This document discusses downstream processing which includes separation and purification of products from fermentation or other upstream processes. It involves several unit operations such as filtration, centrifugation, precipitation to initially separate solids and liquids. Further purification steps like solvent extraction, adsorption, crystallization are used to isolate and purify the desired product from contaminants. Final processing through techniques like lyophilization, spray drying package the pure product.

2.  Process including separation and
purification.
 Also known as product recovery.
 Material-upstream-finished products.

3.  Removal of insolubles
 Product isolation
 Product purification
 Product polishing

4.  The first step and involves the capture of the
product as a solute in a particulate-free liquid.
 Example the separation of cells, cell debris or other
particulate matter from fermentation broth
containing an antibiotic.
 Typical operations to achieve this are : filtration,
centrifugation,
sedimentation,
precipitation,
flocculation,

5.  The mechanical or physical operation which
is used for the separation of solids from fluids
(liquids or gases) by interposing a medium
through which only the fluid can pass.

6.  Process which involves the use of the
centrifugal force for the sedimentation of
heterogeneous mixtures with a
centrifuge, used in industry and in
laboratory settings. This process is used to
separate two immiscible liquids.

7.  Tendency for particles in suspension to
settle out of the fluid in which they are
entrained, and come to rest against a
barrier. This is due to their motion through
the fluid in response to the forces acting
on them: these forces can be due
to gravity, centrifugal acceleration or
electromagnetism.

8.  Process wherein colloids come out
of suspension in the form of floc or flake;
either spontaneously or due to the
addition of a clarifying agent.

9.  The removal of those components whose
properties vary markedly from that of the
desired product.
 For most products, water is the chief
impurity and isolation steps are designed to
remove most of it, reducing the volume of
material to be handled and concentrating
the product.
 Solvent extraction, adsorption, ultrafiltration,
and precipitation are some of the unit
operations involved.

10.  Separation process consisting in the
separation of a substance from a matrix.
 It includes Liquid-liquid extraction, and
Solid phase extraction.

11.  The adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules
from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a
surface.
 This process creates a film of
the adsorbate on the surface of
the adsorbent.

12.  Separation process for sperating gaseous
or liquid stream use membrane
technology.
 Pore size 0.001-0.01μm .
 Separate concentrate and purification
of dissolved and suspended constituent
according to their relative molecular
size.
 Mainly used in dairy industry.

13.  Done to separate those contaminants that
resemble the product very closely in
physical and chemical properties.
 Consequently steps in this stage are
expensive to carry out and require sensitive
and sophisticated equipment.
 This stage contributes a significant fraction
of the entire downstream processing
expenditure.
 Operations include affinity, size exclusion
chromatography, crystallization and
fractional precipitation.

14.  Method of separating biochemical
mixtures based on a highly specific
interaction such as that between
antigen and antibody, enzyme and
substrate, or receptor and ligand.

15.  Method in which molecules in solution
are separated by their size, and in some
cases molecular weight.

16.  A chemical solid–liquid separation
technique, in which mass transfer of a
solute from the liquid solution to a pure
solid crystalline phase occurs.
 formation of
solid crystals precipitating from
a solution, melt or more rarely
deposited directly from a gas.

17.  The final processing steps which end with packaging
of the product in a form that is stable, easily
transportable and convenient.
 Crystallization,desiccation, lyophilization and spray
drying are typical unit operations.
 Depending on the product and its intended use,
polishing may also include operations to sterilize the
product and remove or deactivate trace
contaminants which might compromise product
safety. Such operations might include the removal of
viruses or depyrogenation.

18.  The state of extreme dryness, or the
process of extreme drying.
 A desiccant is a hygroscopic (attracts
and holds water) substance that induces
or sustains such a state in its local vicinity
in a moderately sealed container.

19.  Method of producing a dry powder from
a liquid or slurry by rapidly drying with a
hot gas.
 This is the preferred method of drying of
many thermally-sensitive materials such
as foods and pharmaceuticals.