The slides describe concept of distribution, Volume of distribution, factors affecting volume of distribution and the barriers to distribution. Blood brain barrier and placental barrier.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with pharmacokinetics : concept of linear and non-linear compartment models.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
The slides describe concept of distribution, Volume of distribution, factors affecting volume of distribution and the barriers to distribution. Blood brain barrier and placental barrier.
University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences is a flag bearer of excellence in Pharmaceutical education and research in the country. Here is another initiative to make study material available to everyone worldwide. Based on the new PCI guidelines and syllabus here we have a presentation dealing with pharmacokinetics : concept of linear and non-linear compartment models.
Thank you for reading.
Hope it was of help to you.
UIPS,PU team
Best slides ever of theories of drug dissolution, film teory, dankwerts model, interfacial model of dissolution, noyes whitneys equation, modified noyes whitney equation, sink condition, 1st order & zero order kinetics of drug dissolution, conclution, references
The presentation concisely describes the different pharmacokinetic parameters and basics of compartment modelling. It will help undergraduate students to understand the basic concepts of Biopharmaceutics.
Best slides ever of theories of drug dissolution, film teory, dankwerts model, interfacial model of dissolution, noyes whitneys equation, modified noyes whitney equation, sink condition, 1st order & zero order kinetics of drug dissolution, conclution, references
The presentation concisely describes the different pharmacokinetic parameters and basics of compartment modelling. It will help undergraduate students to understand the basic concepts of Biopharmaceutics.
Brain Targeted Drug Delivery System
Prepared by :
Surbhi
M.Pharmacy II sem
Submitted to :
Dr. Anupama Diwan
MAGIC BULLET : CONCEPT OF PAUL EHRLICH
Brain Targeting: Challenges
Blood brain barrier (BBB): Brain is tightly segregated from the circulating blood by a unique membranous barrier.
The brain and spinal cord are lined with a layer of special endothelial cells that lack fenestrations and are sealed with tight junctions that greatly restrict passage of substances from the bloodstream.
These endothelial cells, together with perivascular elements such as astrocytes and pericytes, constitute the BBB.
Rate-limiting factor in determining permeation.
The factors affecting particular substance to cross BBB
Drug related factors at the BBB
Concentration at the BBB and the size,
Flexibility,
Conformation,
Ionization (nonionized form penetrates BBB)
Lipophilicity of the drug molecule,
Cellular enzyme stability and cellular sequestration,
Affinity for efflux mechanisms (i.e. P-glycoprotein),
Hydrogen bonding potential (i.e. charge),
Affinity for carrier mechanisms, and
Effect on all of the above by the existing pathological conditions
Transport Mechanisms
Several specialized transport mechanisms of solute transfer across endothelial cells and into the brain interstitium are also present within the BBB Carrier system for monosaccharides, monocarboxylic acid, neutral amino acids, basic amino acid, acidic amino acids, amines, purine bases, nucleosides, vitamins and hormones.
The more lipophilic substances that are present in the blood can diffuse passively directly through the lipid of the cell membrane and enter the endothelial cells and brain by this means.
Strategies for Brain Targeting Mechanisms for drug targeting in the brain involve going either "through" or "behind" the BBB.
Neurosurgical or Invasive Strategies
BBB disruption :Disruption of BBB by osmotic means (Hyperosmolar solutions),
Intraventricular drug infusion
Intracerebral Implants: Biodegradable implants,
Physiologic based Strategies
Psuedo nutrients eg L-dopa
Cationic antibodies.These undergo Absorption mediated trancytosis through BBB owing to positive charge.
Chimeric peptides.
Drug distibution, significance, steps in Drug distribution, Factors affecting,physiochemical properties of drug, volume of distribution,protein binding, mechanism of protein drug binding
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. Academic session: Mar. - Jul. 2022 (FoP) 2
Pharmacokinetics - distribution
• Drug distribution
reversibly leaves
is the process by which a drug
the bloodstreamand enters the
interstitium (extracellular fluid) and the tissues.
• Movement of drug proceeds until an equilibrium is
established between unbound drug in the plasma and
the tissue fluids.
3. Pharmacokinetics - distribution
• Apparent volume of distribution (V).
• Presuming that the body behaves as a single
homogeneous compartment with volume V into which
the drug gets immediately and uniformly distributed.
Academic session: Mar. - Jul. 2022 (FoP) 3
4. Academic session: Mar. - Jul. 2022 (FoP) 4
Pharmacokinetics - distribution
• Apparent volume of distribution (V).
Calculation:
• A 58 kg male patient is given 350 milligrams of Drug B,
which distributes throughout extracellular fluid, but not
readily into tissues. On measuring a peak level, we may
get a value of 20 milligrams per litter. Calculate the
apparent volume of distribution per Kg body weight.
= 350/20
= 17.5 litter of plasma
= 17.5/58
= 0.30 litter/ kg
5. Academic session: Mar. - Jul. 2022 (FoP) 5
Pharmacokinetics - distribution
• The distribution of a drug from the plasma to the
interstitium depends on
A. Cardiac output and local blood flow
B. capillary permeability
C. Binding of drugs to plasma proteins and tissues
D. Lipophilicity
E. Volume of distribution
6. Academic session: Mar. - Jul. 2022 (FoP) 6
Distribution of a drug depends on
A. Cardiac output and local blood flow
– The rate of blood flow to the tissue capillaries varies
widely.
– Blood flow to “vessel-rich organs” (brain, liver, and kidney)
is greater than that to the skeletal muscles.
– High blood flow, together with high lipophilicity permits
rapid distribution
7. Academic session: Mar. - Jul. 2022 (FoP) 7
Distribution of a drug depends on
B. Capillary permeability
– Capillary permeability is determined by capillary structure
and by the chemical nature of the drug. Capillary structure
varies in terms of the fraction of the basement membrane
exposed by slit junctions between endothelial cells.
– In the liver and spleen, a significant portion of the
basement
discontinuous capillaries through which large
membrane is exposed due to large,
plasma
proteins can pass. In the brain, the capillary structure is
continuous, and there are no slit junctions. To enter the
brain, drugs must pass through the endothelial cells of the
CNS capillaries or undergo active transport.
8. Distribution of a drug depends on
B. Capillary permeability
Academic session: Mar. - Jul. 2022 (FoP) 8
9. Academic session: Mar. - Jul. 2022 (FoP) 9
Distribution of a drug depends on
C. Binding of drugs to plasma proteins and tissues
– Binding to plasma proteins: Reversible binding to plasma
proteins sequesters drugs in a nondiffusible form and
slows transfer out of the vascular compartment. Many
drugs reversibly bind to albumin, 1-acid glycoprotein, or
other proteins in plasma. Albumin is the major drug-
binding protein, and it may act as a drug reservoir. Drug
bound to albumin is not filtered by renal glomerulus but
may be cleared by the proximal renal tubule and liver.
– The extent of binding to proteins is dependent on several
factors such as affinity, number of binding sites, and drug
concentrations at the site.
10. Academic session: Mar. - Jul. 2022 (FoP) 10
Distribution of a drug depends on
C. Binding of drugs to plasma proteins and tissues
– Binding to tissue proteins: Many drugs accumulate in
tissues, leading to higher concentrations in tissues than in
interstitial fluid and blood. Drugs may accumulate because
of binding to lipids, proteins, or nucleic acids. Drugs may
also undergo active transport into tissues. Tissue reservoirs
may serve as a major source of the drug and prolong its
actions or cause local drug toxicity.
11. Academic session: Mar. - Jul. 2022 (FoP) 11
Distribution of a drug depends on
D. Lipophilicity:
– The chemical nature of a drug strongly influences its ability
to cross cell membranes. Lipophilic drugs readily move
across most biologic membranes. By contrast, hydrophilic
drugs do not readily penetrate cell membranes and must
pass through slit junctions.
12. Distribution of a drug depends on
E. Volume of distribution
– The apparent volume of distribution (Vd) is defined as the
fluid volume that is required to contain the entire drug in
the body at the same concentration measured in the
plasma. It is calculated by dividing the dose that ultimately
gets into the systemic circulation by the plasma
concentration at time zero (C0).
Academic session: Mar. - Jul. 2022 (FoP) 12
13. Academic session: Sep. 2018 - Jan. 2019
(BPT)
13
Distribution of a drug depends on
E. Volume of distribution calculation:
• 64-year-old female patient (70 kg) was recently
diagnosed with gram-positive pathogenic infection. He
received 2000 mg of vancomycin as an IV loading dose.
The peak plasma concentration of vancomycin was
reported to be 28.5 mg/L. The apparent volume of
distribution is:
= Amount of drug/ Plasma concentration
= 2000/28.5
= 70.2 L for 70 kg
= 1 L/ kg
