The document provides an overview of the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) and its telecom department, detailing the automatic fare collection (AFC) system which automates the ticketing process for public transportation. It explains the components and functionalities of the AFC system, including automatic gates, ticket vending machines, and station computers, along with telecom systems such as public information displays and public address systems. Additionally, it describes the technical specifications and operational aspects of various devices used for communication and ticketing at DMRC stations.

1. INDUSTRIAL SUMMER TRAINING AT
DELHI METRO RAIL CORPORATION

2. •Introduction to the company
•Telecom department
•AFC
•Telecommunication
CONTENTS:

3. INTRODUCTION TO THE COMPANY
The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd, abbreviated to DMRC,
is a state-central owned company that operates the Delhi Metro. The
government of India and the government of Delhi jointly set up the
Delhi Metro Rail Corporation in 1995 and the construction started in
1998, and
•The first section, on the Red line, opened in 2002, followed by the
Yellow line in 2004,
•The Blue line in 2005, its Branch line in 2009,
•The Green and Violet lines in 2010 and
•The Delhi metro airport express in 2011.

4. CURRENT ROUTES

5. TELECOM DEPARTMENT

6. AUTOMATIC FARE COLLECTION:
•AFC department of DMRC deals with the fare collection system.
•An automated fare collection (AFC) system is the collection of
components that automate the ticketing system of a public
transportation network - an automated version of manual fare
collection.
•Based on contact less technology.

7. How AFC works ?
•Passenger comes in free area to purchase ticket for desired station.
•Token issued is marked with zone, date, time, TOM number, station ID
on it.
•Passenger shows his token at SMV on free area.
•SMV reads the token and writes entry date, time, equipment ID and
station ID on the token.
•On reaching destination station passenger shows his token to gate SMA
on paid area.
•Token is read and if found valid i.e., for time and zone, allows exit by
accepting the token and operating the flap otherwise display error
message.

9. AFC system is classified as:-
•Automatic Gate
•Ticket Vending Machine
•Ticket Office Machine
•Add Value Machine
•Station Computer
•AFC fare media

10. •Automatic Gate (AG) is separated with entry gate, exit gate, and
reversible (bi-directional) gate.
•The gate is made up of stainless steel housing.
•By installing AG, a station is separated with unpaid area and paid area.
•It is a collection of 20 motion sensors that is used to determine the
movement of passengers inside the automatic gate.
TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION:-
1. DIMENSIONS: -1100H x 300 W x 1900L (in mm)
2. OPERATING VOLTAGE: - 230V AC
AUTOMATIC GATE

11. Parts of Automatic Gate:
1. ECU (Equipment Control Unit)-
ECU controls all the sub modules within the automatic gate. It can
communicate with the station computer for transferring data. It works
under Windows XP Embedded Operating system. It has a 1 GB Compact
flash type memory card for Operating system. Also Display on module
requires 256 MB memory card. It operates on 5V DC voltage.
2.GCU (Gate Control Unit)-
GCU control operation of sector door (flap open or close), direction
indicator, buzzers, and Alarm lamps. It is connected to ECU through RS
232 interface physically.
3. GPC (Gate Passage Control)-
It is a collection of 20 motion sensors that is used to determine the
movement of passengers inside the automatic gate.

12. 4. CRW (Card Read or Write)-
It reads and writes information in the ticket. Here ticket refers to the
tokens given to the passenger. Every token is equipped with RF chip IC in
CSC/CST (Contactless Smart token/card). It operates on 12 V DC.
Distance of Reading : 0mm-100 mm for CSC
: 0mm-95mm for CST
5. TCU (Token Capture Unit)-
It is capable of reading and writing data on token inserted by the
passenger. The width of Token slot is 4mm
6. PSU (Power Supply Unit)-
It supplies 230 V AC to Automatic gate.
7. UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)-
It provides surge free power and backup when main power fails.
It supplies 230 V AC.

14. •A ticket machine, also known as a Ticket Vending Machine (TVM), is
a vending machine that produces tickets.
•Ticket Vending Machine (TVM) is located at the free area, and TVM
provides the “Purchasing CST service” and “CSC add value service” to
passenger.
•Passenger inserts CSC to CSC reader which is equipped in TVM. Then
TVM displays balance of CSC, and passenger can insert banknote or
credit card for adding value service. After finishing the adding value to
CSC, TVM will return CSC to passenger and display the remaining
balance of CSC simultaneously.
TICKET VENDING MACHINE

15. •Passenger can select the destination station or zone on the screen.
Then TVM displays amount of payment for passenger. When passenger
inserts coins or banknotes, TVM immediately displays the inserted fare.
Once sufficient cash has been accepted for selected fare, TVM
automatically process CST issuing. If change money exists, TVM will
dispense the change coins.
•In TVM machine there are different type of sensors to detect the coins
and notes.
Contd…

16. TICKET-OFFICE MACHINE
•TOM is a machine used to-
oTicket sale
oTicket reloading
oData analysis
oRefunding of balance
oTicket cancelling
oReplacement of damaged cards or token
•TOM will be installed in the booking office.
•TOM will consist of Main PC, Touch Screen Monitor, Contactless
Reader/Writer, Token Dispensing Mechanism, Passenger Information
Display, Receipt Printer, Keyboard, and Mouse.

18. 1. TOM passenger display- It is a pedestal mounted vacuum fluorescent
graphic display capable of displaying the messages in English and Hindi
characters. It is linked to the TOM CPU via a serial link and it exists only
on TOM.
2. TOM CSC Reader/Writer- The CSC module is constituted by a modem
and an antenna included in a plastic housing which is linked to the
TOM CPU via a serial link. The CSC reader is powered up with a 12 V DC.
3. TOM receipt printer- It is a standard desktop dot matrix receipt
printer having thermal printer. It is linked to the TOM CPU via a serial
link.
4. TOM token auto-feeder machine- It is composed with 2 containers,
2 hoppers, one mechanical housing including the bowl and an
electronic board: power and communication to the TOM.

19. •Add Value Machine (AVM) is installed at the station in the non-paid
area and paid area as well in order that passenger can add-value to CSC
after passenger has paid top-up amount at web-site in advance and also
passenger can check the balance and the validity of a ticket in English or
Hindi.
•The facility such as web-site, for passenger to pay top-up amount in
advance is provided by Bank Service Provider.
•This prepaid top-up amount at the web-site will be add-valued on CSC
by AVM when passenger tags his/her CSC on AVM at the DMRC stations
later.
ADD-VALUE MACHINE

20. •Station Computer (SC) is installed in station control room and used by st
ation management and system maintenance staff.
•SC gathers and stores tickets and revenue processing data from AFC
equipment and uploads them to CS.
•SC sets operating parameters, and also sets operating command and
operating mode to AFC equipment.
• SC monitors station equipment revenue and manages station revenue.
•SC supports station maintenance management. AFC equipment
synchronizes a clock with SC.
STATION COMPUTER

21. AFC fare media
Contact less smart card Contact less smart token

22. Contact less smart card-
Operating Environment-
•Temperature : 0-40 degree celcius
•Humidity : 50% or less
Storage environment-
•Temperature : -10 -60 degree celcius
•Humidity : 60% or less
•Can write more than 100,000 times data and can store data for 7 years.
•Made up of plastic
•Mass: 5 gram

23. Contact less smart token-
Operating environment-
•Temperature : -10-60 degree celcius
•Humidity : 50% or less
Storage environment-
•Temperature : -20-70 degree celcius
•Humidity : 60% or less
Dimensions:
•Diameter : 30 mm
•Thickness : 3 mm
•Weight : 2.7 g
•Made up of plastic

24. •Telecom is a network by which one can communicate with others. In
Delhi metro rail corporation, advanced communication medium and
systems are used.
•There are 7 different telecommunication systems are installed here for
communication. The systems are-
Telephone
Publics information display system(PIDS)
Public address system(PAS)
Close circuit television (CCTV)
Radio/EBTS
Fiber Optics Transmission System(FOTS)
Master Clock
UPS and SMPS
TELECOMMUNICATION

25. TELEPHONE EXCHANGE/EPABX-
•EPABX stands for Electronics Private Automatic Branch Exchange. For
planting communication link between different stations, DMRC has its
self-sustained telephone exchange.
•There are two independent networks established between the stations
– EPABX network and direct line network.
•Direct line Network is used for the operational communication
purposes. The communication will be between the stations and OCC and
depots. It includes analog extensions and digital extensions used as
direct line telephones at stations and direct line consoles and group call
sets at OCC and depots. It also has leased lines to Fire, Police and
Ambulance dept. for rapid communication.

26. •EPABX stand for Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange. It is an
exchange that serves a particular business or office, as opposed to one
that a common carrier or telephone company operates for many
businesses or for the general public. It is also known as PABX. This
system works on -48 V DC from SMPS. Data is processed at a rate of 64
kbps.
•DMRC uses two types of phones-digital (48-54 V DC) and analog
(38-40 V DC), among which the priority of digital phone is kept higher
so, digital phones can take channel from analog port if all digital ports
are busy
•EPABX racks are divided into two shelves- shelf 0, shelf 1 which further
comprises of several cards which are used for different purposes.

27. These shelves can be extended according to the requirements.
Shelf 0 has CPU which comprises of following cards-
 2 power cards- For distribution of power to whole rack.
SF2X8 card- For providing LAN ports for monitoring of EPABX at other
stations.
2 DXCXL CARDS- These are CPU cards used for networking purposes.
ADP- Administrative Data Processor. It is also a CPU and performs
controlling information.
HDMO card- Hard Disk Magneto Optical card used for all software
information backup.

28. Shelf 1 comprises of following cards-
2 SLMAC cards- This card is for Analog phones. Maximum 24 phones
can be connected to each card.
2 SLM02 cards- This card supports digital phones. Maximum 24 phones
ca be connected to each card.
LTUCA card- This card connects shelf 0 and 1 in EPABX rack.
2 DIUN2 cards- This card takes E1 signal from DDF. Links one station to
another. There are two ports in each card, one for analog and other for
digital.

29. Connection of phones at the station-
MDF- Main Distribution Frame
IDF- Intermediate Distribution Frame
24 ports from each SLMAC and SLM02 cards are passed to MDF through
cables, from MDF to IDF through jumper wires and then to field i.e.,
phones at different rooms. KRONES are arranged in array form in both
MDF and IDF which are used to support the connections of phones.
1 KROME can support 10 phones. KRONES in MDF are covered with IPM
a protecting module.

30. Numbering plans for telephones-
1. Analog phone- Two digit station code+Three digit specific room no.
eg. For 89500 number:
89 500
STATION CODE SPECIFIC ROOM NO.

31. 2. Direct line- 6+Two digit station code+Two digit specific room no.
eg. For 68920
6 89 20
FIXED STATION CODE
SPECIFIC ROOM
NO.

32. PUBLIC INFORMATION DISPLAY SYSTEM(PIDS)
•PIDS is a system to display all the information regarding the arrival of
train and the all the required information which is helpful to the
passengers.
•The PIDS have Control equipment located in the Equipment Rooms of
each Station, the OCC and DMRC Headquarters.
•The Station PIDS Control equipment is interfaced to the FOTS for
connection to the equipment located in the CER at OCC to facilitate
System control from OCC.
•The PIDS is accessed from the following locations:
(i) From the Station Control Room (SCR) to the PIDS at the Station
(ii) From the Operations Control Centre (OCC ) to the PIDS at one Station
/ a group of Stations / all Stations of a section.

33. • Three major types of messages shall be provided by the PIDS:
(i)Fixed
(ii) Pre-formatted with Data to be added
(iii) Instantly constructed.
• The PIDS Display boards shall be connected by either serial or
LAN connections to the Station PIDS Control equipment

34. •All the signaling information is sent to ATS server, which goes to OCC
(Operation Control Room). OCC contains LAN cables coming from the
ATS server which terminates in a switch box. The switch box is connected
to the router. The data from various devices enters the SDH section where
it is multiplexed by TDM and sent through fiber to other station's SDH.
•This SDH de-multiplexes the signal and the router sends the signals to
respective devices. The media converter converts electrical energy onto
optical energy. The signal in optical form is given to the ODF
(Optical distribution frame) which contains fiber terminals. The signal is
then transferred to the display device.
Operation of PIDS:

35. Message Construction:
Special and Emergency Messages shall be fixed, pre-formatted
or instantly constructed Messages, depending on the Message
nature, typical examples being the following:
(a) Fixed message: ‘Smoking is prohibited in the entire Station’.
(b) Pre-formatted Message: ‘This Station is ----------- ’
(c) Special Message: ‘Due to ------------- failure, the arrival /
departure of the Trains shall be delayed’.
(d) Emergency Message: ‘Owing to an Accident -------------, the
train services shall be disrupted inordinately. Please leave
the Station as soon as possible’.

36. •These are used for making announcements on the concourse as well as
platforms. A public address system is an electronic sound amplification
and distribution system with a microphone amplifier and loudspeakers.
•It works on 230V AC power supply.
PUBLIC ADDRESSING SYSTEM(PAS)

37. A Public Addressing System consists of three components-
1) ANS (Ambient Noise Sensors)- There are four zones of stations :
Platform 1,Platform2,Concourse,Technical room
There are 8 ANS on a station and are placed as:
2 ANS at Platform number 1
2 ANS at Platform number 2
2 ANS at Concourse
The purpose of ANS is to measure the level of noise and sends to
DSP Router which sets the level of power amplifier accordingly.

38. (2) Control Equipments: DSP Router has 12 inputs and 12 outputs. It has
full digital signal path. The DSP Router has two functions: gain control
and routing.
Routing is done to various zones:
a) Platform 1
b) Platform 2
c) Concourse
d) Technical Room
(3) Speakers- The announcer speaks through the mike. These signals are
then passed to the DSP router which controls the signal gain and also
routes the data to the respective power amplifier, which in turn
transfers the amplified signal to the respective speaker for
announcement. Power amplifiers are used to raise the volume of the
sound of the announcer as it is not quiet audible for a public
announcement.
There are various mikes like SMC, DMSO5 and SMSO5

39. CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION CAMERAS
Closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras can produce images or
recordings for surveillance purposes, and can be either video cameras
or digital stills cameras.
There are two types of cameras used in DMRC-
1. Fixed Indoor CCTV camera-
•It is an immovable camera which records some area in its vicinity.
•There are total 50 fixed cameras are placed in one station.
• 13 cameras are on each platform and 24 cameras on concourse.
•Twisted pair LAN cable is used for transfer of video data in the TER.

40. 2. PTZ/Dome CCTV camera-
• It is a movable type camera which records an area in circular portion.
•There are total 5 cameras placed in one station.
• 3 cameras are on concourse and 1 camera on each platform.
•Along with the LAN cable DOME has an additional power cable to
enable rotation.

41. RADIO/EBTS
•EBTS stands for enhanced base transceiver system. EBTS is another
important equipment of DMRC. This system enables the access to the
radio services while roaming within the radio coverage.
•DMRC uses MOTOROLA DIMETRA (Digital Motorola European Trunk
Radio) which is sophisticated digital radio equipment having full benefit
of TETRA (Terrestrial Trunked Radio) standards and range is 380-400
MHz. Receiving range is 380-390 MHz and transmitting range is 390-400
MHz. This system works on -48V DC.

42. •Hand portable device is a two way radio that can both transmit and
receive, unlike a broadcast receiver which only receives constant. It
allows the operator to have a conversation with other similar radios
operating on the same radio frequency.
•Train radio is used for communication between train operators to the
OCC for information exchange.
•For communication purpose data is transmitted and received via radio
towers. Two types of antennas with different orientations are used for
different locations in DMRC.
•For communication with OCC radio tower with one Omni-directional
antenna and 3 unidirectional antennas are placed at 1200 from each
other. These antennas can transmits as well as receive data signal. 3
unidirectional are used for better communication in each direction.
•This base station site tower has a height of 30m.
•Two unidirectional antennas are used at each radio tower for
communication with the station.

43. TYPES OF MODES OF COMMUNICATION-
Trunked mode operation:
This operation consists of four operation modes:
Group mode- It is a half-duplex communication mode in which
many users can communicate with each other by selecting a
common talk group. The operation is as follows:
•Select a talk group to communicate
•Press PTT (Press to Talk) to communicate
•Release PTT to listen.
Private mode- It is a half-duplex communication mode in which
two users can communicate with each other privately without
a talk group. The operation is as follows:

44. Phone mode-
It is a full-duplex communication mode in which radio user can talk to a
phone number used within DMRC or external network connected to
DMRC. It can also communicate in reverse direction, i.e., from phone to
radio. The operation is as follows:
•Select the phone mode by using mode key
•Dial phone number
•Press call/cancel key
•Talk when call established
•Press call/cancel key to end call
•Select a private mode by using mode key
•Dial private ID
•Press PTT and release
•Press PTT to speak
•Release PTT to listen

45. Emergency mode-
In emergency mode, TETRA has the highest priority and every TETRA
belonging to that group can listen the information.

46. FIBRE OPTICS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM(FOTS)
•It is the transmission system that uses optical fibre as communication
media. Thus optical fibre communication is the method of transmitting
information through optical fibres.
•FOTS can be termed as the backbone of DMRC telecommunication
network. Fiber optics eases up the data and voice communication or
access to various systems at different stations.
•FOTS is a synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH).
•One FOTS cable has 48 fibre lines.
•1310 nm wavelength is used here.
• We use single mode fibre wherein one optical or one wavelength
travel at a time.
•SDH works on -48V DC.
•Fiber is used because of the following property:
1.Low loss of current.
2.No corrosion because of glass.
3.No spark is produced since it is an optical signal.

47. •Master clock is provided to assure uniform and reliable time
information.
•It uses GPS(Global Positioning System) for its synchronization and
also it has its own internal clock as well.
•The Master clock is provided in OCC and transmits the correct time
to the Sub-Master Clocks via LANs.
• One Sub-Master Clock is placed at every station.
MASTER CLOCK

48. •An UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY(UPS), is an electrical
apparatus that provides emergency power to a load when the input
power source, typically mains power fails.
•UPS performs two functions-
1. Emergency power supply 2. Voltage Regulation
•There are 3 types of UPS:
1.Offline.
2.Line interactive.
3.True online
We do not use offline UPS because it takes more switching time.
•Battery banks in DMRC have 240 batteries, each of 2.25V, 320A.
•An UPS gives a backup of 10 Hours during power failures.
UPS and SMPS

49. •A SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY(SMPS) is an electronic power
supply that incorporates a switching regulator to convert electrical
power efficiently.
•Input power = 415 V AC
•Output Power= -48 V DC (Negative Charge is used to protect it from
corrosion)
•Lead Acid Batteries are used that gives 12V/ 40Amp for SMPS.
12V/32Amp for UPS.
• Batteries have advanced valve regulated technology that releases
unwanted gases and water from the batteries.
•Ideally, a switched-mode power supply dissipates no power.
•Voltage regulation is achieved by varying the ratio of on-to-off time.
This higher power conversion efficiency is an important advantage of
a switched-mode power supply.
•Switched-mode power supplies may also be substantially smaller
and lighter than a linear supply due to the smaller transformer size
and weight.
Contd…

50. •Batteries have advanced valve regulated technology that releases
unwanted gases and water from the batteries.
Positive Plate = PbO2
Negative Plate = Pb (lead)
Electrolyte = H2SO4
Negative plate reaction:
Pb(s) + HSO-
4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2e−
Positive plate reaction:
PbO2(s) + HSO4
-(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2e− → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
The total reaction can be written as:
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Contd..

51. REFERENCES:
•http://delhigovt.nic.in/dmrc.asp
•http://urbanrail.net
•DMRC Annual Report 2013-2014
•http://railway-technology.com/projects/delhi/
•http://mic-ro.com/metro/table.html
•http://www.delhicapital.com/delhi-metro/news/delhi-metro.htm
•Project Management: A System approach to planning, scheduling
and controlling, eighth edition, Harold Kerzner, John Wiley
•www.slideshare.net

53. THANK
YOU