impact of climate change will be more on horticultural crops several case studies were given in this presentation

1. AGROMETEOROLOGY-TERMPAPER
SUBMITTED TO
Dr.G.SREENIVAS
DIRECTOR,ACRC,RAJENDRANAGAR
SUBMITTED BY
M.NIHARIKA
RAM/2018-11
DEPARTMENT OF AGRONOMY

2. IMPACT OF EXTREME
WEATHER EVENTS AND
MANAGEMENT IN
HORTICULTURE CROPS

3. Extreme weather eventEXTREME WEATHER EVENT
An extreme weather event is the occurrence of a value of a weather variable
above a threshold value near the upper ends of the range of observed values of
the variable.
These events are not a sign of climate by itself ,as they always existed but the
occurrence and severity of atleast some of these events have increased.
Extreme weather includes unexpected ,unusual,unpredictable,severe or
unseasonal weather i.e.,weather at the extremes of the historical distribution.

4. Various weather
extremes

5. Various extreme weather events
Heavy rainfall:
Rainfall is considered as exceptionally heavy when the
rainfall amount at or near a given rainfall station is highest among the
past record for that particular month or season and also amount is
greater than 12 cm.
According to IMD
Heavy rain -64.5mm to 124.4mm in a day
Very heavy -124.5 to 244.4mm in a day
Exceptionally heavy - >244.4mm in a day.

6. FLOODS
A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry.
Floods are an area of study of the discipline in hydrology and are of significant
concern in agriculture.
CYCLONE
A cyclone is a large scale air mass that rotates around a strong center of
low atmospheric pressure.
Cyclones are characterized by inward spiraling winds that rotate about a zone of
low pressure.

7. DROUGHT
Drought means a sustained ,extended deficiency in precipitation.
[WMO-1986]
 Droughts are long periods of extremely dry weather when there is no enough
water for successful growing of crops or the replenishment of water supplies.
HAILSTORM
 It is one form of precipitation.
 Precipitation in the form of ice bolls with a diameter of greater than 5mm is
called as hail.

8. HEAT WAVES
According to IMD , a heat wave is qualified when air temperatures
of atleast 40 C in the plains or greater than 30 c in hilly regions.
 Every year India experiences heat waves in summer, but in the year 2015 the
casualities were abnormally high.
 Andhra Pradesh and Telangana were the 1st and 2nd respectively among the
affected areas.
COLD WAVES
A cold wave is a weather phenomenon that is distinguished by a
cooling of air.
 Cold waves are characterized by extreme fall in the temperatures.

9. DUST STORM
 It is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions.
 Dust storms occur when a strong wind blows ,loose the sand and dirt from a dry
surface.
 Fine sand particles are transported from one place and deposited in another.
TORNADO
A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that is in contact with both
the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud.

10. Figure 1: Drought Figure 2: crop submerged
due to floods
Figure 3: Tornado

11. Figure 4: Cyclone Figure 5: Heavy rains Figure 6: heavy winds

12. Horticulture is a major subsector of agriculture sector.
 As per the first Advanced Estimates, horticulture crops are grown in an area of
7.01 lakh ha. in 2015-16 producing about 74.79 million tonnes output.
 Out of the total horticulture cultivated area , fruits occupy 54.5% area
,followed by vegetables and spices with 22% and 19% respectively.
 Floriculture constitutes about 0.4% area.
 In India telangana stands 3rd in area and 8th in production of fruits, 11th in area
and 13th in production of vegetables.
 Out of the total production fruits constitute about 55% followed by
vegetables,spices and flowers with 36% ,8% and 0.2% respectively.
HORTICULTURE SCENARIO IN TELANGANA

13.  Climate change and its variability are posing the major challenges influencing
the performance of agriculture including annual and perennial horticulture
crops.
 The issue of climate change and climate variability has thrown up greater
uncertainities and risks further imposing constraints on horticultural production
systems.
 Climate change might result in price hike of fruits and vegetable crops.
 Reduction in yield may occur due to shortening of growing periods, decrease in
water availability and poor vernalization.
IMPACT OF EXTERME WEATHER EVENTS

14. • The rise in temperature would lead to higher respiration rate, alter
photosynthesis rate and partitioning of photosynthates to economic parts.
• Alters the phenology, shorten the crop duration,days to flowering and fruiting,
hasten fruit maturity, ripening and senescence.
• In tropical regions even moderate warming may lead to disproportionate
declines in yield.
• Dehydration injury to plants, hermaphrodite nature of plants due to high
temperatures.
• Early or delayed flowering, variations in fruit maturity,abnormal fruit set.
• Low temperatures would lead to chilling injuries,freezing,etc.,

15. Table1:correlation coefficient between area, production and productivity of major vegetables
with rainfall
Crops Area Production Productivity
Brinjal -0.2878 -0.1412 -0.3448
Onion -0.0757 -0.2185 -0.4306
Peas -0.4582 0.3443 -0.1710
Cauliflower -0.328 -0.3964 -0.6998
Okra -0.3204 -0.2678 -0.1702
Tomato -0.1569 -0.2366 -0.4788
Potato -0.3935 -0.31288 -0.1856
Premlatha Kumari and H.Basavaraju,2014

16. Table 2:correlation coefficient between area, production, productivity of major vegetables
with temperature
Crops Temperature Area Production Productivity
Onion Minimum 0.0034 -0.0916 -0.2482
Maximum 0.1993 0.1843 0.1902
Cauliflower Minimum -0.0138 -0.0852 -0.5235
Maximum 0.2532 0.2209 -0.0954
Tomato Minimum 0.0628 -0.0105 -0.1611
Maximum 0.2599 0.2383 0.2136
Potato Minimum 0.0726 -0.0202 -0.0890
Maximum 0.3549 0.2708 0.1569
Premlatha kumari and H.Basavaraju,2014

17. MANGO
MANGO
• Mango has vegetative bias, and this becomes stronger with increase in
temperature, thus influencing the flowering phenology.
• The percentage of hermaphrodite flowers was greater in late emerging
panicles, which coincided with higher temperatures accompanied by low
relative humidity (49%) and long sunshine hours.
• This resulted in excessive transpiration and dehydration injury to panicles.
• Leaf scorching and twig dying are common symptoms of heat stroke in bearing
and non-bearing mango plants.

18. Table3:Effect of high temperature on flowering in mango
Meteorological
week
Minimum temp. Maximum temp. Average
humidity(%)
Hermaphrodite
flowers(%)
43(15-21.10) 25.1 31.0 89 13.65
44(22-28.10) 25.5 32.0 83 15.88
45(29-4.11) 25.2 32.4 85 12.83
46(5-11.11) 23.4 33.7 72 14.23
47(12-18.11) 20.1 34.0 69 17.80
48(19-25.11) 20.6 33.8 70 14.28
49(26-2.12) 20.4 33.0 74 12.29
50(3-9.12) 18.3 33.6 67 15.74
51(10-16.12) 15.7 32.6 67 6.32
52(17-23.12) 14.5 33.1 65 4.98
53(24-31.12) 16.0 32.3 66 8.19
1(1-7.1) 16.6 32.0 70 6.90
2(8-14.1) 19.4 30.9 69 7.71
3(15-21.1) 18.7 32.6 74 15.10
Ratna Rai, Omveer Singh ,2015

19. • Major observed effects of climate change on mango include early or delayed
flowering, multiple reproductive flushes, variations in fruit maturity, abnormal
fruit set and transformation of reproductive buds into vegetative ones.
• Increase in temperature at fruit maturity lead to premature ripening of mango.
• In mango flooding simultaneously reduced net CO2 assimilation and stomatal
conductance after 2-3 days.
• Flooding reduced stem radial growth and root dry weight.
• Mortality of flooded trees ranged from 0 to 45%.
Figure 7: Leaf scorching Figure 8: Twig dying

20. GRAPE
GRAPE
• changes in availability of growing degree-days (GDD)/temperature leading to
hastening of the phenological processes.
• Under higher temperatures (42oC) vines are not capable of utilizing radiant
energy possibly because of degradation of enzymes.
• In wine grapes anthocyanin development is influenced by difference between
day and night temperatures with high variation (15-20 ºC) promoting colour
development.
• delayed fruit maturation and reduction in fruit quality under excessively high
temperatures.
• Developing water stress reduced inflorescence initiation in conjunction with
reduced shoot growth.
• Water stress reduces the growth of grape berries.

21. Georgeta mihaela,Anca cristina,RomaniaFig.8 effect of heat waves on yield,sugars,berry weight of grape

22. Precipitation(mm)
Fig. 9 Effect of drought on yield, sugar levels and titratable acidity in grapes during(1977-2015)
Anca cristina and georgeta mihaela

23. CITRUS
CITRUS
Severe water stress causes
reduction in leaf initiation
leaf size gets reduced
leaves become leathery and thick.
Root growth is adversely affected
Soil moisture stress coinciding with maturation improves TSS and reduces
acidity.
Growth rate of citrus increases with temperatures between 10 and 30 degree
celsius.
Cool nights with hot dry days favour best colour development.

24. BANANABANANA
• Grows well with a mean monthly temperature of 26.5degree celsius.
• Under temperatures <15 degrees plant shows choke throat symptom.
• Reduced rate of leaf production.
• Delay in harvesting.
• Low temperature effects the shooting and finger filling and causes lower
production.
• Higher air temperature (>38o C) and brighter sunshine cause sunburn damage
on exposed fruits.
• Soil water stress during vegetative stage causes poor bunch formation, lower
number and small-size fingers.

25. GUAVAGUAVA
• Severe increase in pests and diseases due to hot and humid conditions.
• Fruit fly in guava is becoming alarming due to hot and humid conditions.
• Flower drop under low temperatures.

26. PAPAYAPAPAYA
• Water stress imposed by suspending irrigation for 3-4 days arrested plant
growth, induced leaf abscission and drastically decreased photosynthetic rate.
• Under high temperatures monoecious lines tend to produce more male flowers.
• In dioecious lines sometimes the male will be converted into female lines.

27. Table4:Effect of different temperature regimes on leaf fresh weight in papaya
Genotype Leaf fresh
weight (mg)
control T1 T2 T3 T4
Red lady 251.67 251.00 245.67 232.67 228.00
Pusa Nanha 420.33 408.00 407.33 385.00 397.67
P-7-15 355.33 350.33 335.67 315.00 300.33
P-7-9 580.67 579.33 584.00 547.00 538.00
P-9-5 899.33 899.33 883.00 813.33 779.00
V.cudinamarcens
is
919.00 912.00 879.33 827.67 822.67
mean 571.06 566.67 555.83 520.11 510.94
A.K.Goswami,et.al.,IJPP

28. Fig.12Effect of different temperature regimes on photosynthetic rate of papaya
A.K.Goswami ,et.al.,IJPP

29. VEGETABLESVEGETABLES
Soil water stress at early stage of onion crop growth caused 26% yield loss. The duration of
onion gets shortened due to high temperature leading to reduced yields.
In tomato, water stress accompanied by temperature above 28°C induced about 30-45%
flower drop in different cultivars.
• In tomato high temperatures can cause significant losses in productivity due to reduced fruit
set, smaller size and low quality fruits.
• Tomato plants under flooding conditions accumulate endogenous ethylene, leading to rapid
epinastic leaf response.
Chilli also suffers drought stress, leading to yield loss up to 50-60%.
Most vegetables are sensitive to excess moisture stress conditions due to reduction in
oxygen in the root zone.

30. Table5:Effect of water deficit stress on Tomato at 75DAT
S.No Genotypes Photosynthetic
rate(mmolco2/sq.m/sec)
100% FC 50% FC Mean
1 LE 1 32.54 18.83 25.69
2 LE 3 31.09 19.03 25.06
3 LE 5 34.65 18.98 26.82
4 LE 13 32.69 21.91 27.30
5 LE 14 36.21 23.84 30.03
6 LE 18 39.21 26.48 32.85
7 LE 20 31.06 17.02 24.04
8 LE 23 30.43 16.67 23.55
9 LE 27 35.08 24.22 29.65
10 LE 57 38.03 25.41 31.72
11 MEAN 35.10 21.73 28.42
12 STANDARD ERROR DIFF. 0.321 0.390 0.360
D.Durga Devi, C.N.Chandrashekar,R.Santhi,IJPP,2013

31. Fig.13 Effect of water deficit stress on fruit yield of tomato
D.Durga Devi,C.N.Chandrashekar,R.Santhi,IJPP,2013

32. Fig 14:Epinastic growth in Tomato Fig 15: flower drop in tomato Fig 16:Effect of temperature on tomato

33. • These stresses are the primary cause of yield losses worldwide by more than
50%.
 Onion is also sensitive to flooding during bulb development with yield loss up
to 30-40%.
• Pre-anthesis temperature stress is associated with developmental changes in
the anthers and poor pollen formation.
Post pollination exposure to high temperature inhibits fruit set in pepper,
indicating sensitivity of fertilization process.
In cucumber sex expression is affected by temperature.
Low temperatures favours female flower production, which is desirable and
high temperatures lead to production of more male flowers.

34. Fig. 17.Effect of photothermal ratio on the number of female and male nodes in the three monoecious cucumbers.
These three cucumbers were grown at 0.64mol./sq.m/degree-day of low PTR and 0.86mol./sq.m/degree day of high PTR
Lina Wang,et.al.,, agriculture science,2014,china

35. NAUNI SAPROON KANDAGHAT
Fig.18 mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures of 3 study locations in 2014-15
Temperature(Oc)
Sharma Priyanka,et.al.,midhills of HP, JEZS

36. Cauliflower performs well in the temperature range of 15-25°C with high
humidity.
• Increased pest and disease incidence at max. temperatures and also at low
humidity levels.
• Though some varieties have adapted to temperatures over 30°C, most varieties
are sensitive to higher temperatures and delayed curd initiation is observed.
Temperature increase beyond 20°C during winter affects cultivation of seasonal
button mushroom and increased incidence of diseases.
In onion, warmer temperatures shorten the duration of growth leading to
lower crop yields.

37. NAUNI SAPROON KANDAGHAT
Temperature(Oc)
Fig.19 mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures in 3 study locations during 2015-16
Sharma Priyanka,et.al., midhills of HP,JEZS

38. Pest
location
Max.temp. Min.temp. Forenoon
humidity
Afternoon
humidity
Max.temp Min.temp. Forenoon
humidity
Afternoon
humidity
Nauni 0.900 0.134 -0.714 0.138 0.721 0.241 -0.965 0.254
Saproon 0.280 0.201 -0.860 0.012 0.956 0.012 -0.861 0.321
Kandaghat 0.120 0.222 -0.212 0.032 0.789 0.023 0.432 0.865
PAINTED BUG (Bagrada hilaris)
2014-15 2015-16
Table 6.Correlation coefficient of painted bug with weather parameters on cauliflower crop at different locations
Sharma Priyanka,et.al., mid hills of HP, JEZS

39. Table 7: Correlation coefficient of cabbage caterpillar with weather parameters on cauliflower
Pest
location
Max.temp. Min.temp. Forenoon
humidity
Afternoon
humidity
Max.temp. Min.temp. Forenoon
humidity
Afternoon
humidity
Nauni -0.742 0.185 0.201 -0.124 -0.845 0.219 0.921 -0.213
Saproon -0.124 0.123 0.919 -0.012 -0.723 0.021 0.926 -0.123
Kandaghat -0.713 0.021 0.125 -0.138 -0.214 0.775 0.130 -0.851
Cabbage Caterpillar(Pieris brassicae)
2014-15 2015-16
Sharma Priyanka,et.al., midhills of HP,JEZS

40. • Any soil warming would be advantageous for cucurbits, which are generally
direct seeded and have a high heat requirement.
The rise in temperature will influence survival and distribution of pest
population;
• Developing new equilibrium between alternate host crops and pests;
• Hasten nutrient mineralization in soils;
• Decrease fertilizer-use efficiency;
• And increase evapo-transpiration with reduced water-use efficiency.

41. TUBER CROPS
TUBER CROPS
There are reports that high temperature causes etiolated growth with smaller
size of compound leaves and leaflets reducing the LAI .
 There was also a reduction in tuber number and size.
Cool night temperatures favours tuberization in potato.
Reduced gross photosynthetic rate at high temp. and drastically reduces tuber
yield.
This was due to limited translocation of carbohydrates from leaves to
tubers,reduction of nitrate reductase activity and carbohydrate expense for
dark respiration.
Shifting towards heat tolerant crops.

42. Table8:Effect of carbon-dioxide concentration on sprouting in potato stored at 25oC
CO2 concentration No.of sprouts
/tuber
Length of longest
sprout(cm)
Mean length of
sprouts(cm)
Weight loss (%)
Control 1.13 0.40 0.40 3.17
5% 1.10 0.60 0.57 4.07
10% 1.10 0.77 0.77 4.90
15% 4.57 1.20 0.90 4.97
20% 3.47 0.80 0.60 1.37
Mean 2.25 0.75 0.64 3.80
Brajesh Singh and R.Ezekiel,CPRI Shimla

43. Table 9: Effect of water stress on tuber yield(kg/30sq.m net plot)
Treatment Large tubers(>100g) Medium(50-100g) Small (<50 g)
Yield Number Yield Number Yield Number
Unstressed control 10.9 80 41.0 701 17.6 875
Stress at tuber initiation 5.2 48 32.2 667 18.6 961
Stress at tuber
development
7.6 57 39.9 684 19.0 954
Stress at both stages 4.5 31 33.4 673 15.2 971
Devendra kumar and JS Minhas,Meerut

44. Water stress treatments
Tuberyield(kg/30sq.m)
Fig.21 Effect of water stress on productivity in different tuber sizes in potato
Devendra kumar and JS Minhas

45. PLANTATION CROPSPLANTATION CROPS
In cashew high temp >34.4 degrees celsius and RH<20% causes drying of
flowers in turn yield reduction.
• Paucity of rains increase temp. and violent winds which reduce productivity
due to drying of flowers ,fallen of leaves,and immature fruits.
In Maiden Karnataka,Coimbatore of Tamil Nadu due to consecutive drought
yield was reduced by 3 lakh nuts/year for 4 years.
• Productivity loss was about 3500 nuts/ha/year.
• Due to 1996 cyclone in Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh there was a loss of
220 millions nuts/year.

46. Fig 22 & 23:Damage in coconut orchard due to
Cyclone

47. In December 2006 due to La Nina impact flood related problems in Southern
Malaysia had decreased the production of oil palm to 26.3%.
SPICES
A recent study by the agricultural market intelligence centre of KAU that area
under pepper farming has come down by 24% and production has declined
almost half due to declined productivity and increasing production costs.

48. MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES

49. Use best adapted crop species and varieties
• Changed crop rotations and schedules
• Crop rotations with break-crops for disease management.
• Varieties or species which are better able to exploit the fertilization effect of
increased atmospheric carbon dioxide to improve water use efficiency.
• Crop varieties ,species or rootstocks with increased physiological tolerance of
hot conditions
• Crop varieties or species bred to resist current pests and disease risks and new
risks presented by changing climate.

50. TABLE 10:Resistant root stocks and varieties of fruit crops against biotic
and abiotic stresses
Crop Rootstock Trait
Mango Kurakkam,Bappakai,Nileshwar dwarf,
13-1
Salinity tolerant
Guava P.molle*P.gujava
P.cujavillis
Chinese guava
Wilt resistant
Drought tolerant
Nematode and wilt tolerant
Grape Dogridge,110R,,SO-4 Drought ,salinity tolerant
Citrus Rangapur lime
Cleopatra mandarin
Drought tolerant
Salinity tolerant
Sapota Khirni Drought tolerant
Anona Arkasahan Drought tolerant
K.L.Malhothra,IJAS

51. Improve water harvesting and storage
• Technology and infrastructure for harvesting and storing water need to be
improved in a drying climate.
• Design dams and catchments to cope with projected rainfall and evaporation
rates
• Treat roaded catchments with chemical sealants to reduce the rainfall runoff
threshold to 4-6mm
• Reduce evaporation losses from dams by using suspended and floating covers
and mono layer films applied to water surface and windbreaks to reduce air
movement over the water surface.
• If available use treated sewage or grey water for crop irrigation.

52. • Use in –row water harvesting for grapes and tree crops
• Harvest water runoff from greenhouses
• Use desalination and reverse osmosis to recover otherwise poor quality or
saline water
• Increase investment in tanks and storage structures.

53. Improve irrigation efficiency
• Micro irrigation techniques have proved boon for achieving high water use
efficiency in various horticultural crops.
• Watering at night, drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation.
• Improved irrigation scheduling based on monitoring soil water content
• Reduced evaporation of soil water through mulching with organic materials,
plastic,etc.
• The emphasis should be on use of recommended production systems for
improved water-use efficiency and to adapt to the hot and dry conditions.

54. Other management strategies include
• Strategies like changing sowing or planting dates in order to combat the likely
increase in temperature and water stress periods during the crop-growing
season should be adopted
• Modifying fertilizer application to enhance nutrient availability and use of soil
amendments to improve soil fertility and enhance nutrient uptake.
• Providing irrigation during critical stages of the crop growth and conservation of
soil moisture reserves are the most important interventions.
• In some instances excessive soil moisture due to heavy rain becomes major
problem and it could be overcome by growing crops on raised beds.

55. • Production of vegetables could be taken up using clear plastic rain shelters,
which can reduce the direct impact on developing fruits and also reduce the
field water logging during rainy season.
• Planting of vegetables on raised beds during rainy season will increase the yield
due to improved drainage and reduced anoxic stress to the root system.

56. CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
 The quantification of impacts of variations in temperature,excess and limited
moisture conditions is the first step to prepare the horticulture sector for
developing adaptation strategies under climate change conditions.
 Adapting and building resilience to climate change and reducing or removing
greenhouse gas emissions where possible.
 A detailed investigation on the impact of climate change on perennial crops is
necessary.
 Efforts should be intensified to develop new varieties suitable to different agro-
ecological regions under changing climatic conditions.
 Climate smart horticulture can jointly address the food security and climate
challenges.
 It also needs new financing to enable the farmers to overcome barriers to
adoption of new practices