The circadian rhythm has a strong relationship with health. Its disturbance affects on various hormone and organs in the body

1. Faisal Alnaser 2019 1
Disturbance of Circadian Rhythm
and its Effect on Health
Prof. / Dr. Faisal Alnaser
MBBS, FPC, MICGP, FRCGP, FFPH, AFM(USA) ,PhD
Honorary Faculty, Imperial College London, UK
Chair; Home Health care Centre, American Foot & Ankle Centre
General Secretary, International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine
WHO EMRO Temp. Adviser
WONCA EMR Regional Adviser
Bahrain representative in Anti-Smoking International Alliance
Former Chairman: Dept. of Family & Community Medicine
Former Vice President: Arabian Gulf University
Former President: Scientific Council of Family & Community Medicine
Former Arab Board for Health Specializations
Former Chief Editor: JBMS Faisal Alnaser 2019 IFM 2019

2. Faisal Alnaser 2019 2
Why day & Night

3. Faisal Alnaser 2019 3
”‫الليل‬“‫في‬ ‫ذكر‬92‫الكريم‬ ‫القرآن‬ ‫في‬ ‫آية‬
•َّ‫م‬ُ‫ث‬‫وا‬ُّ‫م‬ِ‫ت‬َ‫أ‬ََّ‫ام‬َ‫ي‬ ِ‫الص‬‫ى‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬﴿١٨٧﴾‫البقرة‬
•َُّ‫ج‬ِ‫ل‬‫و‬ُ‫ت‬ََّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬َِّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬﴿٢٧﴾‫آلَّعمران‬
•ََّ‫ون‬ُ‫ل‬ْ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬َِّ‫ت‬‫ا‬َ‫ي‬‫آ‬َِّ‫اّلل‬ََّ‫ء‬‫َا‬‫ن‬‫آ‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬َّْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫ُون‬‫د‬ُ‫ج‬ْ‫س‬َ‫ي‬﴿١١٣﴾‫آلَّعمران‬
•َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬َِّ‫ق‬ْ‫َل‬‫خ‬َِّ‫ت‬‫ا‬ َ‫او‬َ‫م‬‫الس‬َّ ِ‫ض‬ ْ‫ر‬َ ْ‫اْل‬ َ‫و‬َِّ‫ف‬ َ‫َل‬ِ‫ت‬ْ‫اخ‬ َ‫و‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬َِّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬ َ‫و‬َّ‫ات‬َ‫ي‬ َ‫َل‬‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬‫و‬ُ ِ‫ْل‬َِّ‫ب‬‫ا‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ل‬َ ْ‫اْل‬﴿١٩٠﴾‫آلَّعمران‬
•َُّ‫ه‬َ‫ل‬ َ‫و‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ََّ‫َن‬‫ك‬َ‫س‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬َِّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫ُو‬‫ه‬ َ‫و‬َُّ‫ع‬‫ي‬ِ‫م‬‫الس‬َُّ‫م‬‫ي‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬ْ‫ال‬﴿١٣﴾‫اْلنعام‬
•‫ا‬‫م‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ف‬َّ‫ن‬َ‫ج‬َِّ‫ه‬ْ‫ي‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َُّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬َّ‫ى‬َ‫أ‬ َ‫ر‬‫ًا‬‫ب‬َ‫ك‬ ْ‫َو‬‫ك‬ََّ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ق‬‫ا‬َ‫ذ‬َ‫ه‬‫ي‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫ر‬﴿٧٦﴾‫اْلنعام‬
•َُّ‫ق‬ِ‫ل‬‫ا‬َ‫ف‬َِّ‫اح‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫ص‬ِ ْ‫اْل‬ََّ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ج‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬‫ا‬ً‫ن‬َ‫ك‬َ‫س‬ََّ‫س‬ْ‫م‬‫الش‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫ر‬َ‫م‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ال‬ َ‫و‬‫ا‬ً‫ن‬‫ا‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫س‬ُ‫ح‬﴿٩٦﴾‫اْلنعام‬
•َّ‫م‬ُ‫ث‬َّ‫ى‬ َ‫َو‬‫ت‬ْ‫س‬‫ا‬‫ى‬َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َّ ِ‫ش‬ ْ‫ر‬َ‫ع‬ْ‫ال‬‫ِي‬‫ش‬ْ‫غ‬ُ‫ي‬ََّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬ََّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬َُّ‫ه‬ُ‫ب‬ُ‫ل‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫ي‬‫ا‬ً‫ث‬‫ي‬ِ‫ث‬َ‫ح‬﴿٥٤﴾‫اْلعراف‬
•‫ا‬َ‫م‬‫ن‬َ‫أ‬َ‫ك‬َّْ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬ِ‫ش‬ْ‫غ‬ُ‫أ‬َّْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬ُ‫ه‬‫و‬ُ‫ج‬ ُ‫و‬‫ا‬ً‫ع‬َ‫ط‬ِ‫ق‬ََّ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬‫ا‬ً‫م‬ِ‫ل‬ْ‫ظ‬ُ‫م‬﴿٢٧﴾‫يونس‬
•ََّ‫ُو‬‫ه‬‫ِي‬‫ذ‬‫ال‬ََّ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ج‬َُّ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬ََّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬‫وا‬ُ‫ن‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫س‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ل‬َِّ‫ه‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ََّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬ َ‫و‬‫ا‬ ً‫ر‬ ِ‫ْص‬‫ب‬ُ‫م‬﴿٦٧﴾‫يونس‬
•َِّ‫ْر‬‫س‬َ‫أ‬َ‫ف‬ََّ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬ْ‫ه‬َ‫أ‬ِ‫ب‬َّ‫ع‬ْ‫ط‬ِ‫ق‬ِ‫ب‬ََّ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬ََّ‫ل‬ َ‫و‬َّْ‫ت‬ِ‫ف‬َ‫ت‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ي‬َّْ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬ْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬َّ‫د‬َ‫ح‬َ‫أ‬﴿٨١﴾‫هود‬
•َِّ‫م‬ِ‫ق‬َ‫أ‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫ة‬ َ‫َل‬‫الص‬َِّ‫ي‬َ‫ف‬ َ‫ر‬َ‫ط‬َِّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬‫ا‬ً‫ف‬َ‫ل‬ُ‫ز‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬﴿١١٤﴾‫هود‬
•َّْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ َ‫و‬َِّ‫ل‬ُ‫ك‬َِّ‫ت‬‫ا‬ َ‫ر‬َ‫م‬‫الث‬ََّ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ج‬‫ا‬َ‫ه‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬َِّ‫ْن‬‫ي‬َ‫ج‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ز‬َِّ‫ْن‬‫ي‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ث‬‫ا‬‫ِي‬‫ش‬ْ‫غ‬ُ‫ي‬ََّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬ََّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬﴿٣﴾‫الرعد‬
•ََّ‫ر‬‫خ‬َ‫س‬ َ‫و‬َُّ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬ََّ‫س‬ْ‫م‬‫الش‬ََّ‫ر‬َ‫م‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ال‬ َ‫و‬َِّ‫ْن‬‫ي‬َ‫ب‬ِ‫ئ‬‫ا‬َ‫د‬ََّ‫ر‬‫خ‬َ‫س‬ َ‫و‬َُّ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬ََّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬ََّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬ َ‫و‬﴿٣٣﴾‫ابراهيم‬
•َِّ‫ْر‬‫س‬َ‫أ‬َ‫ف‬ََّ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬ْ‫ه‬َ‫أ‬ِ‫ب‬َّ‫ع‬ْ‫ط‬ِ‫ق‬ِ‫ب‬ََّ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬َّْ‫ع‬ِ‫ب‬‫ات‬ َ‫و‬َّْ‫م‬ُ‫ه‬َ‫ار‬َ‫ب‬ْ‫د‬َ‫أ‬﴿٦٥﴾‫الحجر‬
•ََّ‫ر‬‫خ‬َ‫س‬ َ‫و‬َُّ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬ََّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬ََّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫س‬ْ‫م‬‫الش‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫ر‬َ‫م‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ال‬ َ‫و‬﴿١٢﴾‫النحل‬
•‫َا‬‫ن‬ْ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ج‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬ََّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬ َ‫و‬َِّ‫ْن‬‫ي‬َ‫ت‬َ‫ي‬‫آ‬﴿١٢﴾‫اْلسراء‬
•َِّ‫م‬ِ‫ق‬َ‫أ‬ََّ‫ة‬ َ‫َل‬‫الص‬َِّ‫وك‬ُ‫ل‬ُ‫د‬ِ‫ل‬َّ ِ‫س‬ْ‫م‬‫الش‬َّ‫ى‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫إ‬َِّ‫ق‬َ‫س‬َ‫غ‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬﴿٧٨﴾‫اْلسراء‬
•ََّ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ َ‫و‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬َّْ‫د‬‫ج‬َ‫ه‬َ‫ت‬َ‫ف‬َِّ‫ه‬ِ‫ب‬ًَّ‫ة‬َ‫ل‬ِ‫ف‬‫َا‬‫ن‬ََّ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬﴿٧٩﴾‫اْلسراء‬
•َّْ‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ َ‫و‬َِّ‫َاء‬‫ن‬‫آ‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬َّْ‫ح‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫س‬َ‫ف‬ََّ‫اف‬ َ‫ر‬ْ‫ط‬َ‫أ‬ َ‫و‬َِّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬ََّ‫ك‬‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ل‬َّ‫ى‬َ‫ض‬ ْ‫َر‬‫ت‬﴿١٣٠﴾‫طه‬
•ََّ‫ون‬ُ‫ح‬ِ‫ب‬َ‫س‬ُ‫ي‬ََّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬ََّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫ل‬ََّ‫ون‬ُ‫ر‬ُ‫ت‬ْ‫ف‬َ‫ي‬﴿٢٠﴾‫اْلنبياء‬
•ََّ‫ُو‬‫ه‬ َ‫و‬‫ِي‬‫ذ‬‫ال‬ََّ‫ق‬َ‫ل‬َ‫خ‬ََّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬ََّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫س‬ْ‫م‬‫الش‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫ر‬َ‫م‬َ‫ق‬ْ‫ال‬ َ‫و‬﴿٣٣﴾‫اْلنبياء‬
•َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬َِّ‫ف‬ َ‫َل‬ِ‫ت‬ْ‫اخ‬َِّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬َِّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬ َ‫و‬‫ا‬َ‫م‬ َ‫و‬ََّ‫ق‬َ‫ل‬َ‫خ‬َُّ‫اّلل‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬َِّ‫ت‬‫ا‬ َ‫او‬َ‫م‬‫الس‬َّ ِ‫ض‬ ْ‫ر‬َ ْ‫اْل‬ َ‫و‬َّ‫ات‬َ‫ي‬ َ‫َل‬َّ‫م‬ ْ‫و‬َ‫ق‬ِ‫ل‬ََّ‫ون‬ُ‫ق‬‫ت‬َ‫ي‬﴿٦﴾‫يونس‬
•ََّ‫ك‬ِ‫ل‬َ‫ذ‬َّ‫ن‬َ‫أ‬ِ‫ب‬ََّ‫اّلل‬َُّ‫ج‬ِ‫ل‬‫ُو‬‫ي‬ََّ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬‫الل‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬َِّ‫ار‬َ‫ه‬‫الن‬﴿٦١﴾‫الحج‬

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Circadian Rhythm

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A circadian rhythm is a biological process that
displays an endogenous, entrainable, oscillation of
about 24 hours. These 24-hour rhythms are driven by
a circadian clock.
Circa: around
Diem: day
en.wikipedia.org

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Circadian rhythms
synchronize the body
functions with the
environment, to help
to optimize energy
use, and, therefore
promote survival
(Foster and Wulff, 2005)

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It is an internal clock that
runs in the background of
the brain and cycles
between sleepiness and
alertness at regular
intervals.

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Circadian rhythms are
maintained via the
function of the body’s
master clock in the
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
of the anterior
hypothalamus, which is
connected to Trillions of
clocks in every cell of
body & the master clock
synchronizes all of them.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Every organ but even every cell in
the body has its own clock

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The circadian rhythm regulates many physiological process
Every organ has
its own time for
its peak function
during the day.

11. 11
In daytime, light information transmitted to the Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)
from the retina. Synchronizes oscillations in peripheral organs to the light:
dark cycle. Suppresses melatonin release and its circulating levels. In Night,
melatonin’s blood-concentration peaks manifesting its various effects.

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Circadian rhythm are present even in blind people. The
Melanopsin is found in the eyes of both normal and
blind people

13. 13
Biological rhythms and sleep are interrelated
through a complex interactions in the cells
and behavioral habits of humans.

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Efficient and
effective sleep is
more than just a
luxury; it is
critical for the
proper function
of many organ
systems.
36% of our life time is
spent in sleeping

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Adequate sleep is a
key part of a healthy
lifestyle
•makes you feel better
•boosting your mood
•restorative for
the brain
•Memory consolidation

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Dawn phenomenon
Elevated blood glucose around waking (between 4-8am).
Causes are still unclear, But the following hormones follow
circadian rhythm, and tend to be higher in the morning to
help prepare us for the day ahead.
This leads to increases insulin resistance, causing blood
sugar to rise
•Adrenaline: “fight or flight” hormone
•Cortisol: “stress hormone”
•Glucagon: Release glucose into the blood.
•Growth Hormone: Promotes release of glucose

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Dawn phenomenon
Diabetics may experience as a result of dawn
phenomenon:
• nerve damage
• blood vessels damage
• organ damage
• ketoacidosis, an extremely dangerous buildup of
acid in the bloodstream
What can be done:
• Avoid carbohydrates at bedtime.
• Adjust the dose of medication or insulin.
• Switch to a different medication.
• Change the time when you take your medication
or insulin from dinner time to bedtime.
American Diabetic Association

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The question
here; Is there any
relation between
waking for
praying in the
dawn &
prevention

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Effect of Disturbance in Circadian Rhythm
‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫اللة‬ ‫بسم‬
"ُ‫ك‬ْ‫س‬َ‫ت‬ِ‫ل‬ َ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬َّ‫ل‬‫ال‬ ُ‫م‬ُ‫ك‬َ‫ل‬ َ‫ل‬َ‫ع‬َ‫ج‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ذ‬َّ‫ل‬‫ا‬ َ‫و‬ُ‫ه‬ِِْ‫ب‬ُ‫م‬ َ‫رر‬َََّ‫ُن‬‫ال‬َ‫و‬ ِِ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ‫وا‬ُ‫ُن‬‫ا‬ً‫ر‬"
‫العظيم‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ِدق‬
﴿٦٧﴾‫يوُنس‬

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Circadian rhythm disorders can be caused
by many factors:
•Time zone changes (Jet lag)
•Changes in routine such as staying up late or sleeping
•Shift work
•Pregnancy
•Medications
•Medical problems including Alzheimer's or Parkinson
•Mental health problems

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 Why Heart Attack is
more in the morning?
 Why Asthma is more
in the night ?
 Why epilepsy attack is
more at certain times
of the day?
 Why shift workers are
overweight?

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Misalignment between the internal and external clock
could lead
to increase
blood
pressure
and
increase in
inflammator
y reactions.
This could have significant consequences to our body, as we might be awake and
eating, however our gut system is ready for a sleep

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Disturbance in the circadian
rhythm and sleep are dangerous
to human health, as they can lead
to many pathology including:
 obesity,
diabetes,
cardiovascular disease,
various infections,
changes in hormonal signals.

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one of the major changes
in the industrialized world
that contributes to the
pathogenesis of the
metabolic syndrome
(obesity, hypertension,
hyperglycemia and
dyslipidaemia) involves
the introduction of
artificial light and work
into the night-time.
Knutson KL, Van Cauter E.2008

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The decrease in sleep duration in the US has
occurred over the same time period as the
increase in the prevalence of metabolic disease
(Octavian C. Ioachimescu - 2011)

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A healthy circadian
rhythm can balance:
• hormones
• brain chemicals
• gut microbione
• organ function
• reduces
inflammation.

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The BRAIN does not have a lymphatic
System to clear its large amount waste
products which is produced during the
day (Amyloid Beta).
During sleep the brain cells shrinks
leading to the CSF diffuses in-between
the cells to wash out the brain and clear
the cells’ waste products.
BRAIN CLEANING

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Reduced sleep
duration in
children is
associated with
increased risk
of being
overweight .
(Lumeng JC ET AL 2007)

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There is a
relationship
between
limited sleep
with glucose
digestion and
risk of
developing
diabetes.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea

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Cardiovascular disease
and hypertension are
also associated with
sleep loss: the risk of a
fatal heart attack
increases 45% in
individuals who
chronically sleep 5 h per
night or less
Isabella M. Hower st al ,2018

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Serious adverse cardiovascular events:
myocardial infarction
sudden cardiac death
pulmonary embolism
limb ischemia
aortic aneurysm rupture,
All have pronounced circadian rhythmicity
reaching a peak during the morning.

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Genetic variation in circadian
clock genes associated with
psychiatric diseases:
• bipolar disorders depression
• schizophrenia
• many neurological and
psychiatric diseases, including
Alzheimer
Wirz-Justice A, 2008
Prevention of Dementia
Erik Musiek, et al 2015

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Increased
incidence of colon
and breast cancer
in developed
countries is found,
despite advanced
screening and
prevention.
(Parkin et al, 2009).

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Several studies
revealed a clear
association
between night
shift work and
increased breast
cancer incidence.
(Davis et al., 2001; Schernhammer et al.,
2001; Hansen et al., 2001; Megdal et al.,
2005; Hansen and Lassen, 2012)

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Shift work is also associated
with a 1.6 and 3.0-fold
increased risk of cardiovascular
disease for 45–55 years old
men and women. Michiaki Nagai ,et al,2010

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Important
findings:
The timing of food
eating is more important
than the calories, if you
want to loose weight. So
it is when to eat rather
than what to eat. the
number of hours
between our breakfast
and dinner may be as
important as day’s
calorie counts.

39. Faisal Alnaser 2019 39
Glucose control is better if you eat meal in the morning hours rather than the evening time

40. Faisal Alnaser 2019 40
Satchidananda Panda, Salk University, 2017
A mouse allowed to eat 24 hours a
day (left) had much higher levels of
liver fat (white) than one that
consumed the same high-fat diet
within an 8-hour daily feeding
window (right).
Time of Feeding

41. Faisal Alnaser 2019 41
Important findings:
Also the time of medication is
very important for the treatment
of a problem.
Pain intensity is at its lowest
between 8 & 10 am
Prof Russell Foster

42. Faisal Alnaser 2019 42
Two groups
of mice's
given same
toxins at
different
time of the
day. It
showed
different
death
responses
Helberg, 1960

43. Faisal Alnaser 2019 43
Circadian timing of drug delivery
Franz Halberg, 1919-2013
University of Minnesota (Romanian)
Timing of cancer treatment
according to marker rhythms
improves outcomes both in
terms of heightened efficacy
and lesser undesired side
effects.
A calorie is different whether it
is consumed at breakfast or
dinner.

44. Faisal Alnaser 2019 44
In conclusion:
Voluntarily decision to stay awake long into the evening hours
leads to circadian disruption at the system, tissue, and cellular
levels. These derangements are in turn associated with clinical
impairments in metabolic processes and physiology.
Phyllis Zee, et al 2013

45. Faisal Alnaser 2019
45
In conclusion:
Circadian Rhythm is important for the
health of individuals.
Improving sleep quality at night and
preserving circadian timing have immediate
positive effects on the quality of life.

46. Faisal Alnaser 2019 46
myCircadianClock.org

47. Faisal Alnaser 2019 47
‫الرحيم‬ ‫الرحمن‬ ‫اللة‬ ‫بسم‬
‫ا‬‫و‬ ِ‫ار‬‫ا‬‫ه‬َّ‫ن‬‫ال‬‫ا‬‫و‬ ِ‫ل‬ْ‫ي‬َّ‫الل‬ ِ‫ف‬ ‫ا‬‫َل‬ِ‫ت‬ْ‫اخ‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ َّ‫ن‬ِ‫إ‬‫ا‬‫او‬‫ا‬‫م‬َّ‫س‬‫ال‬ ‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ ُ َّ‫اَّلل‬ ‫ا‬‫ق‬‫ا‬‫ل‬‫ا‬‫خ‬ ‫ا‬‫ا‬‫م‬ِ‫ت‬‫ا‬
‫ا‬‫ون‬ُ‫ق‬َّ‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ ٍ‫م‬ ْ‫و‬‫ا‬‫ق‬ِ‫ل‬ ٍ‫ت‬‫ا‬‫ا‬‫ي‬ ‫ا‬‫َل‬ ِ‫ض‬ْ‫ر‬‫ا‬ ْ‫اْل‬‫ا‬‫و‬
‫العظيم‬ ‫هللا‬ ‫ِدق‬
﴿٦﴾‫يونس‬
Thank you

48. 48
Melatonin is a marker for internal time
and can indicate the circadian rhythm