This document provides an overview of forensic document examination. It discusses the role of a forensic document examiner, the types of examinations they conduct, and several past and ongoing cases. The Albert Osborn and Lindbergh Baby case is discussed as establishing the field. Current cases mentioned include the Casey Anthony trial, where a heart-shaped sticker was found but then not seen later, and the ongoing Gabrielle Giffords case where handwriting analysis is being requested. The document also outlines the training, skills, and protocols used in comparing documents and specimens.
Questioned document analysis examines physical evidence from documents like handwriting, typewriting, photocopies, and ink to determine authenticity or identify forgeries. Characteristics like defects in typewriter parts or marks from printer components can be matched between documents. Security features in currency and documents include microprinting, security threads, and special inks. Forgeries are categorized as traced, simulated, freehand, or lifted depending on the method used. Handwriting analysis examines unique writing habits and patterns to determine authorship.
forensic questioned document examinationkiran malik
Power point presentation basically related to document examination in forensic science laboratories, related various facilities and was related to expert evidences.
This PPT explains you that how a single signature of an individual helps to gain knowledge of Individual's personality,emotions, behaviour etc. It also explains that how to recognize forged signatures.
Shivangi
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University,Lucknow
Alteration is defined as any change to a document which gives it a different effect from
that it originally possessed. If change is made after execution of a document and without
the consent of the other party or concerned person, then such change is called fraudulent
alteration. Document examiners must be able to identify documents that were altered to change the conditions of a contract or other legal entity.
Alterations can take the form of erasures and replacement and/or insertion of material into a document.
This document discusses different types of forgery including:
1. Free hand forgery which involves copying a model signature without direct tracing.
2. Transplantation forgery which is transferring a signature or image from one document to another, often using computers or photocopying to commit fraud.
3. Forgery over a genuine signature which alters an original document signed legitimately to deceive the signer, such as changing amounts on a check.
Detection methods include examining paper fibers, ink, handwriting style, and instrument marks to determine if a signature or document has been tampered with or forged. Forensic analysis plays an important role in uncovering forgery attempts.
The document discusses questioned documents and provides definitions and examples of different types of questioned documents. It covers two levels of information that can be obtained from documents - superficial and deeper evidence. It also lists different types of evidence that can be analyzed from documents, including identifying the author or determining authenticity. The document provides a brief history of the field and discusses tools and techniques used in analysis, such as ultraviolet light, infrared examination, video spectral comparator, and electrostatic detection apparatus.
Questioned document analysis examines physical evidence from documents like handwriting, typewriting, photocopies, and ink to determine authenticity or identify forgeries. Characteristics like defects in typewriter parts or marks from printer components can be matched between documents. Security features in currency and documents include microprinting, security threads, and special inks. Forgeries are categorized as traced, simulated, freehand, or lifted depending on the method used. Handwriting analysis examines unique writing habits and patterns to determine authorship.
forensic questioned document examinationkiran malik
Power point presentation basically related to document examination in forensic science laboratories, related various facilities and was related to expert evidences.
This PPT explains you that how a single signature of an individual helps to gain knowledge of Individual's personality,emotions, behaviour etc. It also explains that how to recognize forged signatures.
Shivangi
Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University,Lucknow
Alteration is defined as any change to a document which gives it a different effect from
that it originally possessed. If change is made after execution of a document and without
the consent of the other party or concerned person, then such change is called fraudulent
alteration. Document examiners must be able to identify documents that were altered to change the conditions of a contract or other legal entity.
Alterations can take the form of erasures and replacement and/or insertion of material into a document.
This document discusses different types of forgery including:
1. Free hand forgery which involves copying a model signature without direct tracing.
2. Transplantation forgery which is transferring a signature or image from one document to another, often using computers or photocopying to commit fraud.
3. Forgery over a genuine signature which alters an original document signed legitimately to deceive the signer, such as changing amounts on a check.
Detection methods include examining paper fibers, ink, handwriting style, and instrument marks to determine if a signature or document has been tampered with or forged. Forensic analysis plays an important role in uncovering forgery attempts.
The document discusses questioned documents and provides definitions and examples of different types of questioned documents. It covers two levels of information that can be obtained from documents - superficial and deeper evidence. It also lists different types of evidence that can be analyzed from documents, including identifying the author or determining authenticity. The document provides a brief history of the field and discusses tools and techniques used in analysis, such as ultraviolet light, infrared examination, video spectral comparator, and electrostatic detection apparatus.
1) Manual typewriters produce identifiable characteristics over time such as misaligned or damaged letters that can be used to match documents to a specific machine.
2) Electric typewriters use either a daisy wheel or golf ball to print letters, which deteriorate with use and produce flaws that appear across documents from the same machine.
3) Printers are more difficult to trace to a specific device than typewriters, but laser printers may transfer tiny scratches that offer identifying evidence.
Forensic examination of stamp, seal and other mechanical impressionskiran malik
Document examiners must analyze all physical evidence on documents, including seals, stamps, and other impressions. Impressions can provide important clues, as paper retains impressions well over time. Seals, stamps, and other tools have long been used to authenticate documents by leaving unique impressions in wax, ink, or directly in paper. Characteristics like defects, wear patterns, and individual styles can help determine if a questioned impression originated from a particular physical source like a specific seal or stamp.
VSC VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATAOR FORENSIC APPLICATIONS BY SHAILESH CHAUBEY STUDENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE & CRIMINOLOGY FROM BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY JHANSI UTTAR PRADESH INDIA . THIS PPT SHOWS ABOUT THE FEATURES, APPLICATIONS , CASE LAWS & NEED OF VSC IN FORENSIC ASPECTS FOR DOCUMENT EXAMINATION & HANDWRITING . THIS PRESENTATION WILL HELP TO GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT VSC BY VARIOUS SLIDES.
age of document , document, paper, writing matter, typescript, printed matter, signature and handwriting, typewriter and various types of type writing devices
Document and handwriting analysis involves examining questioned documents to determine authenticity or identify authors. This includes analyzing handwriting style, ink, paper, and other physical evidence. Experts compare unknown writing samples to known samples and consider characteristics like letter formation, word spacing, pen pressure. Methods are also used to detect alterations to documents through microscopic analysis, light examination, or chemical analysis. Famous forgery cases throughout history provide examples of different forgery techniques analyzed by experts.
The document discusses various techniques used in handwriting and document analysis. It covers topics such as historical dating of documents, fraud investigation, analysis of paper/ink, techniques for examining forgeries and alterations, and comparing handwriting samples. The core techniques include analyzing characteristics of handwriting style, paper fibers, ink composition, indentations, and marks from copying/printing devices. The goal is to determine the authenticity and origin of questioned documents through scientific examination and comparison with known samples.
Questioned documents are any objects whose authenticity is in doubt, including handwritten or typed documents. Forensic document examination uses scientific analysis to examine questioned documents and provide evidence about their authenticity. Common types of questioned documents include wills, checks, agreements, and passports. Document examiners analyze aspects like handwriting, signatures, paper, ink, printers, and impressions to determine if a document has been altered or forged. This helps determine the legitimacy of documents in legal cases.
This document discusses indented writing and methods for deciphering it. Indented writing refers to depressions on paper created by writing pressure. Methods to reveal indented writing include using oblique light, pencil shading, and electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA). ESDA is a non-destructive technique that uses static electricity to make indentations visible, even on papers up to 60 years old. It was used in a case to reveal an address from a bank robbery note that helped police arrest the suspect.
A digital imaging instrument manufactured by Foster + Freeman that employs combinations of light sources and filters to examine document evidence under various wavelengths of radiation ranging from ultraviolet to the infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
VSC is a preferred tool as it supports non destructive examination of documents. VSC uses multiple parameters like IR, UV, and White light providing accurate results.
Mechanical impressions like those from typewriters, checkwriters, rubber stamps, and seals can be examined to determine features for identification purposes. Typewriter impressions are examined based on measurements of the typeface, size, and defects. Checkwriter impressions consider standard and variable text. Rubber stamp and seal examinations analyze microscopic features, defects, and wear patterns for identification. Equipment like UV light, infrared imaging, lasers, microscopes, and photography are used to aid the examination and comparison of mechanical impressions.
The document discusses the external morphology of the human ear by examining its structure, how pressure affects it, and the procedure used to compare ears.
This document provides an overview of examining questioned documents. It discusses examining the paper, ink, writing, stamps, and other features for signs of alteration, addition, or substitution that could indicate a forgery. Features like wire marks, watermarks, erasures, folds, and impressions are analyzed. The goal is to determine if a document's origin, appearance, content, or circumstances raise suspicions about its authenticity by comparing its characteristics. A variety of tools like magnifying glasses, photography, and light analysis can be used to carefully examine documents for any anomalies.
This document discusses questioned document examination, which analyzes documents with suspicious authenticity using scientific methods. It outlines the history and methodology of the field, including the ACE method of analysis, comparison, and evaluation. Common types of questioned documents that may be examined include wills, checks, agreements, receipts, ID cards, licenses, currency notes, and suicide notes.
This document provides an overview of the examination of seal impressions in forensic science. It discusses the different types of stamps and seals, the characteristics of impressions they make, and the examination process forensic document examiners follow. This includes examining the questioned impression under a microscope, comparing it to test impressions made with the known stamp or seal, and looking for defects and features that could indicate a match or non-match. The goal is to determine whether a questioned impression was or was not made by a particular stamp or seal.
Glass is a hard, brittle substance composed of sand mixed with metal oxides that is melted and cooled without crystallizing. It is formed by mixing sand with ingredients like soda and lime, then melting the mixture at high temperatures. There are different types of glass like float glass, borosilicate glass, tempered glass, and laminated glass, each with different chemical compositions and properties. Glass evidence can be analyzed based on its density, refractive index, and fracture patterns to potentially match glass fragments from a crime scene to a source.
Physical evidence collected from crime scenes can be used to reconstruct the events of a crime. There are several types of evidence including trace evidence, biological evidence, and direct evidence like fingerprints. It is important that evidence is properly documented, collected, packaged, labeled, and maintained in the chain of custody. A thorough search and documentation of the crime scene helps investigators form a hypothesis of what occurred.
Individual handwriting characteristics are unique to each person and include things like stroke direction and curvature, pen pauses where the pen stops touching the page, pen lifts where the pen is removed from the page, placement of dots, crossings, and punctuation, hesitations seen in vertical or curved lines, embellishments added for style, abbreviations of common letters or words, and distinctive ways of making the cross on "t" and dot on "i". These characteristics are developed unconsciously over time and differ between genuine and forged writing.
This document discusses various methods used to alter documents, including erasure and obliteration. It notes that erasures can be detected under microscopic examination but may not reveal the original text. Obliteration through chemicals is invisible to the naked eye but can be seen under microscopy. Infrared luminescence examination can determine if different inks were used for original text versus obliterated text, but recovery is impossible if the same ink was used.
This document provides an overview of forensic handwriting analysis and its use in criminal investigations. It discusses how handwriting is unique to individuals and can be used as evidence. Examples are given of historic cases where handwriting analysis helped identify criminals, such as the Lindbergh kidnapping. The document also outlines the process of handwriting examination and discusses organizations and standards in the field of forensic document examination.
1) Manual typewriters produce identifiable characteristics over time such as misaligned or damaged letters that can be used to match documents to a specific machine.
2) Electric typewriters use either a daisy wheel or golf ball to print letters, which deteriorate with use and produce flaws that appear across documents from the same machine.
3) Printers are more difficult to trace to a specific device than typewriters, but laser printers may transfer tiny scratches that offer identifying evidence.
Forensic examination of stamp, seal and other mechanical impressionskiran malik
Document examiners must analyze all physical evidence on documents, including seals, stamps, and other impressions. Impressions can provide important clues, as paper retains impressions well over time. Seals, stamps, and other tools have long been used to authenticate documents by leaving unique impressions in wax, ink, or directly in paper. Characteristics like defects, wear patterns, and individual styles can help determine if a questioned impression originated from a particular physical source like a specific seal or stamp.
VSC VIDEO SPECTRAL COMPARATAOR FORENSIC APPLICATIONS BY SHAILESH CHAUBEY STUDENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE & CRIMINOLOGY FROM BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY JHANSI UTTAR PRADESH INDIA . THIS PPT SHOWS ABOUT THE FEATURES, APPLICATIONS , CASE LAWS & NEED OF VSC IN FORENSIC ASPECTS FOR DOCUMENT EXAMINATION & HANDWRITING . THIS PRESENTATION WILL HELP TO GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT VSC BY VARIOUS SLIDES.
age of document , document, paper, writing matter, typescript, printed matter, signature and handwriting, typewriter and various types of type writing devices
Document and handwriting analysis involves examining questioned documents to determine authenticity or identify authors. This includes analyzing handwriting style, ink, paper, and other physical evidence. Experts compare unknown writing samples to known samples and consider characteristics like letter formation, word spacing, pen pressure. Methods are also used to detect alterations to documents through microscopic analysis, light examination, or chemical analysis. Famous forgery cases throughout history provide examples of different forgery techniques analyzed by experts.
The document discusses various techniques used in handwriting and document analysis. It covers topics such as historical dating of documents, fraud investigation, analysis of paper/ink, techniques for examining forgeries and alterations, and comparing handwriting samples. The core techniques include analyzing characteristics of handwriting style, paper fibers, ink composition, indentations, and marks from copying/printing devices. The goal is to determine the authenticity and origin of questioned documents through scientific examination and comparison with known samples.
Questioned documents are any objects whose authenticity is in doubt, including handwritten or typed documents. Forensic document examination uses scientific analysis to examine questioned documents and provide evidence about their authenticity. Common types of questioned documents include wills, checks, agreements, and passports. Document examiners analyze aspects like handwriting, signatures, paper, ink, printers, and impressions to determine if a document has been altered or forged. This helps determine the legitimacy of documents in legal cases.
This document discusses indented writing and methods for deciphering it. Indented writing refers to depressions on paper created by writing pressure. Methods to reveal indented writing include using oblique light, pencil shading, and electrostatic detection apparatus (ESDA). ESDA is a non-destructive technique that uses static electricity to make indentations visible, even on papers up to 60 years old. It was used in a case to reveal an address from a bank robbery note that helped police arrest the suspect.
A digital imaging instrument manufactured by Foster + Freeman that employs combinations of light sources and filters to examine document evidence under various wavelengths of radiation ranging from ultraviolet to the infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
VSC is a preferred tool as it supports non destructive examination of documents. VSC uses multiple parameters like IR, UV, and White light providing accurate results.
Mechanical impressions like those from typewriters, checkwriters, rubber stamps, and seals can be examined to determine features for identification purposes. Typewriter impressions are examined based on measurements of the typeface, size, and defects. Checkwriter impressions consider standard and variable text. Rubber stamp and seal examinations analyze microscopic features, defects, and wear patterns for identification. Equipment like UV light, infrared imaging, lasers, microscopes, and photography are used to aid the examination and comparison of mechanical impressions.
The document discusses the external morphology of the human ear by examining its structure, how pressure affects it, and the procedure used to compare ears.
This document provides an overview of examining questioned documents. It discusses examining the paper, ink, writing, stamps, and other features for signs of alteration, addition, or substitution that could indicate a forgery. Features like wire marks, watermarks, erasures, folds, and impressions are analyzed. The goal is to determine if a document's origin, appearance, content, or circumstances raise suspicions about its authenticity by comparing its characteristics. A variety of tools like magnifying glasses, photography, and light analysis can be used to carefully examine documents for any anomalies.
This document discusses questioned document examination, which analyzes documents with suspicious authenticity using scientific methods. It outlines the history and methodology of the field, including the ACE method of analysis, comparison, and evaluation. Common types of questioned documents that may be examined include wills, checks, agreements, receipts, ID cards, licenses, currency notes, and suicide notes.
This document provides an overview of the examination of seal impressions in forensic science. It discusses the different types of stamps and seals, the characteristics of impressions they make, and the examination process forensic document examiners follow. This includes examining the questioned impression under a microscope, comparing it to test impressions made with the known stamp or seal, and looking for defects and features that could indicate a match or non-match. The goal is to determine whether a questioned impression was or was not made by a particular stamp or seal.
Glass is a hard, brittle substance composed of sand mixed with metal oxides that is melted and cooled without crystallizing. It is formed by mixing sand with ingredients like soda and lime, then melting the mixture at high temperatures. There are different types of glass like float glass, borosilicate glass, tempered glass, and laminated glass, each with different chemical compositions and properties. Glass evidence can be analyzed based on its density, refractive index, and fracture patterns to potentially match glass fragments from a crime scene to a source.
Physical evidence collected from crime scenes can be used to reconstruct the events of a crime. There are several types of evidence including trace evidence, biological evidence, and direct evidence like fingerprints. It is important that evidence is properly documented, collected, packaged, labeled, and maintained in the chain of custody. A thorough search and documentation of the crime scene helps investigators form a hypothesis of what occurred.
Individual handwriting characteristics are unique to each person and include things like stroke direction and curvature, pen pauses where the pen stops touching the page, pen lifts where the pen is removed from the page, placement of dots, crossings, and punctuation, hesitations seen in vertical or curved lines, embellishments added for style, abbreviations of common letters or words, and distinctive ways of making the cross on "t" and dot on "i". These characteristics are developed unconsciously over time and differ between genuine and forged writing.
This document discusses various methods used to alter documents, including erasure and obliteration. It notes that erasures can be detected under microscopic examination but may not reveal the original text. Obliteration through chemicals is invisible to the naked eye but can be seen under microscopy. Infrared luminescence examination can determine if different inks were used for original text versus obliterated text, but recovery is impossible if the same ink was used.
This document provides an overview of forensic handwriting analysis and its use in criminal investigations. It discusses how handwriting is unique to individuals and can be used as evidence. Examples are given of historic cases where handwriting analysis helped identify criminals, such as the Lindbergh kidnapping. The document also outlines the process of handwriting examination and discusses organizations and standards in the field of forensic document examination.
Introduction to Forensic Questioned Document. This further will equip the reader's knowledge of the background on forensics, particularly on examination of disputed documents.
Forensic science involves the application of science to matters of law. It aims to provide accurate information to the criminal justice system by examining physical evidence from crime scenes. Some key points covered are:
- Forensic scientists analyze evidence using principles from various sciences to help solve crimes.
- Proper collection, documentation and preservation of evidence at the crime scene is crucial, as is maintaining chain of custody.
- Different types of evidence include trace evidence, transient evidence, and class evidence.
- Various forensic disciplines like pathology, toxicology, biology and chemistry are used to analyze different types of physical evidence.
The history of document examination began in 1792 in England when specially-qualified witnesses were first allowed to testify solely based on direct comparison of disputed documents to known standards. However, the practice was not consistently accepted until the 1800s. By the early 1900s, document examination had developed into a distinct discipline, led by figures like Albert Osborn. Throughout the 1900s, the field adapted to changes in writing tools and the growing electronic age. Today, document examination is recognized as a scientific field, with experts analyzing various physical evidence using specialized equipment and knowledge of the history and techniques of forgery.
CRJS406-DB3
Name
Class
Date
Professor
CRJS406-DB3
Evidence is the foundation of all criminal cases. Without evidence there is no way to show the court who committed the crime and how this determination was made. Evidence assists police in forming a conclusion about who committed the crime and locating who was responsible. For example a broken window would point to the crime of burglary and a fingerprint left on the broken window pane would physical evidence showing the criminal suspect was present at the crime scene. Evidence is the material objects presented at court to show the guilt of an offender and to show the court how they defendant committed the crime.
Evidence is the pieces of the puzzle that are put together in order to support or disprove a claim. For example a prosecutor charges a person with burglary. In order to show they are guilty of the crime there must be evidence pointing to the guilt of the criminal defendant. Without evidence there is no way to prove beyond a reasonable doubt the guilt of the criminal defendant. If the guilt of the defendant cannot be proven through evidence then the burglar will be found not guilty even if they were guilty of committing the crime.
The primary role of evidence in a criminal investigation is to show the guilt or innocence of the criminal offender. The prosecution is not the only member of the court that introduced evidence. Evidence is also introduced by the defense. The defense is the criminal defendant and their attorney. Evidence is used to show why a criminal is guilty or why a criminal defendant could not have committed the crime. Without evidence there is no way to show guilt or innocence (Kaisler, 2008). Since evidence is so important so is the collection of evidence. Evidence not collected properly or properly documented could be excluded from the court process.
Documentation is the most important step in the gathering of any evidence at a crime scene. Documentation allows the state to prove to the court that the evidence located was located at the crime scene. If the state cannot show the court where the evidence was located, who collected the evidence, and how the evidence was analyzed. Documentation begins with the walk through and the sketch followed by photographing the evidence and labeling each piece of evidence with information about the crime scene investigator and when, where, and how the evidence as collected.
Physical evidence is crucial in proving the guilt of a criminal offender but it is also used to paint a picture of what occurred at the scene and identifies the potential motive of the offender. Physical evidence shows who could have committed the crime and supports the conclusion made by the prosecutor. Evidence is the proof. Evidence supports opinions and allow criminal investigator to draw conclusions.
References
Kaisler, L. (2008). What is Evidence? Retrieved October 22, 2013 from
http://21cif.com/tutorials/micro.
Types of evidence and observations presentationMaria Donohue
Types of Evidence
There are two main types of evidence: testimonial evidence and physical evidence. Testimonial evidence includes eyewitness testimony and statements. Physical evidence refers to tangible items found at a crime scene, on victims, or in a suspect's possession. Physical evidence is often more reliable than eyewitness accounts, which can be affected by factors like memory errors, suggestive questioning, and biases. Both types of evidence must be carefully collected and analyzed to determine facts about a crime.
The document discusses different types of evidence used in civil and criminal cases. Direct evidence establishes a fact without inference, while circumstantial evidence requires an inference to be made from other proven facts. Circumstantial evidence relies on logical inferences made from a series of facts and circumstances. Physical evidence found at a crime scene, such as fingerprints, blood stains, or other objects, can help investigators determine what occurred but must be properly collected, documented, and preserved to maintain its integrity.
The document discusses the historical method of research. It describes the process of conducting historical research which involves recognizing a problem, gathering relevant information, forming hypotheses, rigorously collecting and verifying evidence, analyzing the evidence to draw conclusions, and recording those conclusions in a narrative. It discusses the importance of primary and secondary sources, with primary sources being first-hand accounts that require detective work to find. The document outlines the steps of external and internal criticism researchers use to evaluate sources, including assessing authenticity, reliability, and credibility. Statistical analysis and arguments by analogy are also discussed as methods in historical research.
The document discusses the historical method of research. It describes the process of conducting historical research which involves recognizing a problem, gathering relevant information, forming hypotheses, rigorously collecting and verifying evidence, analyzing the evidence to draw conclusions, and recording those conclusions in a narrative. It discusses the importance of primary and secondary sources, with primary sources being first-hand accounts that require detective work to find. The document outlines the steps of external and internal criticism researchers use to evaluate sources, including assessing authenticity, reliability, and credibility. Statistical analysis and arguments by analogy are also discussed as methods in historical research.
INTRODUCTION.pptx OG FFOBNJBGUGIUGHKHIYUHBJKHUIYSanketShivansh
Forensic science utilizes principles from various sciences like biology, chemistry, and physics to analyze physical evidence for legal purposes. It aims to reconstruct events of crimes by determining what happened, where, when, how, and to whom using scientific methods. Forensic scientists work to identify suspects, link people and crimes, support or disprove witness testimony, and eliminate suspects through analysis of evidence. Their work provides impartial evidence for use in courts of law.
Ethical standards are crucial in criminal investigations and prosecutions, especially for serious crimes like homicide and rape. Investigators and prosecutors must follow guidelines to ensure evidence is properly handled and testimony will stand up in court. Upholding ethics - from the initial investigation through trial - helps ensure the right person is convicted while protecting the innocent. Without such standards, the public would lose faith in the justice system and innocent people could be imprisoned.
This document provides information on manner of death classifications in forensic investigations. It explains that manner of death can be natural, accidental, suicidal, or homicidal based on autopsy findings and evidence. Natural deaths are due to natural diseases, accidents have no evidence of assault but an unexplained cause of death, suicides have self-inflicted wounds or evidence the victim fired the gun, and homicides show the victim was killed by someone else. The document emphasizes that determining manner of death is important for research, prevention, and prosecution purposes. It also discusses some special classification cases involving drugs, assisted suicide, and child deaths.
394C H A P T E R 8Identification of SuspectsLineups .docxgilbertkpeters11344
394
C H A P T E R 8
Identification of Suspects:
Lineups and Showups
Law enforcement may have the elements of a contest about it, but it is not a game.
—JUSTICE BYRON WHITE,
DISSENTING IN MASSIAH V. UNITED STATES, 377 U.S. 201, 213 (1964)
CHAPTER OUTLINE
The Persistence of Mistaken Identification
Identification and the Right to Counsel
The Right to Counsel at Post-indictment Lineups
When Does the Right to Counsel at Lineups Attach?
Does the Right to Counsel Apply to Photographic
Identification?
Identification and the Fifth Amendment
Due Process and Eyewitness Identification
Law in Society: Reducing the Error of Eyewitness
Identification
Understanding Memory and Recall
Toward More Accurate Identification
Improving Lineups
Summary
Legal Puzzles
Justices of the Supreme Court: Nixon’s Conservatives:
Burger and Rehnquist
Warren Earl Burger
William H. Rehnquist
KEY TERMS
cross-examination
exoneration
eyewitness
identification parade
lineup
showup
suggestibility
testimonial evidence
wrongful conviction
THE PERSISTENCE OF MISTAKEN IDENTIFICATION
Eyewitness identification is the most important source of truth in most criminal cases and, ironical-
ly, the leading source of error that results in the conviction of innocent people. The use of eyewit-
nesses at every stage of the criminal process is self-evident. A street mugging victim sits in a police
car and is asked whether a suspect matches her description. A store clerk at a police station lineup is
asked whether each person in the lineup is or is not the armed robber. At a trial, a homeowner sitting
in the witness box is asked to identify the burglar; he raises his arm, points to the person sitting next
to the defense lawyer, and says, “That’s the man; I’d know him anywhere.”
Honestly mistaken identification is recognized by commonsense psychology. An attorney
conducting a cross-examination of an eyewitness in a criminal trial asks commonsense questions
to cast doubt on the accuracy of the witness’s perception. How long did the witness observe the
perpetrator? Was the witness wearing eyeglasses? What were the lighting conditions? The legal
system places great faith in the ability of cross-examination to ferret out the truth. A century ago,
M08_ZALM7613_06_SE_CH08.QXD 1/11/10 7:33 PM Page 394
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Identification of Suspects: Lineups and Showups 395
Dean John Wigmore of Northwestern University Law School called cross-examination “the
greatest legal engine ever invented for the discovery of truth.”1 The Supreme Court said that “cross-
examination is the principal means by which the believability of a witness and the truth of his
testimony are tested” (Davis v. Alaska, 1974). Nevertheless, it has been known for a century that
human identification is fraught with error. Classroom experiments by psychologist Hugo
Münsterberg were published in 1908 and dramatically demonstrated that human recall of recent
events is filled with err.
The document discusses various fields of forensic science that can assist forensic scientists in criminal investigations and court cases. It describes forensic pathology, toxicology, psychology, anthropology, archeology, entomology, odontology, serology, microanalysis and how each area can provide valuable evidence about the victim, cause of death, timeline of events, or help identify suspects. It emphasizes that forensic scientists rely on expertise from these different areas to strengthen criminal cases and make convictions.
Forensic science is the application of science to matters of law. It examines physical evidence found at crime scenes to establish or disprove facts through scientific analysis using principles from fields like physics, chemistry, and biology. Forensic scientists present their expert findings and conclusions in court to aid legal proceedings.
Forensic science is the application of science to address legal matters. It involves using various scientific techniques to analyze evidence found at crime scenes. Some key areas of forensic science include analyzing fingerprints, DNA, ballistics, toxicology, pathology, entomology, questioned documents, and trace evidence. The goal is to apply scientific processes and reasoning to help determine exactly what happened in criminal cases.
The document provides information about crime scenes and evidence collection. It defines key crime scene terms like primary and secondary crime scenes. It describes different types of evidence like testimonial, physical, and trace evidence. It outlines the crime scene investigation process from interviewing witnesses to documenting and processing the scene to collect evidence. It also lists different forensic science disciplines involved in analyzing evidence and their roles.
This document highlights the expertise, education, and experience of Modupe (Maria) Sarratt for administrative support and healthcare assistant roles. She has over 5 years of healthcare experience and 10 years of administrative experience. Her skills include medical terminology, patient care, data entry, Microsoft Office, and communication. She has a Bachelor's degree in Psychology and a Master's in Healthcare Administration from University of Maryland University College.
This document provides instructions for initiating intravenous (IV) infusion and initiating a saline lock. It describes how IV therapy can help casualties by replacing fluid losses from hemorrhage, dehydration, or burns. Complications like infiltration and air embolism are risks if not done carefully. The document then provides step-by-step instructions for setting up IV equipment, selecting and preparing the infusion site, inserting the IV catheter, and initiating a saline lock when continuous infusion is not needed. Maintaining sterility and avoiding air in the line are emphasized.
The document provides a summary of skills and experience for a job or partnership. It lists communication skills, attention to detail, assertiveness, innovation, negotiation, decision making, leadership, goal setting, time management, customer service and problem solving. It then lists some perceived weaknesses and how they could be strengths, such as using stubbornness for persistence. It provides examples of work experiences including advocating for patient expectations, finding solutions through shared responsibilities, and ensuring quality service through leadership and satisfying patients. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration and good customer service through negotiated agreements.
False accusation of plagiarism by professor discriminationModupe Sarratt
Unforgettable higher education injustice
I considered the accusation of plagiarism is an unforgettable injustice to any foreign origin as well as the lack of career readiness for job placement as an injustice to the college graduates.
In my experience of false accusation of plagiarism is by discrimination due to my national origin as foreign students to share my experience in English class. In all my endeavors I am proud of myself for working hard to earn an “A” for grade is what I cherished to go forward to do better because I was lucky that the plagiarism accusation is discrimination for demotion or reduction of my grade from A to D to end up with an associate degree in medical assisting with GPA 3.15. As a result of the experience, I took the opportunity to prove myself with pursuing a bachelor degree in psychology to take college writing for researching with GPA 3.25 in Psychology. Then progress to earn my master degree in healthcare administration with GPA 3.75
Although I love Anne Arundel College, however, the experiences of false accusation of plagiarisms feel as discrimination to hamper/hinder my progress for higher education. I do wish that the rule or the policy is being evaluated to be fair so that some student will not feel as if they are the target for plagiarism due to their national origin.
Presentation of intravalley health for patient experience & satisfaction surveysModupe Sarratt
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The Building Blocks of QuestDB, a Time Series Databasejavier ramirez
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1. Expert Forensic Document Examiner 2
The Scope of Document Examination 3
What is a Document & a Questioned Document? 4
Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, & Training 5
History 6
History for Discipline 7
History for A Change 8
Past Case - Albert S. Osborn 9
Current Case - Casey Anthony trial attack on forensic evidence 10
Casey continue 11
Ongoing Case - Gabrielle Giffords 12
Innovation 13
Types of Examinations 14
Research / An Experiment 15
Past & Future Explained 16
Court Exhibition 17
Expert Witness Testimony 18
Specimen Description 19
Protocols for Compare Script 20
Laboratory Test Result 21
Analysis 22
Conclusion 23
Reference 24
Reference 25
Contents
2. Expert Forensic Document Examiner
An expert forensic document examiner refers to a person who studies & questioned
all aspects of a document to determine its authenticity, origin, handwriting,
photocopies, inks and papers to testify in the court. A forensic document examiner
is intimately linked to the legal system as a forensic scientist. A Forensic Document
Examiner must have a sound basic education through the baccalaureate degree. The
typical training period is two years of study and practical experience in an
established questioned documents laboratory where the examiner trainee studies the
basic literature, completes study projects, becomes familiar with the role of forensic
sciences in general and questioned documents in particular as they relate to the legal
system. (US Legal, Inc. 2001-2014 )
The term "forensic" means simply, "having to do with the law." Document
Examination, as an established field of scientific study, came into being early in this
century as a means of identifying forgery and establishing the authenticity of
documents in dispute. It developed from the Court not able to correctly evaluate
document for forgery. It has been stated that "Forgery was practiced from the earliest
times in every country where writing was the medium of communication" according
to Baker, 1955 referenced by (SAFDE)
Sarratt, Document Examiner
3. The Scope of Document Examination
Identification of handwriting and signatures
Identification of a document as a forgery
Identification of typewriters, check writers, and
photocopies
Detection of alterations, additions, deletions, or
substitutions
Deciphering alterations and erasures
Identification and deciphering of indented writing
Comparisons of inks and identification of type of writing
instrument
Identification of markings under crossed-out portions of
document
Authenticating or disputing the origin of a document
(SAFDE 2005)
Sarratt, Document Examiner
4. What is a Document & a Questioned
Document?
A Document
Questioned Document
A document is a complex handwriting
or printing information with
different characters or strokes.
A document according to SAFDE is
best defined as anything bearing
marks, signs, or symbols that have
meaning or convey a message to
someone. The 3 basic elements
require to produce a writing are:
1) The writing surface
2) The writing instrument
3) The transfer medium
Questioned document is unsure
document that has any or all of
the following characteristics:
Stain
Blur
doubtful
Unknown
Questionable
Vague
5. Knowledge, Skills, Abilities, & Training
Knowledge of: handwriting styles and
their physiological characteristics, and
the proper operation and application of
equipment/chemicals in preparing
forensic analysis.
Ability to: detect genuineness, forgery, or
alterations in questioned documents,
prepare formal written reports of
findings and conclusions to support
legal action, present findings and
conclusions clearly and concisely with
the use of visual aids in a courtroom or
instructional setting, convey orally in
layman's terms, the process of examining
questioned documents and their results.
Skill in: operating highly specialized
equipment and preparing chemical
compounds in a safe and secure manner
Training:
Introduction to Fraud
Security Features
Birth Certificates
Vehicle Documents
Driver Licenses and IDs
Travel Documents
Social Security Cards
Immigration Documents
Military IDs
Canadian Documents
Mexican Documents
Counterfeits and Alterations
People and Actions
Sarratt, Document Examiner
(HRSF 2014)
6. History
The history of document
examiner is as old as the
alphabet dated back to the
bible when Moses is an
expert witness to God
handwriting
"The Ten Commandments"
Questioned Document is
the history of
"Forgery" for "Forensic"
"Science" for "Law"
-Koppenhaver 2007
Sarratt, Document Examiner
7. History For Discipline
Many questioned document cases are
proven on evidence other than
handwriting examination. For example,
in 1928 there was a famous case known as
the Duke "Lost Heirs Case" which was
tried in Somerville, NJ. A family Bible was
introduced inscribed with the birth dates
of children of the family. The mother
claimed that she wrote the dates in the
Bible shortly after the birth of the
children in 1887 and 1889. However,
careful examination of the Bible itself
showed that it was copyrighted in 1890,
invalidating the timing claimed by the
mother.
(Will 2001-2008)
Notorious case in history for
forensic document examiner
according to Houck & Siegel (2010)
is that of Alfred Dreyfus for treason
1870-1940 when Alphonse Bertillon
was a photographer who developed
the "science of anthropometry" who
testified in court as an expert
forensic document examiner that
Dreyfus authored the pivotal
document in questioned that later
established to be false is setback to
forensic base on science to
established a reasonable doubt for
bias as an affair with science.
Sarratt, Document Examiner
8. History For Change
The history of Forgery is a science that need to change, based on numerous history,
forensic has been proven to be inaccurate and accused of bias in the procedure for
analyzing handwriting according to Miller (1984) Bias among forensic document
examiners: a need for procedural change.
Sarratt, Document Examiner
9. Past Case - Albert S. Osborn
A case of a signature for
penmanship is as to whether or not a
signature is genuine for disputed document
in July 1, 1940 should be looked for
handwriting and perhaps photograph. The
examination of signature should be made in
good daylight for ink colors and whether the
signature was writing in hurry. Suitable
magnifying glasses should be in hand and as
a rule, genuine writing
should be available for direct comparison
according to this article “ink” old or fresh
and exact size of paper cut or evenly by hand
or by instrument, fold or crump are evidence
to the authenticity of the signature.
Osborn is considered the pioneer of the question
document field, he published a book that is widely
excepted because of his extensive use of scientific
techniques. Albert Osborn and Lindbergh Baby Case
Result of his work and national attention, the QD
field was included in many Federal and State
Agencies. Now called Questioned Document
Examiners
Sarratt, Document Examiner
10. Current Case - Casey Anthony trial attack on
forensic evidence
An article written by Warren Richey on June 16, 2011 indicated that Lorie Gottesman,
an FBI forensic examiner, testifies during the murder trial of Casey Anthony at the
Orange County Courthouse, in Orlando, Fla., accused with killing her 2-year old
daughter in 2008 found no evidence of a heart-shaped sticker or heart-shaped
residue on a piece of duct tape that prosecutors say was the murder weapon used by
Casey Anthony to suffocate her two-year-old daughter Caylee.
The case is important for twist according to Richey,
In earlier testimony Gottesman told the jury that when examining the duct tape she
used a high-tech device with special lights and filters that is capable of identifying
images that are beyond the range of the human eye to see. In an unusual twist, Ms.
Gottesman also testified that the only traceable DNA evidence found on the duct tape
discovered near Caylee’s remains belonged to her. “How did it happen,” Mr. Baez
asked. “I have no idea how it happened or when,” Gottesman told the jury. Baez asked
if she sneezed on the evidence. “No sir.” “Throughout the entire time you had these
items you exercised great care,” Baez asked
Sarratt, Document Examiner
__Richey (2011)
11. Casey continue The testimony is important because it raises doubt about one of
the most vivid and brutal suggestions in the case – that Caylee’s killer may have adorned the murder weapon
itself with a heart-shaped sticker.
Outline of a heart
In earlier testimony Gottesman told the jury
that when examining the duct tape she used a
high-tech device with special lights and filters
that is capable of identifying images that are
beyond the range of the human eye to see.
During the prosecution’s case, earlier this
week, an FBI fingerprint expert testified that
she observed what appeared to be a dime-
sized residue outline in the shape of a heart on
a portion of the duct tape that allegedly
covered Caylee’s face. A supervisor also said
she saw the residue outline.
The expert, Elizabeth Fontaine, continued
conducting fingerprint tests. Later, when she
attempted to photograph the outline, she said
she was unable to see it.
Heart stickers found
The disappearing heart on the duct tape isn’t
the only heart-shaped piece of evidence in the
case. Prosecutors also introduced a pink raised
heart on a piece of soiled cardboard that crime
scene investigators located in the same woods
where Caylee’s remains were found.
Investigators found and seized heart stickers
in a drawer in Casey’s bedroom. But it is
unclear whether any of them match the raised
pink heart found on the soiled cardboard or
are similar to the dime-shaped image reported
by the fingerprint expert.
Baez called three crime scene investigators
who testified for the prosecution back to the
witness stand to ask them how far away the
pink heart on the cardboard was from Caylee’s
remains.
Sarratt, Document Examiner
12. Ongoing Case - Gabrielle Giffords
Recent and ongoing case is a man accused of fatally gunning down six people and
wounding 13 others, including U.S. Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, to submit a
handwriting sample -- a request that he, thus far, has refused
According to CNN, a federal prosecutor motion was filed Monday, out of the
office of U.S. Attorney Dennis Burke in Arizona, asking the court to compel
Jared Lee Loughner to write out something so authorities can view his writing
style. The government wants the sample to compare with handwritten notes
found in Loughner's residence that include mentions of Giffords "as well as
references to guns and bullets," according to a court document. It says he has
resisted such requests to date, "arguing that the court lacks authority" to force
him to provide a sample. (CNN 2011)
Sarratt, Document Examiner
13. Innovation
History Advance
Turn of century, lifestyles
changed from rural to urban
From people that could
distinguish the authenticity of
a document.
Bias, the history Dreyfus case,
setback the discipline
Drawing conclusions from
certain types of characteristics
in the handwriting sample
Allowed for more
opportunities in education.
Attorneys would look toward
penman for help with cases
Osborn, the pioneer of the
question document field
because he published a book
Use of scientific techniques.
Albert Osborn and Lindbergh
Baby Case
Accepted in court because
they used scientific methods
Sarratt, Document Examiner
14. Types of Examinations
Handwriting Comparisons
Pen lifts & pressure
Ink Examinations
Indented Writing
Space between letters & words
Alterations
Paper Analysis
Photocopy Analysis
Typewriting
Beginning and ending stroke
Sarratt, Document Examiner
15. A Lay Witness Identification
of Handwriting for (An
Experiment) in 1939
referencing to ink as a
source of evidence to proof
the authorship
Inbau, F. E. (1939).
the signature specimens
which were used in this
experiment are
reproduced and discussed
in an article currently
appearing in the Police
Science section of the
Journal of Criminal Law
and Criminology (Vol. 30,
No. 4). Entitled “The
Detection of Forgery”.
Research / An Experiment
Sarratt, Document Examiner
16. Past & Future Explained
In the area for a consideration to the instrument such as ink or pen as an attribution
to proving the authenticity and the authorship of a handwriting. According to
Neumann & Margot (2010), the bases for suggestions are; while there are often not
enough characteristics to identify an instrument or a batch solely based on the
analysis of an ink sample, the inference of the identity of source can be supported
by a statistical process. This statistical process would supplement the limitations
in the discriminating power of the chosen analytical techniques. In such case, the
use of relevant databases, populated depending on the chosen definition of the
source of an ink.
While this interpretative process would not lead to the individualization a given
instrument, probabilistic statements could be reported for ink evidence as they
are for other evidence types. At this point, it is important to realize that some of
the definitions of the meaning attributed to the source of an ink can make the
examination process uninformative -Neumann & Margot (2010).
Watch:
Move the mouse to the
link, right click, select
Open Hyperlink.
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery
/31573-conspiracy-test-kalymon-
handwriting-analysis-
video.htm#mkcpgn=snag1
Sarratt, Document Examiner
18. My name is
Modupe Sarratt
I am the Forensic
Document Examiner
for the Mock Case
#H03-034
Expert Witness Testimony
19. Specimen Description
One known exemplar (K1) was submitted by Mrs.
Jackson for comparison with an unknown ASW scrap
of paper found in the car of Mr. Aaron Andrade (Q1).
Additional known exemplars of Mr. Aaron Anadrade
(K2) and Mr. Alexander Rios (K3) were also submitted
for comparison.
Sarratt, Document Examiner
20. Protocols for Compare Script
Uses science to study handwriting or script; an expert is someone who
uses science to analyses a document for differences in characteristic of
the letters.
Scope of my examination include
Identification unknown and known sample by their name
Comparing handwriting of the unknown side by side with the known
By make a small mark at the top of each letter
Using ruler to join the dots to identified handwriting pattern of the unknown
and exemplars
Scrutinizing handwriting with
Microscopic/Oblique Lighting
Macroscopic/Ultraviolet Lighting
Electrostatic (ESDA) - Not Uses
To find what are,
• Perfectly match
• Mostly match
• Somewhat match
• Do not match at all
Sarratt, Document Examiner
21. Laboratory Test Result
Physical Comparison of paper
"Fracture match" examination of the cut edges of both sides of each sheet of
paper were unable to be matched with samples given from Mr. Andrade,
Mrs. Jackson, and Mr. Rios
Microscopic/Oblique lighting
Oblique lighting analysis with a Foster-Freeman Crime-Lite 82L revealed no
indented writing or markings of evidential value.
Macroscopic/VSC6000
Examination under ultraviolet lighting revealed several fluorescent paper
fibers bisected (cut).
Electrostatic (ESDA) – Not Used
Sarratt, Document Examiner
23. Conclusion
Note:
A document examiner may also say that he or she cannot arrive at a
conclusion based on the given samples.
Upon testing following all the protocols and procedures. I concluded the
questioned document and exemplars
• Do not match at all
Sarratt, Document Examiner
24. Reference
CNN Wire Staff. (March 8, (2011 6:04 a.m. EST.) Feds try to force Arizona
shooting suspect to give writing sample
http://www.cnn.com/2011/CRIME/03/07/arizona.loughner/index.html?
_s=PM:CRIME Accessed 2014-09-04
HRSF: Human Resources San Francisco Class 8564. (2014-04-11).
http://www.jobaps.com/SF/specs/classspecdisplay.asp?ClassNumber=82
64
Inbau, F. E. (1939). Lay witness identification of handwriting (an experiment). Ill.
L. Rev., 34, 433. Accessed 2014-04-08
Layton, Julia. 26 August 2006 "How Handwriting Analysis Works”.
HowStuffWorks.com. http://science.howstuffworks.com/handwriting-
analysis.htm Accessed 08 April 2014
Neumann, C., & Margot, P. (2010). Considerations on the ASTM Standards 1789-
04 and 1422-05 on the Forensic Examination of Ink. Journal Of Forensic
Sciences (Wiley- Blackwell), 55(5), 1304-1310. doi:10.1111/j.1556-
4029.2010.01454.x
Sarratt, Document Examiner
25. Reference
Osborn, A. S. (1940). THE INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL OF A QUESTIONED
DOCUMENT CASE. Journal Of Criminal Law& Criminology (08852731),
31236- 245.
Southern Association of Forensic Document Examiners (SAFDE 2005)
http://www.safde.org/whatwedo.htm Accessed 2014-04-10
Video. (2014). How Stuff Work Accessed 2014-04-10
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/31573-conspiracy-test-
kalymon-handwriting-analysis-video.htm#mkcpgn=snag1
Winfrey, Tom. (Aug 19, 2010) Questioned Document Slide Show
http://www.slideshare.net/tomwinfrey/questioned-documents-
slide-show Accessed 2014-09-04.
Sarratt, Document Examiner
Editor's Notes
Reference
Baker, J. N. (1955). Law of Disputed and Forged Documents: Cases, Illustrations. Michie Company.
US Legal, Inc. 2001-2014. Forensic Document Examiner Law & Legal Definition
Southeastern Association of Forensic Document Examiners (SAFDE 2005). Accessed 2014-04-09
Reference
Southern Association of Forensic Document Examiners (SAFDE 2005) http://www.safde.org/whatwedo.htm Accessed 2014-04-10
Reference
HRSF: Human Resources San Francisco Class 8564 (2014-04-11). http://www.jobaps.com/SF/specs/classspecdisplay.asp?ClassNumber=8264
Koppenhaver, K. M. (2007). History of Forgery. Forensic Document Examination: Principles and Practice, 47-54.
Houck, Max M. & Siegel, Jay. A. (2010). Fundamental of Forensic Science. Second Edition. Elsevier Ltd. P504
Will, Emily J. (2001-2008 ). FAMOUS CASES - Questioned Documents in the Spotlight http://qdewill.com/oldsite/famous_cases.htm Accessed 2014-04-11
Miller, L. S. (1984). Bias among forensic document examiners: a need for procedural change. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 12(4), 407-411.
Osborn, A. S. (1940). THE INVESTIGATION AND TRIAL OF A QUESTIONED DOCUMENT CASE. Journal Of Criminal Law & Criminology (08852731), 31236-245.
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