Dolmens in Bulgaria
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Dolmens and other megalithic monuments in prehistoric Bulgaria. Presentation made for course "Megaliths in prehistoric Europe" Year III
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F I A550
1. The goddess Aphrodite was syncretized with the Phoenician goddess Ashtart on the island of Cyprus beginning in the 6th-7th century BC.
2. Images from Cyprus in the 4th century BC show Aphrodite taking on characteristics of both Phoenician Ashtart and Greek Aphrodite, reflecting this syncretism between the two goddesses.
3. Archaeological sites in cities like Amathus, Golgoi, and Paphos provide evidence of the merging of Ashtart and Aphrodite's cults and iconography on Cyprus over centuries.
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2 prehistoric art 1
Prehistoric art developed over millions of years from the earliest humans to the Neolithic period. The Paleolithic period saw the first known artworks created with stone tools, including cave paintings between 30,000-13,000 BCE depicting animals and humans. The Mesolithic and Neolithic periods saw the development of agriculture and permanent settlements, with art becoming more representational of humans and used for ornamentation and architecture. Key characteristics of Neolithic art included figurines, pottery with designs, and megalithic constructions.
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The document provides an overview of ancient Greek culture from its earliest civilizations through the recognized ancient Greek culture. It discusses how the Greeks focused on government (democracy), art, architecture, philosophy, and sport. Athens took pride in its creation of democracy. Cities commissioned art and architecture to honor gods and beautify cities. Greek thinkers are still honored today. The Greeks worshipped various gods through sacrifice, ritual, and festival.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
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1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
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Dolmens in Bulgaria
- 2. 1849. Cyclops Christianus- by Algernon Herbert , contained word megaliths 1872. Rude Stone Monuments in All Countries- by James Fergusson European megalihts-from Neolithic to Iron Age Who and why? Giants and dwarfs are building dolmen
- 4. Origin of the word taol maen-Celtic (Breton) terms Other name: megalithic graves, graves closed type Dimensions: 2.80 x 2.40 (more or less), and height around 2 m or more Sardinia Ireland
- 5. Funerary practice- Inhumation Religion characteristic-Sun and Earth (man and female deity) Prerequisite for dolmen construction- availability of rocks for splitting into slabs (usually granitic rocks)
- 6. XII century-VII/VI c. BC Written source-Herodotus Orientation of dolmen entrance-mostly south Grave goods
- 7. Europe and Asia Scandinavia, Western Europa, Mediterranean, India, Southeast Asia and Northeast Asia
- 11. New and old P. Delev: -solitary dolmen -double dolmen -cist like dolmen Typology by Dimitriv Peev who divided dolmens in three different types: 1. dolmens with flat roof and rough plate. a) single chamber b) two chambers 2. dolmen-worked plates a) single chamber and sloping walls and a flat roof b) single chamber and a gabled roof c) two chambers and gabled roof 3. a) double dolmens with two chambers b) cist like dolmen
- 12. Dolmen of “table type” Dolmen of “camera type”
- 13. Sakar mountain Strandzha mountain East Rhodope
- 17. Chromlech-stone plates circles Menhir-standing stone Rock-cut graves, Rock-cut niches Beglik Tash-sanctuary Markov kamak-sanctuary
- 20. Second group First group First group First group
- 23. Markov kamak is new discovered sanctuary near Tsarev peak in southern part of Rila mountain Discovered in 2006. during scientific expedition“Thracian sanctuaries”
- 25. Фол, А. 1982. Тракийски паметници Том III, София. Glyn, D. 1980. Megalithic mounuments, Scentific American 243: 78-90. Iliev, S. 2008. Observations upon the constructional connections of the Dolmens in Bulgaria, in Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy : Proceedings of the International Conference (Eds. R. I. Kostov, B. Gaydarska, M. Gurova), 175-176. Sofia. Kolev, Dimiter, L. Tsonev, A. C. Gonzalez-Garcia, and V. Koleva. 2008. The orientation of Dolmens in Bulgaria, in Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy : Proceedings of the International Conference (Eds. R. I. Kostov, B. Gaydarska, M. Gurova), 169-174. Sofia. Markov, V. 2008. The ancient Thracian megalithic sanctuary “Markov kamak” at Tsarev Peak in Rila Mountain: Semantic and functional analysis, in Geoarchaeology and Archaeomineralogy : Proceedings of the International Conference (Eds. R. I. Kostov, B. Gaydarska, M. Gurova), 177-179. Sofia. Milovanović, D. 1988. Arhitektura megalita, Beograd. Nekhrozov, G. 2015. Dolmens and rock-cut monuments , in A Companion to Ancient Thrace, First Edition. Edited by Julia Valeva, Emil Nankov, and Denver Graninger.,126-140. Published 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Tomović, Miodrag, 1983. Umesto predgovora, u Megaliti, ur. Miodrag Tomović, 1-5, 22-23, 31, 49, 63. Beograd. http://www.burgasmuseums.bg/index.php?tab=arch&lang=en&page=encyc&enc=poi&eid=23