to loosen the material to be dredged. It pumps the
dredged material via a pipeline ashore or into barges. The cutter
head can be replaced by several kinds of suction heads for special
purposes, such as environmental dredging.
15. A Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger is a self-propelled ship which fills
its hold or hopper during dredging, while following a pre-set track.
The hopper can be emptied by opening bottom doors ,offloading by
pumping its load off ashore. This kind of dredger is mainly used in
open water: rivers, canals, and the open sea.Trailing suction hopper
dredgers, commonly known simply as ‘hoppers’ or ‘trailers’.
16. Barge unloading dredgers are used to transfer material from hopper
barges to shore, usually for reclamation. A barge unloader is
basically a pontoon supporting a suction pump for the unloading,
and a high pressure water pump used to fluidise the barge contents
by jetting. The mixture is then pumped through a pipeline to the
point of reclamation or relocation.
17. The activity of dredging can create the following principal
impacts to the environment:
1. Collection of heavy metals lead left by fishing, bullets, 98%
mercury reclaimed [natural occurring and left over from gold rush
era].
2. Short term increases in turbidity, which can affect
aquatic species metabolism and interfere with spawning. Suction
dredging activity is allowed only during non-spawning time
frames set by fish and game (in-water work periods).
3. Secondary impacts to marsh productivity from sedimentation.
4. Tertiary impacts to avifauna which may prey upon contaminated
aquatic organisms.
5. Secondary impacts to aquatic and benthic
organisms' metabolism and mortality.
6. Possible contamination of dredge spoils sites.
7. Changes to the topography by the creation of "spoil islands" from
the accumulated spoil.
8. Releases toxic compound TributyltIn , a popular biocide used
in anti-fouling paint banned in 2008, back into the water.
18. According to a Rabobank outlook report in
2013, the largest dredging companies in the
world are in order of size-
1. China Harbors Engineering (China).
2. Jan De Null (Belgium).
3. DEME (Belgium).
4. Royal Boskalis Westminster(Netherlands).
5. Van Ord Dredging and Marine
Contractors(Netherlands).
6. Dredging Corporation of India Limited
(Vishakhapatnam, India).
19. FROM THIS MINI PROJECT WE CAME TO KNOW
ABOUT DREDGING,ITS USES,ITS TECHNIQUES,ITS
TYPES,ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MAJOR
DREDGING COMPANIES.
NOW- A-DAYS,THERE ARE A LOT OF DREDGERS
ARE USED IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECTS.
THANK YOU!