This document discusses semiconductors and diodes. It defines conductors, insulators, and semiconductors based on their electrical properties. Semiconductors can be intrinsic or extrinsic depending on whether they contain dopant impurities. Extrinsic semiconductors are classified as N-type or P-type based on whether electrons or holes are the majority carriers. A diode is formed from a P-N junction where a P-type and N-type semiconductor meet. Diodes only allow current to flow in one direction and have unique voltage-current characteristics depending on whether they are forward or reverse biased.