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Wet rendering involves heating animal fat with steam to extract oil, which is then separated from water. Dry rendering differs in that it uses steam heating without water. Wet rendering is preferred for food oils to avoid ester and soap formation that can occur during dry rendering's splitting process. Refining oil involves alkali refining to neutralize free fatty acids, degumming to remove lecithin, bleaching to remove impurities using bleaching earth, deodorization to vaporize and remove odors by suction heating, and wintering by cooling oils below winter temperatures.
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oil
Oils are triglyceride esters that are liquid at room temperature. They are mainly produced by plants and are less saturated with lower melting points compared to fats. Oils can come from animal sources like livestock or plant sources like seeds and nuts. They are classified based on properties like iodine value into drying, semi-drying, and non-drying oils. The oil refining process involves four main stages: degumming to remove phospholipids, neutralization to remove free fatty acids, bleaching to remove color, and deodorization to remove odors. Refined oils have many applications including cooking, cosmetics, paints, lubricants, and fuel.
Drying of oil
Drying oils contain unsaturated fatty acids with conjugated double bonds that undergo autoxidation when exposed to air, forming hydroperoxides that polymerize to create a hard, transparent coating. This process is used to make paints and oilcloths. The drying occurs more rapidly for fatty acids with conjugated double bonds compared to non-conjugated ones, and can be accelerated by adding metal driers like manganese or lead salts. Drying oils are classified based on their ability to dry, with linseed oil being an example of a drying oil that forms a tough film upon exposure to air.
Current Situation and Future Prospects of Oleochemical Industry
Current Situation and Future Prospects of Oleochemical Industry Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC Egypt)
Presented during workshop on oleochemicals by MPOC -Cairo
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Eng: Ahmad Mustafa
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Lipids (fixed oils and fats )
Lipids can be classified by their structure as simple lipids like fats and oils or complex lipids like phospholipids. They can also be classified based on whether they undergo hydrolysis in alkaline solutions. Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol, forming triglycerides. Fats are usually saturated while oils contain some unsaturated fatty acids. Waxes differ from fats and oils in that they are esters of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids with higher melting points. Lipids serve important functions and have many applications, such as in soaps, foods, and cosmetics.
Fatty Acid Isolation (Unit 4 a)
The document discusses various methods for isolating fatty acids and glycerine from triglycerides including chemical and enzymatic modifications. Chemical modifications include transesterification, hydrolysis, aminolysis, and saponification. Transesterification is used to produce biodiesel and involves a reaction of triglycerides with an alcohol like methanol. Enzymatic modifications use lipases to selectively modify triglycerides in ways that cannot be achieved with chemical modifications. Overall, the document provides an overview of important industrial processes for separating fatty acids and glycerine from oils and fats.
Intereseterification of oils
this presentation is about the technology in the oil called interesterification, This presentation is giving the knowledge about how interesterification is done and its classification
Changes In Fats During Processing
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Fats and oils
This document summarizes key information about fats and oils, including their structure, rancidity, and how heat affects them. It also outlines several extraction methods for fats and oils like rendering, pressing, and solvent extraction. Refining processes are discussed along with winterization and hydrogenation. Shortenings and their uses in foods are covered. Finally, the document defines cholesterol, lists foods containing it, and outlines its functions in the body.
Recommended
oil
Oils are triglyceride esters that are liquid at room temperature. They are mainly produced by plants and are less saturated with lower melting points compared to fats. Oils can come from animal sources like livestock or plant sources like seeds and nuts. They are classified based on properties like iodine value into drying, semi-drying, and non-drying oils. The oil refining process involves four main stages: degumming to remove phospholipids, neutralization to remove free fatty acids, bleaching to remove color, and deodorization to remove odors. Refined oils have many applications including cooking, cosmetics, paints, lubricants, and fuel.
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By:
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Lipids can be classified by their structure as simple lipids like fats and oils or complex lipids like phospholipids. They can also be classified based on whether they undergo hydrolysis in alkaline solutions. Lipids are made up of fatty acids and glycerol, forming triglycerides. Fats are usually saturated while oils contain some unsaturated fatty acids. Waxes differ from fats and oils in that they are esters of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids with higher melting points. Lipids serve important functions and have many applications, such as in soaps, foods, and cosmetics.
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- Crushing
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- RBD Palm Stearin
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- Mid Stearin
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- RBD Palm Kernel Olein
- RBD Palm Kernel Stearin
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- Palm Kernel Fatty Acid Distillates (PKFAD)
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- Hydrogenated Palm Kernel Oil (HPKO)
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- Hydrogenated Double Olein
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this slides will help to provide the better information about the role, properties, nutritive aspect of Fat and oil.
can be use by under graduate or post graduate students as well.
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laboratory preparation of biodiesel
- The document describes the process of synthesizing biodiesel through transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol.
- Transesterification is a chemical reaction where the fatty acid chains of triglycerides are replaced with methanol groups, producing fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol.
- The process involves mixing vegetable oil, methanol, and a base catalyst under agitation. This produces biodiesel and glycerol, which are then separated based on differences in density.
Biodiesel
This document discusses biodiesel production and properties. It begins by defining biodiesel as an alternative fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. This process converts triglycerides into fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin. The document then covers biodiesel's production method using waste cooking oil, its fuel properties like higher flash point but lower energy density compared to diesel, lower exhaust emissions but also lower power output. Lastly, it addresses biodiesel storage and transportation challenges like its solvent properties and tendency to gel at higher temperatures than petrodiesel.
Reclamation of used oil
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India produces around 25 million tons of edible oils per year from various oilseed crops like groundnuts, soybeans, rapeseed/mustard, sesame, and niger. The major edible oils produced are groundnut, soybean, rapeseed/mustard, sesame, and sunflower oils. Various quality aspects of edible oils are regulated by acts and standards organizations to ensure safety and nutritional quality. Oils undergo various tests to check parameters like acid value, iodine value, fatty acid profile and contaminants to ensure they meet standards before packaging and labeling for consumers.
Fats n oils structure and properties
This document discusses the structure, composition, and physical properties of fats and oils. It states that fats and oils have similar chemical structures as triesters formed from glycerol and long-chain carboxylic acids. Whether a triglyceride is solid or liquid depends on the degree of saturation of its fatty acid components. Fats contain saturated fatty acids and are solid at room temperature, while oils contain unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid. The document also outlines some physical properties of fats and oils, including that they are insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, can form emulsions with water and emulsifiers, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Fats and oils
Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol backbone. They undergo various chemical reactions including hydrolysis, hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, and saponification. The properties of fats and oils can be analyzed using various values such as acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and Reichert Meissl value. These values provide information about the fatty acid composition and purity of the sample being tested.
Effect of different pre-treatment methods on production of reducing sugars fr...
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. The efficiency of the fermentation process mainly depends on the amount of reducing sugars which is further enhanced by selecting an efficient pre-treatment process. In the present work Tamarind seeds have been chosen as the substrate. The yield of bioethanol mainly depends on the yield of reducing sugars which is again dependent on the various pre-treatment methods used. So, the proposed work aims to carry out different pre-treatment methods to identify the best pre-treatment method for enhancing the yield of reducing sugars. The tamarind kernel powder will be extracted from tamarind seeds and the extracted tamarind kernel powder is subjected to various pre-treatment methods like acid pre-treatment, alkaline pre-treatment and steam explosion. The amount of reducing sugars obtained, were then determined by di-nitro salicylic acid method. It was found that acid pre-treatment with 0.3N HCl and 0.3N H2SO4 is the best pre-treatment method among the selected pre-treatment methods.
03 fuel hydrocarbons and lubricants
Crude oil is extracted from underground deposits and transported to refineries. At refineries, crude oil is broken down through fractional distillation into major hydrocarbon products like liquid petroleum gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oils, lubricating oils, asphalt, and petroleum coke. Lubricating oils are produced through further processing steps of sedimentation, fractionating, filtering, solvent extraction, and additive mixing to remove impurities and achieve desired properties. With finite petroleum reserves, synthetic-based oils are expected to become increasingly important.
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The document discusses the process of re-refining used lubricating oil. It is a 3 step process where (1) water, solids, lighter oils are removed through dehydration and diesel stripping, (2) the lubricating oil fractions are distilled and condensed, and (3) aromatic contaminants are extracted using N-methylpyrolidone. The re-refined oil is then blended with additives to enhance its lubricating properties and meet specifications.
F03124246
The document investigates the suitability of groundnut and coconut oils for high voltage insulation as alternatives to mineral oil. Tests were conducted on samples of groundnut oil, coconut oil, and mineral oil (transformer oil) including pour point, flash point, aging, moisture content, and dielectric strength tests. Results showed that groundnut oil has better insulating properties than coconut oil, with dielectric strengths of 30kV and 4kV respectively. Groundnut oil also had lower moisture content and peroxide values, indicating it could potentially be used as transformer oil up to 66kV systems. Coconut oil was found unsuitable for high voltage due to its low dielectric strength but may be suitable for low voltage insulation. Both oils are biodegrad
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Project thesis Refining of used motor oil using Solvent Extraction
It is thesis of my final year project at the completion of my BE Chemical Engineering Degree
Project Title: Refining Of Used Motor Oil
Technique Used: Solvent Extraction technique was used for refining
Analytical Method: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR)
Preparetion of asprine
Salicylic acid can be synthesized into aspirin through an acid-catalyzed reaction with acetic anhydride. In this experiment, students reacted 1g of salicylic acid with 2.5mL of acetic anhydride using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. This produced 0.68g of aspirin, with a percent yield of 52.12%. Tests on the product showed the presence of unreacted salicylic acid, indicating impurities. The synthesis of aspirin provides an example of organic synthesis and students can analyze reaction yields and purities.
Synthesis of Aspirin lab chem 165
1) The document describes an experiment to synthesize aspirin by reacting salicylic acid with acetic anhydride. Spectroscopy and melting point comparisons were used to analyze the purity of the synthesized aspirin.
2) The experiment yielded aspirin with 0.68% salicylic acid impurity and a 91.29% actual yield. The melting point range of 126-133°C indicated some impurity compared to pure aspirin's range of 120-135°C.
3) The assumptions that the yield was 100% aspirin and that the product was fully pure were incorrect, as spectroscopy and melting point analysis revealed small amounts of unreacted salicylic acid in the product.
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One of our previous infographics looked at an overview of the complexity in the palm oil / palm kernel oil supply chain. RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil) certified oil still remains a market niche (16% of total palm oil production now RSPO certified); keeping physical oil separated from non certified oil can be very difficult and impossible depending on where you are based and the types of process and products used. If the world just used crude palm oil, tracing physical sustainable palm oil would be simpler.
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The product examples we provide do not cover all individual products that palm or palm kernel oil are used in. All main refinery processes are covered; however further blending and manufacturing processes do take place passed what is shown in this graphic.
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- Palm Oil Mill Process
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The document discusses non-edible applications of oils and fats, including soap, detergent, lubricant, paint, and biodiesel. It provides details on the history and production of soap, including traditional methods using animal fats and modern industrial processes. Key ingredients in modern soaps like sodium laureth sulfate and fragrance are described. The document also discusses the development and composition of synthetic detergents.
Presentation on re refining of lubricating oil by avadhut ,pravin & manoj
The document discusses re-refining of used lubricating oil. It begins by defining lubricating oil and its functions. It then discusses the production and demand for lubricating oil worldwide and in India. It describes the types of lubricating oils and their hydrocarbon composition. The document outlines the additives used in lubricating oils and contaminants that are present in used lubricating oil. It discusses the environmental impacts of improper disposal of used lubricating oil. Finally, it summarizes different methods for re-refining used lubricating oil including physical, physiochemical, and sulfuric acid refining methods.
Fats and oils
this slides will help to provide the better information about the role, properties, nutritive aspect of Fat and oil.
can be use by under graduate or post graduate students as well.
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Emulsion
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laboratory preparation of biodiesel
- The document describes the process of synthesizing biodiesel through transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats with methanol.
- Transesterification is a chemical reaction where the fatty acid chains of triglycerides are replaced with methanol groups, producing fatty acid methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol.
- The process involves mixing vegetable oil, methanol, and a base catalyst under agitation. This produces biodiesel and glycerol, which are then separated based on differences in density.
Biodiesel
This document discusses biodiesel production and properties. It begins by defining biodiesel as an alternative fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats through a process called transesterification. This process converts triglycerides into fatty acid alkyl esters and glycerin. The document then covers biodiesel's production method using waste cooking oil, its fuel properties like higher flash point but lower energy density compared to diesel, lower exhaust emissions but also lower power output. Lastly, it addresses biodiesel storage and transportation challenges like its solvent properties and tendency to gel at higher temperatures than petrodiesel.
Reclamation of used oil
This document discusses the reclamation of used oil through various processes. It begins by explaining how oil becomes contaminated through use and that it is technically and financially viable to reclaim used oil through physical and chemical processes to restore its properties. It then outlines two phases of reclamation: phase one discusses why oil needs reclamation and phase two summarizes different reclamation methods like acid clay treatment, propane extraction, vacuum distillation, and vacuum distillation refining. The vacuum distillation process is explained in more detail, covering infrastructure required, the feedstock arrival, preparatory stage, main processing, bleaching, and additive blending steps.
edible oils and their quality aspects
India produces around 25 million tons of edible oils per year from various oilseed crops like groundnuts, soybeans, rapeseed/mustard, sesame, and niger. The major edible oils produced are groundnut, soybean, rapeseed/mustard, sesame, and sunflower oils. Various quality aspects of edible oils are regulated by acts and standards organizations to ensure safety and nutritional quality. Oils undergo various tests to check parameters like acid value, iodine value, fatty acid profile and contaminants to ensure they meet standards before packaging and labeling for consumers.
Fats n oils structure and properties
This document discusses the structure, composition, and physical properties of fats and oils. It states that fats and oils have similar chemical structures as triesters formed from glycerol and long-chain carboxylic acids. Whether a triglyceride is solid or liquid depends on the degree of saturation of its fatty acid components. Fats contain saturated fatty acids and are solid at room temperature, while oils contain unsaturated fatty acids and are liquid. The document also outlines some physical properties of fats and oils, including that they are insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, can form emulsions with water and emulsifiers, and are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
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Fats and oils are triglycerides composed of fatty acid chains bonded to a glycerol backbone. They undergo various chemical reactions including hydrolysis, hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, and saponification. The properties of fats and oils can be analyzed using various values such as acid value, saponification value, iodine value, and Reichert Meissl value. These values provide information about the fatty acid composition and purity of the sample being tested.
Effect of different pre-treatment methods on production of reducing sugars fr...
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. The efficiency of the fermentation process mainly depends on the amount of reducing sugars which is further enhanced by selecting an efficient pre-treatment process. In the present work Tamarind seeds have been chosen as the substrate. The yield of bioethanol mainly depends on the yield of reducing sugars which is again dependent on the various pre-treatment methods used. So, the proposed work aims to carry out different pre-treatment methods to identify the best pre-treatment method for enhancing the yield of reducing sugars. The tamarind kernel powder will be extracted from tamarind seeds and the extracted tamarind kernel powder is subjected to various pre-treatment methods like acid pre-treatment, alkaline pre-treatment and steam explosion. The amount of reducing sugars obtained, were then determined by di-nitro salicylic acid method. It was found that acid pre-treatment with 0.3N HCl and 0.3N H2SO4 is the best pre-treatment method among the selected pre-treatment methods.
03 fuel hydrocarbons and lubricants
Crude oil is extracted from underground deposits and transported to refineries. At refineries, crude oil is broken down through fractional distillation into major hydrocarbon products like liquid petroleum gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, diesel fuel, fuel oils, lubricating oils, asphalt, and petroleum coke. Lubricating oils are produced through further processing steps of sedimentation, fractionating, filtering, solvent extraction, and additive mixing to remove impurities and achieve desired properties. With finite petroleum reserves, synthetic-based oils are expected to become increasingly important.
Re refining of lubricated oil222
The document discusses the process of re-refining used lubricating oil. It is a 3 step process where (1) water, solids, lighter oils are removed through dehydration and diesel stripping, (2) the lubricating oil fractions are distilled and condensed, and (3) aromatic contaminants are extracted using N-methylpyrolidone. The re-refined oil is then blended with additives to enhance its lubricating properties and meet specifications.
F03124246
The document investigates the suitability of groundnut and coconut oils for high voltage insulation as alternatives to mineral oil. Tests were conducted on samples of groundnut oil, coconut oil, and mineral oil (transformer oil) including pour point, flash point, aging, moisture content, and dielectric strength tests. Results showed that groundnut oil has better insulating properties than coconut oil, with dielectric strengths of 30kV and 4kV respectively. Groundnut oil also had lower moisture content and peroxide values, indicating it could potentially be used as transformer oil up to 66kV systems. Coconut oil was found unsuitable for high voltage due to its low dielectric strength but may be suitable for low voltage insulation. Both oils are biodegrad
Demulsifiers-Specialty oilfield chemicals
Demulsifiers are specialty chemicals used to separate water emulsified in crude oil. They are important for removing water before refining as water causes corrosion. The global market for oilfield chemicals, including demulsifiers, is growing as drilling and production increase worldwide. Demulsifier effectiveness depends on properties of the crude like viscosity, density, stabilizing components, pH, salt concentration, and presence of solids, which determine emulsion stability. Proper demulsification is necessary to prevent operational and processing problems from transporting and refining emulsified crude oils.
Project thesis Refining of used motor oil using Solvent Extraction
It is thesis of my final year project at the completion of my BE Chemical Engineering Degree
Project Title: Refining Of Used Motor Oil
Technique Used: Solvent Extraction technique was used for refining
Analytical Method: Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR)
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Palm Oil, Palm Kernel Oil Process - Fractions, Derivatives and Product Uses
Palm Oil, Palm Kernel Oil Process - Fractions, Derivatives and Product Uses
Presentation on re refining of lubricating oil by avadhut ,pravin & manoj
Presentation on re refining of lubricating oil by avadhut ,pravin & manoj
Effect of different pre-treatment methods on production of reducing sugars fr...
Effect of different pre-treatment methods on production of reducing sugars fr...
Project thesis Refining of used motor oil using Solvent Extraction
Project thesis Refining of used motor oil using Solvent Extraction
Viewers also liked
Preparetion of asprine
Salicylic acid can be synthesized into aspirin through an acid-catalyzed reaction with acetic anhydride. In this experiment, students reacted 1g of salicylic acid with 2.5mL of acetic anhydride using sulfuric acid as a catalyst. This produced 0.68g of aspirin, with a percent yield of 52.12%. Tests on the product showed the presence of unreacted salicylic acid, indicating impurities. The synthesis of aspirin provides an example of organic synthesis and students can analyze reaction yields and purities.
Synthesis of Aspirin lab chem 165
1) The document describes an experiment to synthesize aspirin by reacting salicylic acid with acetic anhydride. Spectroscopy and melting point comparisons were used to analyze the purity of the synthesized aspirin.
2) The experiment yielded aspirin with 0.68% salicylic acid impurity and a 91.29% actual yield. The melting point range of 126-133°C indicated some impurity compared to pure aspirin's range of 120-135°C.
3) The assumptions that the yield was 100% aspirin and that the product was fully pure were incorrect, as spectroscopy and melting point analysis revealed small amounts of unreacted salicylic acid in the product.
Finding the concentration of aspirin through titration
The document describes an experiment to determine the concentration of aspirin in tablets through titration. It outlines the materials needed, procedure, data collected, and calculations. The procedure involves grinding aspirin tablets, dissolving them, and titrating the solution with sodium hydroxide while monitoring for a color change. The experiment found the concentrations of aspirin were similar between brands, with the first being 0.046M and the second 0.045M.
THE PREPARATION OF A COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT ESTER
(1) The document describes the preparation of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) through the esterification of salicylic acid with acetic anhydride. (2) Theoretical and experimental yields were calculated, with an experimental yield of 84.67%. (3) Key steps included heating the reactants with sulfuric acid as a catalyst, adding iced water to form crystals of the product, filtering and drying the product.
preparation of aspirin
The document discusses the preparation and synthesis of aspirin. Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is synthesized through the esterification reaction of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. This reaction converts the hydroxyl group of salicylic acid into an ester group, yielding aspirin and acetic acid as a byproduct. A small amount of sulfuric or phosphoric acid is used as a catalyst. The document also outlines the history, uses, and potential side effects of aspirin.
Chemistry of Aspirin
presentation is based on mainly the chemistry of aspirin,A little bit introduction about nsaid is also here.The uses,doses and side effects are also in these presentation.
Aspirin
Aspirin is the common name for acetylsalicylic acid, which is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) to relieve pain, reduce fever, and minimize swelling. It is also used as an anti-platelet drug to prevent blood clots and as a preventative measure for heart conditions. Aspirin is available over the counter and commonly used for headaches, colds, flu, and preventative heart care, though it can have gastrointestinal side effects.
Saponification Presentation
This document summarizes a lab experiment on the saponification reaction between sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate. The objectives were to determine the kinetic rate constants of the reaction at different temperatures. The apparatus, methods, theory, preliminary data and results, and conclusions are described briefly. The rate constants followed Arrhenius behavior and increased with temperature as expected.
Soap & detergent chemistry
The document provides definitions and examples of soap and detergents. It discusses the history of soap manufacturing and the process of saponification to produce soap from oils/fats. A flow chart shows the steps of preparing soap in the laboratory. Detergents are defined and an example, sodium lauryl sulfate, is given. The preparation of a synthetic detergent from dodecyl alcohol is outlined. Finally, the cleansing action of soap and detergents is explained and their effectiveness compared, particularly in hard water.
Seminar On Aspirin
Aspirin is a medicine that relieves pain and reduces fever. It was first created in 1899 by a German chemist to treat his father's arthritis. Aspirin is quickly absorbed and provides rapid and long-lasting pain relief. It can be used to treat minor pains like headaches and toothaches, as well as more serious conditions like heart attacks. While it has many uses, aspirin also carries risks like Reye's syndrome in children and upset stomach or bleeding in some adults and animals. It works by reducing fever and pain but should only be used under a doctor or veterinarian's guidance.
Chemistry report final
The document describes a titration experiment involving:
1) Standardizing a sodium hydroxide solution by titrating it against samples of potassium hydrogen phthalate and calculating the molarity of the NaOH.
2) Titrating samples of vinegar with the standardized NaOH solution and calculating the molarity and percentage by mass of acetic acid in the vinegar.
3) The titrations used phenolphthalein indicator and were conducted using common lab equipment like a burette, pipette, and Erlenmeyer flasks. Calculations applied the principles of titration stoichiometry and acid-base reactions.
Lab report lipid
The document summarizes an experiment on determining the saponification number of corn and palm oil. The experiment involves hydrolyzing the oils with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and titrating the leftover KOH with hydrochloric acid (HCl). The saponification number, which indicates the chain length of fatty acids in the oils, is higher for corn oil, meaning it has shorter fatty acid chains than palm oil. However, the results of this experiment showed the opposite trend, likely due to errors in the experimental procedure.
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- 1. بسم ال الرحمن الرحيم Define the following_1 Saponificatin number:_it is the number of milligram of KOH required to_1 .saponify one gram of faty Acid value:_the number of milliliter of 0.1 mol KOH required to neutralize_2 .agiven weight of faty Iodine number:_measurement of unsaturated.it is the number of gram of_3 ..iodine absorbed by 100 gram of fats ?what is the effect of air on the oils_2 .auto oxidation and convert it to peroxide and cause rendering or rancidity of oils ?Compare between wet rendering and dry rendering_3 wet rendering:_is aprocess to extract animals oil by heating it in atank with steam in which rapture process takes place and then separate oil from water by .separator funnel dry rendering:_ difrence from wet renderingin the heating method which is takes place by steam jacket ?Why wet rendering is prefered only in foods oil_4 Because in dry rendering spiliting process occured and oils covert to esters and ..soap ?What is meaning of hydrogenation_5 .converting oils(un saturated) to fats(saturated) by breaking the double bond ?Mention the steps of oils refining_6 Alkali refining_1 Deguming_2 Bleaching_3 Deouderization_4 Wintering_5 ?what is the alkali refining_6 It is neutralization process in which acalculated amount of NAOH is added to oil .to react with free faty acid and remove it ?What is the foot soap_7 foot soap results from alkali refining process and contain agreat amount of impurites and it consider an important source of faty acids in the soap .manufacture ?What is degumming process_8 It is the process in which lecithin is removed from oil by filteration with .(water(lecithin incease the oil viscosity
- 2. ?What is the bleaching process_9 It is the process in which fuller earth or bleaching earth is added to oil to remove ..the impurities after precipitation ?What is the deouderization_10 Heating oils at atemperature in which the ouder material is vapourized and .removing it by suction process ?What is wintering process_11 .cooling of oils at atempertature below winter temperature