Divine Unicity

Divine Unicity
hapter three of Malise Ruthven's book, Islam: A Very Short Introduction, is dedicated to the subject
of divine unicity and the fact that, although it is a very important belief in Islam, the Muslim world
is characterised by disunity. The word tawhid means unicity, and there is an "insistence that it is
unicity above all that defines divinity," which is not directly mentioned in the Quran, but is implied.
The idea can be traced back to 657, when Mu'āwiya's soldiers placed pages of the Quran on their
lances, symbolizing that they are also Muslims like 'Alī's supporters, calling upon this sacred unicity
to reach arbitration. Throughout the history of Islam, similarly to Christianity, there have been
countless breaks and divisions, ultimately leading ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Unicity exists in all three, but in Islam it is divine unicity; the idea that "there is is no god but God,"
which conflicts with the present sectarianism (57). Sunni, Shī‛a, and other Islamic sects all believe
in Allah as all Christians and Jews believe in God, however, division comes through interpretation,
which varies from person to person and the acceptability of beliefs depended on the influence of
their leaders. Each sect has different answers to particular questions, such as what qualifies a person
to be Muslim, which groups like the Seceders believed that any serious sinners could no longer be
Muslims but the Murjia believe "anyone making the profession of faith was a Muslim." There is also
the question of predestination and free will that coincides with whether or not the Quran was
created. The Mu‛tazila believed in the Created Quran while the Ash‛aris believed in the Uncreated
Quran, differing on the essence of God and his unicity, with that latter having a philosophy of
acceptance without asking questions (66–67).
The Muslim world could be united should each sect accept their difference with respect and
understanding that there still is only one God. Divine unicity would be better practiced as a force
that brought Muslims together without generating conflict that is concerned with the finer political
and theological distinctions.
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Mainstream Physician
1. Describe the conflict between medical sectarians and mainstream physicians in nineteenth century
America. How did this conflict represent wider political and social trends in the United States during
this period? When and how was, the conflict resolved? The conflict between medical sectarians and
mainstream physicians in the nineteenth century is how medical sectarians and mainstream
physician choose to treat their patients. Medical sectarians are mostly known as a healer,
nontraditional or alternative and not a physician. Medical sectarians are less traditional and more
holistic. They prefer to use nature like plants, roots and herbs and spices to relieve or cure ailments
which is a gentler approach than taking medicine. Botanic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They believe in medicine and traditional procedures they were taught in medical school. Mainstream
physician's techniques were advancing by improving medical instrument, now having anesthesia
and starting to identify specific diseases. This conflict represents a wider political and social trend in
the United States because in the nineteenth century people began to take care of their own personal
health. It gave people the choice of which kind of medical treatment they would want themselves.
They could go the traditional route and participate in modern medicine or they can go the holistic
route and participate in natural medicine. The conflict was resolved when the American Medical
Association was established because the American Medical Association gave credibility to
mainstream physicians because of the rules and regulation the American Medical Association put in
place. Most mainstream physicians were banned from consulting or associating with a medical
sectarian. Medical sectarian was excluded and it did not help that the Supreme Court was in favor of
mainstream traditional medicine, then for the medical sectarians. 2. Describe the impact of the Civil
War on the development of American Health

Theme Of Punishment By Seamus Heaney
As is evident in several of his works, Seamus Heaney was preoccupied by the sectarian subject
during the period known as the Troubles in Northern Ireland. However, other preoccupations
emanated from it: his need to find his poetic voice when pressured to speak for his own community;
and the etymological study of the local landscape and its colloquialism. Firstly, this essay will
analyse how Heaney dealt directly with the sectarian subject through three strands; pre–Troubles
sectarianism, internal community sectarian punishment and the sectarian murder of family and
friends. Secondly, it will examine the development of his poetic voice in his attempt to determine his
role as a poet. Thirdly, it will also assess Heaney's etymological study of ... Show more content on
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The poets voice is one of a voyeur, visualising the past life of a girl who was punished for adultery.
After a description that enlivens the bog body, the poem culminates with Heaney addressing the
paralysing emotional experience of being a voyeur to such "tribal, intimate revenge." Heaney
measures his sense of injustice against a community's brutal intolerance of rules perceived to have
been violated. He illustrates the troubling irony: stone–age justice that puts an adulteress to death is
not so far removed from contemporary Northern–Irish society that punishes when a community's
sectarian rules are seen to be breached. Parker puts it that "conflicting loyalties, pity and guilt,
private and collective, supply 'Punishment' with its emotional charge."
'The Grauballe Man' provides a close description of an iconic bog body on display and reveals
Heaney's emotional responses to it. The first half of the poem is a description of each part of the bog
body. Heaney uses dark imagery in conjunction with distinctly human qualities to give the man a
spiritual persistence: "the black river of himself." The poem then speculates on his past life and ends
with him shedding the memories of that past. The idea that man's barbaric treatment of his fellows is
never far away; associated ideas link the fate of Grauballe Man with contemporary events in
Northern

Pauline Greig 's Life And Life
Pauline Greig was born in 1934 to a Protestant family. She grew up with 5 siblings in Cygnet,
Tasmania and married Robert Greig in 1960 when she was 26. I was first introduced to Pauline by
my mum. In 2011, working as a nurse, she treated her husband Robert in hospital as he was
recovering from surgery. Pauline was staying with Robert in his recovery room when she noticed the
necklace my mum was wearing around her neck. It had the little infant Jesus on one side and Mary
on the other. They then discovered and connected with each other through our shared faith,
Catholicism. When we moved to our new house in Macgregor we began attending Mass at St Johns
in Kippax and we would say hello to them after mass whenever we saw them. We became close ...
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Advertisements for job vacancies made by Protestant employers often stated "Catholics need not
apply." revealing the degree of mistrust they felt towards Catholics. (Nguyen, 2013) Eventually
tensions eased following the events of World War II, "especially after the Japanese threat to the
nation [...] united Australians who were previously divided by denominational and ethnic
boundaries." (Reid, n.d) Further endeavours sparked by Vatican II enhanced ecumenical cooperation
between the two denominations which would ultimately lead to the harmonious attitudes that all
Catholics and Protestants promote today. Method For the interview, I came up with a mix of open as
well as closed questions, making sure that there was still a chance to expand on the responses for
closed questions if need be. I decided to ask generic questions as I was still unfamiliar of Pauline's
history when I was creating the questions. I made sure to structure the questions chronologically,
beginning with ones regarding her childhood and then leading up to questions about life and
spirituality in today's society. I did this in order to ensure the interview flowed well and so that we
weren't jumping back and forth from one period of time to another. Results / Discussion As a young
Protestant, Pauline went with her family to go to Mass every Sunday, where "all the Sacraments –

The Causes Of Sectarianism And Trade Unionism
Sectarianism, trade unions and politics James King a union activist was vociferous in 1886 on the
barriers presented by sectarian divisions for effective trade unionism. King accused both nationalists
and Orangemen of putting their fanaticism to the forefront of their priorities stating they would
rather "pay a crown for throttling his obnoxious neighbour more readily than he would a penny for
proper protection in the pit". While other miners argued 'only a small percentage' held such fanatical
and extreme religious views, William Small was of the belief that weak union organisation in
Lanarkshire in the 1890s had not helped due to 'jealousy between certain sections' 'there are
religious differences...and racial differences'. Issues that Holytown miners' agent John Robertson
recalls were present in the 1894 Scottish miners strike when the union had been 'crucified between
racial an religious prejudices'. Campbell highlights how sectarian divisions were symptomatic of the
time in recalling two incidents that took place in the miners' strikes of 1879 and 1894. The 1879
strikes were over wage reductions and resulted in pits throughout the Hamilton area being closed.
On their return from one of many strike meetings a group of Catholic miners mistook a Cambuslang
band, of no religious affiliation, for that of the local Orange band known as the 'True Blue". There
followed a full scale running attack on the band, wrecking their instruments and physically attacking
band

Review on Sectarian War: Pakistan’s Sunni-Shia Violence &...
Title: Sectarian War: Pakistan's Sunni–Shia Violence & Its Links to The Middle East. Author:
Khaled Ahmed
ISBN: 978–0–19–90–6593–6
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Pages: 369
Price: PKR.550
By: Syed Haider Abbas
The author of this book is Khaled Ahmed. Khaled Ahmed was in the Pakistan Foreign Service from
1969 to 1978. He left it to become a journalist of distinction in The Pakistan Times. He is a former
consulting editor of Daily Times; resident editor of The Frontier Post; joint editor of The Nation and
assistant editor of The Pakistan Times. He is a founder–member of Track–two Neemrana Dialogue
between India and Pakistan. He is currently Director, South Asian Free Media Association
(SAFMA), Lahore. He contributes regular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main purpose of Government's support to these terrorist groups was to avoid Pakistan with
Iranian stuff of Islam as Pakistan is a country where the shia live largely next to Iran. In the reaction
of SSP, LeJ etc, Sipah–e–Mohammad Pakistan, a shia terrorist group, founded.
In the Chapter of 'Soldier of Sectarianism', Khaled Ahmed describes that along with Sipaha–e–
Sahaba, LeJ, and Taliban, Deobandi seminaries are also the main cause of sectarianism.
In this book, Musharraf's struggle for the amendment of seminaries' courses, the murder of Azam
Tariq, Ali Sher Haideri, consulars and the military officials of Iran, the attack on the Shias of Gilgit
in 1988, attacks in Ashura processions, the sectarian strife in Kurram agency and other sectarian
events can be found briefly. Critical Evaluation:
This book is a academic book as I found so many references of good books and research papers. I
suggest that this book can help us out the main causes and roots of sectarian strifes and violences.
By reading this book we can solve these causes of sectarianism in a better way. After reading this
book I realize that sectarian war is more complicated issue than I assessed before. We can decrease
the intensity of sectarian sentiments by amending our school text books as well as courses of
Madrassas. With the chapter of Jihad, we should add chapters like Peace, Love

Strategic Relations Between Saudi Arabia And Iraq
Strategic, cooperative relationships between states in the Middle East have tended to be inconsistent
and volatile – examples being the alliance between Egypt and Syria that coalesced into the short–
lived United Arab Republic in 1958 and the shifting relationships between Saudi Arabia and Iraq . In
fact, in Walt's list of eighteen Middle Eastern regional alliances formed between 1955 and 1979,
none lasted for longer than five years (Walt, 1987, p.150). In light of this heritage, it is therefore
particularly remarkable that the most persistent regional arrangement to–date has been between
Syria, a secular, Arab and predominantly Sunni state and Iran, a Persian, Shia theocracy.
And the relationship has certainly been persistent, with the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
President al–Assad of Syria and his inner circle are Alawites; a religious sect that broke from
mainstream Shi'ism in the 9th century. As a member of a Shia minority running an otherwise
predominantly Sunni state , it would seem natural to look to Iran for support. From Iran's
perspective too, when viewed though this sectarian prism, it would seem to be expedient to support
a nominally Shia regime in order to prevent Syria becoming another member of the regional 'Sunni
camp'. In support of this analysis, Agha and Khalidi claim that "the Shiite–Alawite connection did
play an important part in the development of Syrian–Iranian relations and may in fact be seen as one
of the main motors of the of the emerging alliance between the two countries" (Agha and Khalidi,
1995, p.4). Others extend this idea of a 'sectarian allegiance' further, describing it as part of a 'Shia
Crescent' that encompasses not only Iran and Syria but also post–war Iraq and the increasingly
significant Hezbollah movement in Lebanon. This approach clearly sees religion as a 'key binding
agent' in this regional configuration.
So is this a persuasive analysis? Certainly, sectarianism has played a significant role in the domestic
political history of both nations. In Syria, as Horowitz explains "ethnic politics is defined in
confessional terms" (Horowitz, 2001, p.492) with the Ba'athist coup of 1963 being followed by
purges of Sunnis from the military and civil services until by 1969 "the Alawi were left

Sectarian Issues In Iraq
Sectarian identities did not have much power within the political elite in the early part of the 20th
century in Iraq. Those whose affiliations lay strongly towards the political zeitgeist did not see much
significance in sectarian identities. Nonetheless, this is not to say that sectarian issues did not exist at
all. In the latter 50 years of the 20th century, marginalization took place in Iraq, especially those
whose lives were heavily intertwined within the religious and social aspects of Sunnism. The Shia
Iraqi grew towards authoritarianism, much in the same way that they sought to create a
homogenized Iraqi state (Joffe). Before 2003, Sunni Muslims in Iraq were not a recognized identity
with any meaningful structure worthy to be mentioned. In essence, they had no place in government,
neither did they have any say in structures that dealt with religion, as well as social aspects. ... Show
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Thus, the bone of contention in all this was that Sunnis never viewed themselves as a sect, but Shias
had a differentiated opinion of them, viewing them as a sect, both in identity and in expression
(Joffe). Thus, the Shias felt more coerced towards their identity much more than the Sunnis were. In
addition, characteristics of sectarianism, which include leaders and symbols, as well as rituals,
together with myths found no footing in Sunnism, but were present in plenty among the Shias. Thus,
the effort to take control of secularism, which was christened anti–sectarianism, did not bear an
intention of equal censor amongst both Sunnis , as well as Shias

The Acts of the Apostles and Religious Intolerance Essay
The Acts of the Apostles and Religious Intolerance The Acts of the Apostles is the geographical and
political story of the development of the Christian Church under the impulse of the Holy Spirit.
Although many of us may think that the issues of sectarianism are new, the Acts of the Apostles
shows clearly religious intolerance over two thousand years ago. In this respect, it is comparable and
informative for moral life in the twenty–first century. One of the most influential characters in Acts,
who is closely linked to the issues of sectarianism, is Peter. However, before I look at his role, the
word ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is obvious that these actions are the most potent expressions of the system, but alongside this type
of bold action is an array of smaller, perhaps everyday or semi – conscious attitudes, actions and
beliefs, which contribute subtly to keeping the sectarianism system in place.
'Drinking in Roman Catholic bars can seriously damage your health – watch where you drink,
because I do' (A discussion document, cards can be bought on the Shankill road)
Sectarianism always involves religion. The involvement may be an historic one that has long been
forgotten, but it is this origin that distinguishes it from purely political discrimination. It is
impossible to argue that Peter was not involved in the issue of sectarianism but what was his exact
role? What persecution did he himself suffer, or even worse, what discrimination did he himself
perpetrate? And most importantly, what sectarianism did Peter help the Church overcome? Is he an
example which we can portray with the aspects of sectarianism in the modern world today?
Peter is an example of somebody we can learn from today, he shows the human abilities that we our
self depict, for example we all have beliefs as well as Peter did and in some instances we can act
upon these in an unethical way, Peter can be used as an example of someone we can look up to and
admire.
Matthews gospel has already

The Conflict Between Saudi Arabia And Iran
It's often thought, in the west, that the feud between Saudi Arabia and Iran is 14–centurys old and
that we don't understand it because we (the west) are so dis–attached from religion in governance.
For example, the end of religious politics in the US is credited with the writings of the English
philosopher John Locke and this view on religion became particularly influential in the United
States Constitution in 1787 (ref). State figures like Barack Obama showed this in his final State of
the Union Address, he called the region a place "rooted in conflicts that date back millennia"
(Obama, 2016). The truth of the situation is, religious politics has been left behind in the west. It's
true that the divide in identities within Islam was formed from a religious dispute centuries ago. It's
also nothing new that Sunnis and Shia's have been in conflict for decades maybe centuries. The
rivalry between the two has had a violent affect in contemporary Middle East stabilization and
politics.
Sectarianism between Saudi Arabia and Iran shouldn't be concluded as a foreign ancient feud that
conflicts modern political logic but rather a modern phenomenon and a product of contemporary
politics. Furthermore, it is playing out not in obscure theological forums but in the political arena.
Sectarianism has become the product of key factors that play into religion. Islamism is a modern day
ideology which asks for an ideal Islamic state, formed on the foundations of Islamic law. Islamism is

Terrorism And The Iraqi Government
Iraq is a nation that is in mass turmoil right now. Right now this country is under attack by a jihadist
militant group known as ISIS. Despite numerous advantages over these terrorist ISIS has managed
to take control over a significant amount of territory in Iraq. The root of Iraq's problems is the strong
Sunni–Shia sectarian divide that exists within the country. This sectarian divide is due to an Iraqi
government that fails to fairly represent all of its people. Clearly the current troubled state of Iraq
shows that the Iraqi government is deficient in providing national security and representative
government to its people.
The Iraqi government has failed to implement a government that equally represents both the Sunni
and Shia Muslims in the country. A lot of the Iraqi government's failures to have representative
government has to do with the United States initial invasion of Iraq in 2003. Prior to the invasion
there was not much of a sectarian divide, "Historically, sectarian and ethnic differences had not been
politically mobilized. Cross–sectarian/cross–ethnic intermarriage existed in Iraq. The sectarian
identity as a politically mobilizing force had been in decline in Iraq, particularly since the mid–
twentieth century" (Yamao 2012, 29). After the invasion of Iraq, the United States replaced Saddam
Hussein's regime with the Coalition Provincial Authority. The CPA administration directed an
election in 2005 to shape a parliament for Iraq and they allocated political

Christianity In Australia Pre 1945: Vegetarianism In Religion
Sectarianism in religion refers to the division caused by different religious views and opinions. In
Christianity this was mainly between the Catholics and the Protestants. The unsteady relationship
between these two religious groups stem back to the 16th century Protestant Reformation, but was
exposed further in the 18th century where tensions between the groups went to extreme
measures,effecting them in all areas of life. The familiar identity of Catholics as Irish and
Protestants as English was also a factor in the unsteady development of Christianity in Australia, as
the English were the predominant occupiers of Ireland and the Irish were poorly treated by them.
This tension was still apparent at the arrival of the first fleet in 1788 and transcended into the
colony, as the Church of England ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The successor of Rev. Richard Johnson, Rev. Samuel Marsden caused upheavel with the other
denominations of Christianity, mainly the Catholics, as he did not recognise them as 'human'. The
evident sectarianism can be expressed through the note of one convict who stated, "He prays for our
souls on Sunday, and takes it out of our bodies during the rest of the week." The development of
Christianity in Australia pre 1945 has subsequently been tainted by the tensions and caused the
oppression of many people in Australia.
Pre 1945 was a time when the disadvantaged in society were without assistance from the
government and little support was rendered to them. Great reliance was subsequently put on
Christian Church associations to aid the disadvantaged in society and make this central to what they
do. Christian groups took on this role to give and support the less

Genocide: Inhumane Crimes
Genocide is one of the inhumane crimes ruling authorizes can do to their own people or others of
lesser authority. A general definition of 'genocide' is the intention to destroy or murder people
because of their race, beliefs, or political and economic status. There are many examples of
genocide in the world but such as the Holocaust during World War II when Hitler abolished millions
of Jews , gays , and disabled people. A recent example is the
Shia Genocide caused due to sectarianism. Sectarianism is a form of discrimination or hatred arising
from attaching relations of inferiority and superiority to differences between subdivisions within a
group , for example, Shiites and Sunni Muslims. In efforts to reduce genocide, the
Convention ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[ Otterman] Iraq and Iran used other sides people to go against their own government. In countries
where government in consisted of Sunnis , Shias are oppressed and looked down upon. The Iranian
Revolution of
1979 launched radical Shia agenda. In January 2016, the execution by Saudi Arabia of a prominent
Shia cleric who supported mass anti–government protests , triggered a crisis with Iran and the
Middle East.
Pakistan
Although , we see the problem arise from Iraq and Iran now in today's times we see it affecting
Pakistan. "In 2013 nearly 700 Shia were killed and more than 1,000 were injured in more than 200
sectarian terrorist attacks. Over 90 percent of those attacks occurred in Quetta,
Karachi, Kangu, Parachinar, Islamabad and Rawalpindi." [Fair , 2015] Muhammad Ali Jinnah
founder and the first president of Pakistan proposed the idea of a "Two Nation Theory".

Druid Beliefs
This is known as Druidy. Druid beliefs is to be which to be free of dogma and doesn't have a fixed
set of practice or beliefs. For this way it manages a way of avoids any problems with intolerance's
and sectarianism that it established any religions that it has encountered and a way of manages to
offer a spiritual path. The etymologically term "Druid" terms comes from the Celtic compound 'dru–
wid' which refers to the phrase "they who know the oak", it was translated through Latin, French,
Gaulish and the finally in to English it is the term that we finally use practitioners of Druidry. There
is no common sacred Scripture that is universally agreed set of beliefs amongst Druids. Therefore,
can take many forms. There is little or no knowledge

Ronald Reagan And Terrorism Essay
Ronald Reagan was fond of quoting John Adams, who famously said: "Facts are stubborn things."
So when Iranian Foreign Minister Javad Zarif made public pronouncements about fighting
extremism, the facts show that his comments are ironic at best and little more than insincere
propaganda.
The fact is that Iran is the leading state–sponsor of terrorism, with government officials directly
responsible for numerous terrorist attacks since 1979. These include suicide bombings of the U.S.
Embassy in Beirut and the Marine barracks at Beirut International Airport; the bombing of Khobar
Towers in Saudi Arabia in 1996; attacks against more than a dozen embassies in Iran, including
those of Britain, the U.S. and Saudi Arabia; and the assassination of diplomats ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
last year, Iranian leaders have taken to pointing fingers at others to assign blame for the regional
problems that they helped create. But before buying into their rhetoric, consider a few questions:
Which country issues a fatwa for the execution of author Salman Rushdie, a death threat that is still
in force today? (Iran.) What country has attacked more than a dozen embassies inside its own
territory in violation of all international laws? (Iran.) What country managed, planned and executed
the 1996 attack in Khobar Towers against the American Marines? (Iran.) Do these answers describe
a country that is serious about combating terrorism and extremism?
The rest of the Islamic world has unanimously condemned Iran's behavior. In Istanbul in April, the
Organization of Islamic Cooperation formally rejected and deplored Iran's policies of sectarianism,
interference in the affairs of others and support for terrorism.
Saudi Arabia is a leader in the war against terrorism. My country brought the world together for an
international conference in 2005 to align nations in the fight against terrorism. The kingdom
contributed more than $100 million to create a global center for counterterrorism at the United
Nations and established a 40–member Islamic Military Coalition to combat terrorism and
extremism. It also is a member of the U.S.–led Global Coalition to Counter ISIL and is part of the
coalition's continuing military

Criminal Law Assessment Of Donnelly V Dunn Essay
Criminal Law Assessment
In the case of Donnelly v Dunn in 2015, two appellants were convicted in the sheriff court for
contravening section 1 of the Offensive Behaviour at Football and Threatening Communications
(Scotland) Act 2012, whereby it criminalises, inter alia, the social issue of sectarianism at regulated
football matches. This case raises the question of whether the appellants had their 'right to know'
infringed after being criminally liable for their actions. The comment will consider this point in
depth and whether the 2012 Act is clear about what it criminalises.
A. The Facts
In this instance, two appellants were charged with singing a song called "The Roll of Honour" on
19th October 2013 at Easter Road stadium during a Celtic and Hibernian match. This particular song
has lyrics which "proclaim support for members of the Irish Republican Army and the Irish National
Liberation Army." Both the IRA and the INLA are proscribed terrorist groups. Some lyrics of the
song were, "England you're a monster. Don't think that you have won. We will never be defeated
while Ireland has such sons." At the scene, one of the police officers who is fully trained in dealing
with occurrence of violence at football stated that she was clear of the meaning of the song and that
it was extremely offensive. Even after warnings were broadcast before the match about sectarianism,
the two appellants were found to be singing the song very heartily and triumphantly. The appellants

The Rabbinic Age of Judaism
The banishment and exile of Jews from the ancient Kingdom Judah to Babylon resulted in dramatic
changes to Jewish culture and religion. This allowed the circumstances for the development of
various sects, each of which claimed exclusive authority to represent "Judaism"; marriage with
members of other sects is forbidden. Although priests controlled the rituals of the Temple, the
scribes and sages, later called rabbis dominated the study of the Torah. These sages identified with
the Prophets and developed and maintained an oral tradition that they believed had originated at
Mount Sinai. The Pharisees had its origins in this new system.
One of the factors that distinguished the Pharisees from other groups preceding the destruction of
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This clarified the status of those common areas as a private domain relative to the members of the
bond. In that manner people could carry objects from building to building. The Pharisees were
innovators in that they enacted specific laws as they saw necessary, according to the needs of the
time.
Of all the major Second Temple sects, only the Pharisees believed with teachings directed to all
Jews, they could transform Temple worship. Such teachings extended beyond ritual practices.
Regardless of the importance they gave to the Temple, the Pharisees' vision of Jewish law was a
means by which ordinary people could engage with the blessings in their daily lives. Also, they
wanted to grant them a position from which to respond to challenges in a way meaningful to the vast
majority of Jews. Their responses would constitute Rabbinic Judaism.
After the destruction of the Second Temple, these sect divisions ended. The Rabbis avoided the term
"Pharisee". The Rabbis claimed leadership over all Jews, and added to the Amidah the birkat
haMinim, a prayer which in part exclaims, "Praised are You O Lord, who breaks enemies and
defeats the arrogant," and which is understood as a rejection of sectarians and sectarianism. This
shift by no means resolved conflicts over the interpretation of the Torah; rather, it relocated debates
between sects to debates within Rabbinic Judaism. The Rabbinic Era itself is divided into two

The Decline Of Buddhism In Modern Japan By Gerald Cooke
Cooke, Gerald. "In Search of the Present State of Buddhism in Japan." Journal of the American
Academy of Religion, vol. 42, no. 1, 1974, pp. 18–34., www.jstor.org/stable/1461525. Accessed Feb
20 2017. In his article Gerald Cooke examines the decline of Buddhism in modern Japan and the
reasons behind its decreasing appeal to newer generations. He discusses multiple perspectives on the
decline of Buddhism that argue that Buddhism is declining in popularity among young Japanese
people due to various historical and socio–cultural reasons such as increasingly prevalent atheism,
increasing sectarianism, loss of official state support, and its continued basis in agrarian society
despite increasing urbanisation. Fumihiko, Sueki. "Chinese Buddhism

Pakistanarian Militancy Statement
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM:
Sectarianism and militancy has become a major security issue for Pakistan. The history of sectarian
conflict in Pakistan is as old as the existence of this country. But the militant culture in Pakistan has
been on the rise for more than a decade. Sectarian killings and extremism has posed a serious threat
to society. This has not only affected the society but also its institutions. Pakistan has witnessed
various trends of militancy from intolerance to extremism, radicalization and violence. The
coordination of al Qaeda with the Taliban and the induction of sectarian extremist groups into this
have proved to be a deadly mix and have given a complicated tilt to the militancy issue.
The increasing sectarian violence and militancy in Pakistan has converted a tolerant society into an
increasingly intolerant society. The need for embracing diversity and pluralism has been felt to avoid
straining the social fabric irreparably. Sectarian militancy and extremism has not only created
disharmony in the society and is acting as repellent from Islam for followers as well as disbelievers
but is also a threat to internal security.
SIGNIFICANCE AND SCOPE OF STUDY ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After 9/11 and joining Pakistan the war on terror, there has been a significant deterioration in the
security situation in Pakistan . The term militant can be described as followers of group or religion
or a party who aggressively and violently promote an idea in the name of a movement (and many a
times have an extreme approach to solution for their goal). The various movements that seek to
apply militancy as a solution, or who use militancy to rationalize their solutions for issues in the
modern world, seldom share common tactics. Militant groups may use force or violence directly,
either to defend themselves or otherwise and have justifications for the use of force using the
ideological expression of their particular

The Importance Of A Parliamentary System For The Nation Of...
The people of Bigmessia in order to move from the past, to shift forward for the present, and
preserve a better future for our upcoming generations do declare and affirm this Constitution for the
nation of Bigmessia.
The nation of Bigmessia will work better with a parliamentary system due to two aspects: the
international success of parliamentarism and the history of Bigmessia. The flexibility of a
parliamentary system provides the best method for managing such a diverse nation (Linz, 61). There
are too many issues and interests in Bigmessia in which having one strong executive can be very
detrimental and problematic. The plethora of peoples and issues require a legislating body or leader
to have careful deliberation and coalition building that only a parliamentary system can provide. The
last thing Bigmessia needs is more polarization (more likely to come with presidentalism).
In a country with ethnic, economic and religious divides, there needs to be a leader that can be a
unifying symbol for the majority of Bigmessia. Thus, this neutral figure "can provide moral ballast
in a crisis or act as a moderator between the prime minister and his opponents" (Linz, 61). The
president will be elected by the entire country and requires a majority of 60% to win. If there is no
majority, then the top two candidates will move into a run–off election. This percentage ensures that
the people have to vote for someone that most people admire or respect, since even if the Christian

Essay On Deobandi Genocide
Another group of people leading to Shia Genocide were the "Deobandis". The Deobandis are groups
of Muslims who are connected to and named after the University of Deoband located in India. It is
an intellectual school of thought that is deeply rooted about Islam and everyone who
graduated becomes a "Deobandi" or is known for it. The University of Deoband was founded by a
group of Indian 'ulamaa' (scholars) after the British had put a stop to the Islamic revolution in
India. "It's establishment was a strong reaction against western advancement and its materialistic
civilization in the Indian Subcontinent, aimed at saving the Muslims from the dangers of these
circumstances, especially when Delhi, the capital, had been destroyed following the revolution and
the British had taken full control of it. The scholars feared that their religion might be assimilated, so
Shaykh Imdaadullaah al–Muhaajir al–Makki and his student Shaykh Muhammad Qaasim al–
Nanatuwi, and their companions, drew up a plan to protect Islam and its teachings. They thought
that the solution was to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since 1963 Deobandi militants have killed more than 23,500 Shia Muslims and 45,000 Sufi , Sunni ,
Ahmadis and other forms of Muslims. "Deobandi militants started to receive state patronage during
General Zia–ul–Haq's military rule (1977–1988) which gradually resulted in the present form of
systemic killings of Shias and other communities in Pakistan. [ Nishapuri , 2012 , Pg 2 ]
Sectarian cleavages in Pakistan are on trend and growing. Jihadi violence in Pakistan is becoming
increasingly high due to sectarianism. Sectarian cleavages are also becoming more apparent in the
media and political parties and Pakistan is being pulled into Arab orbit. "Anti–
Shi'a sectarianism is deeply entangled with the Sunni Deobandi militancy that the Pakistani state
feeds on and is being consumed by." [ Rafiq , 2014 , Pg 94

Entrenched Sectarianism Limits Optimism, Impacts Views Of...
Entrenched Sectarianism Limits Optimism, Impacts Views of Democracy
Hope for a more inclusive government, however, is tenuous given the deep distrust built over a
decade of sectarian tensions and violence. Many participants believe the new government is no more
inclusive than the previous one and is driven primarily by sectarian preferences. This hits at a core
paradox that casts a shadow over Iraq's future and its ability to progress: while almost all
participants are highly critical of sectarianism in Iraq, many–even in the same statement–
demonstrate sectarian attitudes. Though they are all eager to end the sectarian divisions, many
participants still use sectarian language that further enhances this division. For example, a Baghdad
Shia man says, "Iraq is one of the most important Arab countries; it is unbelievable that we have a
Kurdish president."
Many participants view sectarianism as the underlying barrier to improving lives, strengthening the
economy, resolving the security situation, and fighting ISIS. Sectarian tensions affect atti–tudes
toward Iraqi leaders and democracy in general. For example, many Sunni and Kurd par–ticipants
worry that Abadi will only represent Shia interests and think that someone coming from Maliki's
party, Da'wa, will focus more attention on those within his sect and ignore the needs of others. An
Erbil Kurdish woman says, "Al–Abadi is from the same political party as al–Maliki and they have
the same ideas and politics. They are doing the

Is America Is Exceptional Essay
In order for something to be exceptional, it must be different than the rest of a group, and this is how
America can be viewed as – different from the rest of the world. America is exceptional because it
has the freedom of religion, an excellent educational system, and various aspects of individualism.
One reason as to why America is exceptional is that it enables its citizens to have the freedom of
religion. America is one of few countries that has sectarianism, or the devotion to a certain sect of a
religion (Lipset). Sectarianism gives American citizens the freedom and choice of developing a
relationship with their god. Sects in America have produced moralistic people, while other countries
dominated by churches view human establishments as unethical and are far less moralistic. The
values of sectarianism cause a higher obedience to conscience over the country, and they often lead
to anti–war efforts. As a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
America's education system ranks among the top twenty best in the world when based on factors
including international test scores, graduation rates, and percentage of higher education students.
When compared with other nations, America devotes the highest percent of its GDP (7.0%) towards
education. It also has almost twice the percentage of graduation rates from higher education than of
most European countries (Lipset). Students across the world constantly compete to apply to the
universities in America, which are one of the best internationally. The U.S. education system
provides education for all students, regardless of disabilities or needs, and is even seen as an
international leader in providing special services for students with disabilities. It encourages and
helps students improve creativity, problem solving, and critical thinking, and from an international
perspective, the system is viewed as optimistic, comprehensive, and egalitarian

Religion In The 20th Century
An examination of data from the 1980s and 1990s from the General Social Survey; concluding that
at the end of the twentieth century American religion reflected major social–economic differences
between denominations; arguing those distinctions were modeled by if necessary, theology, liturgy
style, and race; groups with a hierarchical church organization and their styles of worship are formal
then they tend to rank higher in the socio–economic groups and the groups they have the emotional
styles of worship, theologically conservative and sectarianism, with congregational polity, and more
informal services had the propensity to rank lower on the socio–economic scale. Points out that it
has been noted that there is a connection in the styles of

ISIS Interventions
Over the past decade, wars and interventions in the Middle East have broken up existing states,
fostered sectarianism and destroyed infrastructures, creating the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
(ISIS). It is now a region full of failed or failing states, increasingly dominated by militias and
terrorists. In response to ISIS's recent advancement and terrorist acts, America has created a surveil
and a strike mentality that now dominates our counterterrorism in an effort to avoid placing U.S.
grounds troops in harms way. It is popular with our government officials because it is easy, plays to
our technological strengths, and does not force us to make any significant foreign policy changes.
However, the United States objectives cannot be achieved ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
These air strikes are now radicalizing populations and creating more terrorists.U.S. military attacks
have become a rallying cry and recruitment tool for extremist groups. It is becoming more difficult
to destroy the ideology and recruitment as seeking revenge for economic, political, and social
grievances is the main attraction of ISIS to its recruits.17 ISIS is becoming almost indistinguishable
from other groups by morphing into broader movements. Air strikes alone ignores diplomatic and
economic steps that are needed to defeat extremist groups.18 They fail to apply the unrelenting
pressure needed by troops on the ground to help fulfill the United States' objective to "degrade and
ultimately destroy" the terrorist

The Ruins : Syria Past And Present By Christian Sahner
Among the Ruins: Syria Past and Present by Christian Sahner is a narration of Sahner's viewpoints
of the conflicts that besiege Syria today with their accompanying historical basis. He highlights the
effect that this is not just another "Arab Spring" or sectarian brush fire that suddenly appeared but
instead is deeply rooted in cultural tensions that have boiled over. Sahner provides examples of
sectarianism and its impact upon Syria throughout history but also supports his thesis that the
conflict extends beyond sectarianism, which he supports through historical illustrations.
Furthermore, his prolific usage of first–person experience and writing breathes life into historical
notions. One example is Sahner's quote of a Syrian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The author achieves his goal but also fails in certain aspects. Sahner prefaces the book with the
statement that he will provide an understanding to the rich history of Syria and the multiple sects
that proliferate its landscape. What he fails to do is provide an encompassing view to this landscape
but instead undertakes the executive decision to focus on specific snapshots of Syria's history.
Consequently, he skips almost entirely the later parts of the Islamic Caliphate and subsequent
Ottoman rule that dominated a large part of Syria's history in the second millennium A.D. Overall,
the author weaves a tale that is well written but could have expounded more upon the certain epochs
in Syria's history. Nonetheless, it overwhelmingly succeeds in personifying a culture and country
often dismissed and simplified as "just another tragic, religious conflict".
Sahner does not choose to relate the history of Syria necessarily in a chronological manner but
instead utilizes snapshots of the past to provide backdrop to the present. The main topics that he
utilizes from a historical basis are the second half of the first millennium A.D., rise of the Islamic
Caliphate, as well as the modern period beginning in the mid–nineteenth century A.D. While events
preceding the Islamic Caliphate in the 7th century are briefly touched upon, such as Roman

Implications Of The Involement Of Neighboring Countries
Q2. IMPLICATIONS OF THE INVOLEMENT OF NEIGHBORING COUNTRIES
1. Regional Implications
The continuous conflict and seemingly unending civil war in Syria has made the refugee settlement
mission a difficult task. The persistent state of fear has given rise to security controls across the
border, and the incessant displacement of people from Syria has increased vulnerability amongst
refugees seeking asylum. The number of refugees has grown steadily and has reached a disturbing
number of 235,000 according to UNHCR. In addition, many immigrants remain unregistered and
vulnerable in the neighbouring regions simply because the countries hosting them are also incapable
to make available adequate resources due to economic constraints. Turkey, due to its financial status,
has been able to cope positively with the 80,000 refugees in the country. Iraq is trying to cope with
the incursion of immigrants into the country, fearing a reaction from al Qaeda who might use the
refugee issue to settle in Iraq. Iraq has taken in only about 16,000 refugees so far, according to the
United Nations. On the other hand, Lebanon is hosting about 100,000 refugees and in spite of the
latest conflict in the country; the number of immigrants crossing over has not decreased. In fact, it
has steadily increased.
Jordan, Turkey, Lebanon and Iraq are struggling to hurriedly put together camps and settlements to
accommodate the influx of immigrants. The immigrants are in a continuous state of tension and
basic

New South Wales Public Education System
In 1866 New South Wales enacted the Public Schools Act that aimed to address government
spending on education, resulting in government schools receiving priority over denominational
schools, and providing access to education for the growing number of communities across the
colony . The Catholics opposed this move as it was hostile to the their belief in their own system of
education and Catholic puritans helped fuel the fire of sectarianism, which continued to make state
aid for church–run schools a highly controversial issue . However, times were changing as by the
1870s, in New South Wales, up to sixty per cent of Catholic school children attended state schools .
Conflict escalated again in 1879 when the new Catholic Archbishop, Vaughan, denounced the state
schools of New South Wales describing them as "seed–plots of future immorality, infidelity and
lawlessness" and accused them of "squeezing very gradually and almost imperceptibly the Catholic
faith out of Catholic people." In response the Parkes government enacted the Public Instruction Act
of 1880, which resulted in primary education becoming nominally compulsory, cheap, widespread,
and removed all state aid to denominational schools . Again the Catholics responded negatively to
the decision, which aided in preserving the Catholic identity, although this came at the cost of
making themselves a distinctive sub–culture in the Australian community . Despite this, Henry
Parkes, premier of New South Wales, gave a speech in 1885, and instead of condemning the
Catholics for being different, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They must mix in after years, and be associated with each other in all duties of everyday life...
Whether we are Englishmen, Scotsmen, or Irishmen, or whether we are the sons of some foreign
land, over and above every other consideration we ought to be

Terrorism Is Fanaticism, Hatred, Segregation, Or Disdain...
Sectarianism is fanaticism, segregation, or disdain emerging from appending essentialness to saw
contrasts between subdivisions inside a gathering, for example, between diverse divisions of a
religion. Parts of a religious or political gathering may accept that their own particular salvation, or
the accomplishment of their specific goals, obliges forcefully looking for believers from different
gatherings; followers of a given faction may accept that for the accomplishment of their own
political or religious extend their inside rivals must be changed over or purged. Sometimes a
gathering that is under monetary or political weight will kill or assault parts of an alternate gathering
which it sees as in charge of its own decrease. It might likewise all the more inflexibly characterize
the meaning of customary conviction inside its specific gathering or association, and dislodge or
banish the individuals who don 't help this freshly discovered illuminated meaning of political or
religious universality.
Sectarianism issue in Pakistan is a real destabilizing variable in the nation 's political, social,
religious and security request. While bringing about agitation, issue and viciousness in the public
eye, the sectarianism clash in Pakistan throughout the previous 27 years came about into a huge
number of passing from suicide assaults, bomb impacts, deaths and other terrorist acts. Pakistan
confronting a tough undertaking of checking prejudice, scorn, radicalism and viciousness

Social Inequalities In Northern Ireland
Social inequalities are issues that have been occurring for a significant period of time and are
continuing to be a serious issue within contemporary society. One of the most significant social
inequalities within the North and South of Ireland is religion. Religion is a vital part of Ireland's
history and due to this history, it still very much exists within society and continues to be a social
inequality. The Northern Ireland conflict, also known as 'The Troubles', was a war based on political
violence, low intensity armed conflict and political deadlock within the six north–eastern counties of
Ireland that formed part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland which lasted
almost 30 years (The Irish Story, 2017). It was a conflict between political actors including the
Provisional Irish Republican Army that fought against the British Army, Royal Ulster Constabulary
and the Ulster Defence Regiment (The Irish Story, 2017). Dillenburger, K et al, (2007) stated during
the early phase of the Troubles, shootings and bombings were nearly daily occurrences, with
approximately 3,600 people dying as a result of The Troubles.
However, the Troubles represent a fascinating part of Ireland's history with a large number of deaths,
injuries, and destruction but also a huge political and social change (McKittrick and McVea 2002).
By 1998 the Good Friday Agreement was signed by both Nationalist and Unionists as a peace
process within Northern Ireland. Research carried out

Terrorism And The Iraqi Government
Iraq is a nation that is in mass turmoil right now. Right now this country is under attack by a jihadist
militant group known as ISIS. Despite numerous advantages over these terrorist ISIS has managed
to take control over a significant amount of territory in Iraq. The root of Iraq's problems is the strong
Sunni–Shia sectarian divide that exist within the country. This sectarian divide is due to an Iraqi
government that fails to fairly represent all of its people. Clearly the current troubled state of Iraq
shows that the Iraqi government is deficient in providing national security and representative
government to its people.
The Iraqi government has failed to implement a government that equally represents both the Sunni
and Shia Muslims in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This prompted solid sentiments of sectarianism between Iraq 's Sunnis, Kurds, and Shiites. The
Sunni, Shiite, and Kurdish political parties activated voters through religious systems. Given these
ethnic and fanatic based arrangements in the race, the characters of religious associations were
played up in the midst of the election. Voters facilitated no reason for selecting parties other than
through ethnic and religious factions; in this manner, voters voted according to their ethnicity and
religious group. Because of Iraq 's Shiite majority the Shia political party of Iraq turned into the
ruling party and the Sunni 's and Kurds had next to no association in the political procedure. Since
Iraq 's Sunni 's and Kurd 's did not feel similarly spoken to there were exceptional sentiments of
sectarianism in Iraq. The Iraqi government 's choice to make political parties construct exclusively
in light of ethnicity and religious group prompted large portions of Iraq 's regular people feeling
unrepresented in government.
The Iraqi government is currently proving insufficient in protecting its nation from the Islamic State.
ISIS's objective is to topple the Iraqi government and establish a caliphate in Iraq and Syria. ISIS
has managed to conquer

The Main Causes And Effects On The Arab Spring
Discuss the key causes and effects 2011 Arabic spring In late 2010, a tidal wave of uprisings and
protests in various parts of the Arab world emerged. It began with the Tunisian revolution when the
martyr Mahmoud Bouazizi set fire to himself as a result of the deteriorating economic and social.
This led to protests and demonstrations that ended with the fall of the ruling regime. In Tunisia
which sparked the beginning of revolutions in many Arab countries, this is known as an Arab
Spring. The question remains what are the real reasons that led to the Arab Spring and its effects?
the causes of the Arabic spring May be varied, depending on the places, however the reasons can be
a corruption in economic policies and demand social justice as the key motives and protests in the
Arab world. This essay will discuss the most important reasons, and the effects of what is known as
the Arab Spring. Civil, economic and social human rights violations were the main reasons behind
the outbreak of popular revolutions in the Arab countries. According to Robbins and Jamal (2015)
"The protests associated with the Arab Spring largely centered on issues related to social justice.
Demonstrators called for economic, political and human rights, including governments that held to
account those who violated these principles." The people of the Arab Spring were disappointed and
frustrated by the social suffering and economic lies. The poor governance, and the monopoly of a
wealthy group of

`` The Birds Of The South ``
UNDER THE GUILLOTINE OF IDEOLOGY: POST SEPTEMBER 11, 2001 ARABIC NOVELS
(A STUDY IN AMANI ABU AL–FADHL'S THE BIRDS OF THE SOUTH") Hassan Jalal Abdullah
Weshah Lecturer, Dept. of English, Hajjah University, Yemen Dr. Rafiq Zakaria Centre for Higher
Learning & Advanced Research,Aurangabad. M.A. English, II Year hassanjalal2015@gmail.com
*ABSTRACT* This paper deals with the ideological nature that dominates the thematic structure of
the contemporary Arabic novel which is the natural reaction to the campaigns of Islamophobia re–
activated and intensified in the West after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. It tackles the
tension of the contemporary Arab–Muslim generation in America as narrated in Amani Abu Al–
Fadhl's "The Birds of the South". Like many other contemporary Arab writers, Amani Abu Al–Fadhl
highlights the sectarianism dominating the contemporary Muslim generation which is fragmented
into Sunnis and Shias. According to the novel, however, the majority of Muslims are peace–loving.
They do not surrender to the sectarian borders which are – directly or indirectly – supported and fed
up by Zionists and non–Muslim Americans. "The Birds of the South", thus, is ideologically
dominated; it aims at ideologizing rather than entertaining or offering joy. Key Words: Ideology,
Arabic Novel, Islamophobia, Sectarianism, Shia, Sunnis. INTRODUCTION The terrorist attacks of
2001 had marked the beginning of a new political, cultural and ideological change

Sectarianism In WW1
1. Sectarianism is like racism, it is a form of bigotry, discrimination, or hatred arising from attaching
importance to perceived differences between subdivisions within a group, such as between different
denominations of a religion, like a split between 2 religious denominations. This split therefore
caused further rivalry and split throughout Australian society, which lead to the separation
throughout social welfare, public morality services, and throughout politics particularly in the issue
of conscription.
2. There was many religious bias in pre 1945 Australia, the church of England's values, rules and
morals were integrated into Australia's law, and those who did not follow the church of England
faced endless sectarianism at the time.

Mary Macillop's Influence On Australia
When Christianity arrived in Australia by the colonisation of the Irish and British, it then became the
most dominant religion of Australia. The arrival of the first fleet in 1788 and the era of 'Modern
Australia' beginning in the same year saw matters of little religious education throughout some of
the population, sectarianism between the Irish and the Catholics and little support for the outback of
Australia. Saint Mary Mackillop and Bishop William Broughton were two individuals who helped
shape Australia's image of religion through Christianity pre–1945, impacting sectarianism,
sectarianism and Outback Australia. Their life stories and efforts made to assist Australia's growth
and knowledge of Christianity connected the country to God in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Broughton's elaborate works he published, based on Anglican scholarship, caught the attention of
the Duke of Wellington. Broughton's connection with God and christianity made him a considerable
candidate for the position of Chaplaincy of New South Wales, thus he was granted the position and
became archdeaconry of New South Wales in 1829. During an Interview with the duke he stated that
Australia "must have a church" (Bailey, 1891) Due to Broughton's request being approved within
only a week, he created the first Church of England in Sydney and had nominated himself Bishop of
this Church. This move within Australia extremely impacted the issue of sectarianism, Mainly
caused by large amounts of conflict between The Church of England and the Catholics, whom were
the Irish. Ongoing experiences of oppression and bitterness that the Catholics experienced. Along
with the Catholic church, Broughton saw to his duty to resist the growth of the Roman Catholic
church in Australia, worried it would affect the historical continuity of the National church and
affected the succession of it's bishops. He was soon being accused of converting Catholics to
Protestantism, whilst in a roman Catholic Church. The issue of Sectarianism between the Catholics
and Church of England in Australia was becoming

The Role Of Theocracy In Iran And Saudi Arabia
Theocracy is a form of a society that is governed by priests or a society whose government is
extremely influenced by religious leaders. In its original sense, theocracy refers to a system where
divine law is the foundation of all humanly created law and in which political and religious
hierarchies are amalgamated. Therefore, it is correct to state that a theocratic regime is a regime that
has religious meaning wedded to a specific religion. In that, the functions and beliefs focus on
specific theological dogmas. A good example of states that are theocratic in nature are Iran and
Saudi Arabia, where the status apparatus of the two countries is subordinate to religious leaders and
Islam; where these are decision makers in political affairs (Oberschall, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The countries present their ideologies to the outside world as holy nations. Recently there has been
significant evidence on major shifts with increasing polarization and creation of new alliances.
These strategic actions produce both risks and opportunities; however, in the Middle East, there has
been growing sectarianism in the conflicts (El Fadl, 2005). The sectarianism plays a great role in the
political conflicts within Saudi Arabia and Iran. While both Saudi Arabia and Iran claim to have
theocracy model states based on Islam, Saudi Arabia is considered a Theo–monarchy with strong
relations to Wahhabism, a branch of Sunni Islam, while Iran's political system has democratic
components and is based on Shiism (Al–Rasheed, 1996). The differences in religious practices and
ethnicity between the two nations have contributed to the dilemma of instability in the Middle

The United States And The Middle East
Over the past decade, wars and interventions in the Middle East have broken up existing states,
fostered sectarianism and destroyed infrastructures, creating the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria.
After years of revolutionary upheaval, the Arab world 's old system is on the verge of collapse. The
United States and other countries bear the blame for this emergence and growth of the indigenous
movements like the Taliban, AL–Qaeda, and IS. Order in the Middle East has been undermined by
corrupt and illegitimate governments, abundance of energy resources, inadequate educational
systems, and various religion–related and secular problems. Outside action have added to the
problems, from poorly drawn national borders to recent interventions. In ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Air power is instrumental for changing the course of wars. Experience in Libya shows how
important it is developing influence on the field and devoting sustained efforts for postwar
stabilization. The current turmoil in Iraq was created by a revolt against specific governmental
policies which has its origins in the United States ' invasion and occupation. Saddam Hussein, who
ruled the country, was part of the Sunni minority who suppressed the Shia majority. However,
Sunnis and Shias coexisted in Iraq because Saddam did not allow overt sectarianism to flourish.
Political affiliation was primarily based on secular ideologies and any group that grew too strong
was purged by his security forces. Whenever possible, Saddam would strike deals with leaders of
socioeconomic minority groups in order to keep indigenous resistance at bay. Because of its alleged
connections to weapons of mass destruction and terrorism, the United States invaded Iraq in 2003.
Iraq was conquered fairly quickly, and the United States, without a plan, deployed a 'divide–and–
rule strategy ' when negotiating the new Iraqi state. The Iraq citizens were forced to declare a
sectarian identity which formed the basis of political organizations. Based on this new social
contract, a quota was put in place in the governing council. Ethnic and religious groups were pitted
against each other by politicians, and this precedent continues in the new government. Regional
power dynamics in Iraq previously

Impact Of Sectarianism In Australia
Sectarianism refers to the rivalry of division along religious lines, which in many cases led to
prejudice, discrimination and even violent behaviour amongst the Christian denominations.
Sectarianism in Australia occurred from the eighteenth to twentieth century, when Australia had a
divide between the Protestants and the Catholics. Sectarianism had an influential impact on the
relationship among Christian denominations in Australia prior to 1945.
Sectarianism had a negative impact on employment opportunities. This because many businesses
only allowed specific religions in their sector, although state and federal governments tried to be
careful in ensuring that employment opportunities were not discriminatory. During Australia prior to
1945, many businesses were owned and run by Protestant people, and this meant that many of these
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Conscription had a strong opposition from the Catholics, especially the Victorian Catholics because
their Archbishop Mannix was strongly opposed to it. However, the Anglicans and the Protestants
supported conscription and urged people to show their loyalty to Britain by supporting the
referendum brought in by Labor Prime Minister, William Hughes. There was a conscription
referendum twice during the First World War, and this was where Australians were asked to vote
either in favour or against conscription. However, both times were unsuccessful.
During the lead up to the first referendum, Archbiship Mannix used the conscription debate to his
advantage by helping to promote the Catholic Church. He argued that England was England was
preventing the development and expression of its Irish citizens. During the lead up to the second
referendum, Archbishop Mannix extended his argument by claiming that the government forced the
unemployed into the armed forces by not providing enough for

What Does The Presence Of Different Sectarian Groups (...
How does the presence of three different sectarian groups (Christian, Sunni, Shiite) affect the
political, economic, and social stability of a nation is an interdisciplinary research question because
it seeks to understand the relationship between the economics and its key insights while examining
the political environment can led to conflict and how that conflict was exacerbated by the
involvement of many different cultural sects. Analyzing the case of Lebanon requires an
interdisciplinary approach for several reasons. First, the problem is complex, meaning that there are
several components and each components has a different disciplinary character. Second, important
insights into the problem have been produced by expects from multiple disciplines. Third, no single
disciplinary approach has been able to address this problem comprehensively. Fourth, the case of
Lebanon falls within the research domains of several disciplines. By establishing these links across
disciplinary knowledge domains requires creating common ground and performing integration,
which is a distinct feature of interdisciplinarity. The scope of this study will focus on the nation of
Lebanon with the events unraveling sense the early 1970 's until today. The composition of the
Lebanese society allows us to examine how the presence of Christian, Sunni, and Shiite camps can
lead to social instability with war being the most extreme manifestation of civil strife. Instability in a
nations political

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