This document discusses several distributed file systems including NFS, Coda, Plan 9, xFS, and SFS. It provides details on each system's architecture, communication methods, naming, caching, replication, fault tolerance, security and access control approaches. The key aspects covered are remote access models, file operations, attributes, sharing semantics, client caching, server organization, naming schemes, and consistency models used by the different systems.
An overview of the Brokered Messaging feature on the Windows Azure Platform. Brokered Messaging supports Queues, Topics and Subscriptions providing message-based sollutions for load balancing, load leveling and pub/sub scenarios.
An overview of the Brokered Messaging feature on the Windows Azure Platform. Brokered Messaging supports Queues, Topics and Subscriptions providing message-based sollutions for load balancing, load leveling and pub/sub scenarios.
Short overview of the XML-RPC protocol for XML-based RPC services.
XML-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol using XML as data format and HTTP as transport protocol.
It is a simple mechanism to call remote procedures on a machine with a different operating system.
XML-RPC is language and platform independent. XML-RPC libraries are available in Java and other languages.
XML-RPC is not more than its name implies and thus is very simple and lean. This means that it lacks most of the features that SOAP/WSDL web services provide.
Covert Timing Channels using HTTP Cache HeadersDenis Kolegov
In this presentation covert timing channels using HTTP cache headers are described. Peculiarities of programming implementation of the covert channels depending on HTTP cache headers, threat model, programming language (C, JavaScript, Python, Ruby) and environment (web-browser, malicious software) are considered. The basic characteristics of the implemented covert channels are provided. Module and extension implementing ETag-based covert timing channels that were implemented in BeEF framework are discussed.
There’s a lot of exciting new stuff in .NET Core, and more on the way! We’ll take a look at some top features in 3.1, including Blazor, desktop support (WPF and Windows Forms), single file executables, language features, and more. We'll also take an early look at what's on the way in .NET 5, and how you can start planning for it today.
Overview of HTTP, HTML, WWW and web technologies.
The combo HTTP and HTML is the foundation of the World Wide Web (WWW).
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) defines a text-based format for describing the contents of a web page. HTML is based on tags similar to XML (eXtensible Markup Language), but its definition is less strict.
HTML pages are transported with the HTTP protocol (HyperText Transmission Protocol) over TCP/IP based networks.
The power of the WWW comes with the links based on URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) that connect pages to form a web of content.
Browsers display links as clickable items that, when clicked, trigger the browser to load the web page pointed to by the link.
This statelessness contributed a lot to the stability and scalability of the world wide web where web servers are only tasked with the delivery of web pages while the browser is responsible for the rendering of web pages.
The static nature of the early World Wide Web was soon augmented with the dynamic creation of web pages by web servers or by enriching static web pages with dynamic content.
Technologies like CGI (Common Gateway Interface), JSP (Java Server Pages) or ASP (Active Server Pages) were developed to provide the infrastructure to build dynamic web applications.
These server-side technologies were complemented with client-side technologies like Javascript and AJAX (Asynchronous Javascript And XML).
Web page caching is an important mechanism to reduce latency in loading web pages and reducing network traffic.
HTTP defines different caching control mechanisms. Simpler caching methods are based on web page expiry dates while more complex mechanisms use web page validation.
This article tries to demystify HTTP, "servlet", "web server", "application server", "servlet container" and gives the fundamentals of the Java Servlet API (that comes with the J2EE SDK).
Short overview of the XML-RPC protocol for XML-based RPC services.
XML-RPC is a remote procedure call protocol using XML as data format and HTTP as transport protocol.
It is a simple mechanism to call remote procedures on a machine with a different operating system.
XML-RPC is language and platform independent. XML-RPC libraries are available in Java and other languages.
XML-RPC is not more than its name implies and thus is very simple and lean. This means that it lacks most of the features that SOAP/WSDL web services provide.
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In this presentation covert timing channels using HTTP cache headers are described. Peculiarities of programming implementation of the covert channels depending on HTTP cache headers, threat model, programming language (C, JavaScript, Python, Ruby) and environment (web-browser, malicious software) are considered. The basic characteristics of the implemented covert channels are provided. Module and extension implementing ETag-based covert timing channels that were implemented in BeEF framework are discussed.
There’s a lot of exciting new stuff in .NET Core, and more on the way! We’ll take a look at some top features in 3.1, including Blazor, desktop support (WPF and Windows Forms), single file executables, language features, and more. We'll also take an early look at what's on the way in .NET 5, and how you can start planning for it today.
Overview of HTTP, HTML, WWW and web technologies.
The combo HTTP and HTML is the foundation of the World Wide Web (WWW).
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) defines a text-based format for describing the contents of a web page. HTML is based on tags similar to XML (eXtensible Markup Language), but its definition is less strict.
HTML pages are transported with the HTTP protocol (HyperText Transmission Protocol) over TCP/IP based networks.
The power of the WWW comes with the links based on URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) that connect pages to form a web of content.
Browsers display links as clickable items that, when clicked, trigger the browser to load the web page pointed to by the link.
This statelessness contributed a lot to the stability and scalability of the world wide web where web servers are only tasked with the delivery of web pages while the browser is responsible for the rendering of web pages.
The static nature of the early World Wide Web was soon augmented with the dynamic creation of web pages by web servers or by enriching static web pages with dynamic content.
Technologies like CGI (Common Gateway Interface), JSP (Java Server Pages) or ASP (Active Server Pages) were developed to provide the infrastructure to build dynamic web applications.
These server-side technologies were complemented with client-side technologies like Javascript and AJAX (Asynchronous Javascript And XML).
Web page caching is an important mechanism to reduce latency in loading web pages and reducing network traffic.
HTTP defines different caching control mechanisms. Simpler caching methods are based on web page expiry dates while more complex mechanisms use web page validation.
This article tries to demystify HTTP, "servlet", "web server", "application server", "servlet container" and gives the fundamentals of the Java Servlet API (that comes with the J2EE SDK).
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
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The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
4. File System Model
An incomplete list of file system operations supported by NFS.
Operation v3 v4 Description
Create Yes No Create a regular file
Create No Yes Create a nonregular file
Link Yes Yes Create a hard link to a file
Symlink Yes No Create a symbolic link to a file
Mkdir Yes No Create a subdirectory in a given directory
Mknod Yes No Create a special file
Rename Yes Yes Change the name of a file
Rmdir Yes No Remove an empty subdirectory from a directory
Open No Yes Open a file
Close No Yes Close a file
Lookup Yes Yes Look up a file by means of a file name
Readdir Yes Yes Read the entries in a directory
Readlink Yes Yes Read the path name stored in a symbolic link
Getattr Yes Yes Read the attribute values for a file
Setattr Yes Yes Set one or more attribute values for a file
Read Yes Yes Read the data contained in a file
Write Yes Yes Write data to a file
10. File Attributes (1)
Some general mandatory file attributes in NFS.
Attribute Description
TYPE The type of the file (regular, directory, symbolic link)
SIZE The length of the file in bytes
CHANGE
Indicator for a client to see if and/or when the file has
changed
FSID Server-unique identifier of the file's file system
11. File Attributes (2)
Some general recommended file attributes.
Attribute Description
ACL an access control list associated with the file
FILEHANDLE The server-provided file handle of this file
FILEID A file-system unique identifier for this file
FS_LOCATIONS Locations in the network where this file system may be found
OWNER The character-string name of the file's owner
TIME_ACCESS Time when the file data were last accessed
TIME_MODIFY Time when the file data were last modified
TIME_CREATE Time when the file was created
12. Semantics of File Sharing (1)
a) On a single processor, when a
read follows a write, the value
returned by the read is the value
just written.
b) In a distributed system with
caching, obsolete values may be
returned.
13. Semantics of File Sharing (2)
Four ways of dealing with the shared files in a distributed system.
Method Comment
UNIX semantics Every operation on a file is instantly visible to all processes
Session semantics No changes are visible to other processes until the file is closed
Immutable files No updates are possible; simplifies sharing and replication
Transaction All changes occur atomically
14. File Locking in NFS (1)
NFS version 4 operations related to file locking.
Operation Description
Lock Creates a lock for a range of bytes
Lockt Test whether a conflicting lock has been granted
Locku Remove a lock from a range of bytes
Renew Renew the leas on a specified lock
15. File Locking in NFS (2)
The result of an open operation with share reservations in NFS.
a) When the client requests shared access given the current denial state.
b) When the client requests a denial state given the current file access state.
Current file denial state
NONE READ WRITE BOTH
READ Succeed Fail Succeed Succeed
WRITE Succeed Succeed Fail Succeed
BOTH Succeed Succeed Succeed Fail
(a)
Requested file denial state
NONE READ WRITE BOTH
READ Succeed Fail Succeed Succeed
WRITE Succeed Succeed Fail Succeed
BOTH Succeed Succeed Succeed Fail
(b)
Request
access
Current
access
state
18. RPC Failures
Three situations for handling retransmissions.
a) The request is still in progress
b) The reply has just been returned
c) The reply has been some time ago, but was lost.
21. Access Control
The classification of operations recognized by NFS with respect to access control.
Operation Description
Read_data Permission to read the data contained in a file
Write_data Permission to to modify a file's data
Append_data Permission to to append data to a file
Execute Permission to to execute a file
List_directory Permission to to list the contents of a directory
Add_file Permission to to add a new file t5o a directory
Add_subdirectory Permission to to create a subdirectory to a directory
Delete Permission to to delete a file
Delete_child Permission to to delete a file or directory within a directory
Read_acl Permission to to read the ACL
Write_acl Permission to to write the ACL
Read_attributes The ability to read the other basic attributes of a file
Write_attributes Permission to to change the other basic attributes of a file
Read_named_attrs Permission to to read the named attributes of a file
Write_named_attrs Permission to to write the named attributes of a file
Write_owner Permission to to change the owner
Synchronize Permission to to access a file locally at the server with synchronous reads and writes
22. The Coda File System
The various kinds of users and processes distinguished by
NFS with respect to access control.
Type of user Description
Owner The owner of a file
Group The group of users associated with a file
Everyone Any user of a process
Interactive Any process accessing the file from an interactive terminal
Network Any process accessing the file via the network
Dialup
Any process accessing the file through a dialup connection
to the server
Batch Any process accessing the file as part of a batch job
Anonymous Anyone accessing the file without authentication
Authenticated Any authenticated user of a process
Service Any system-defined service process
29. Sharing Files in Coda
The transactional behavior in sharing files in Coda.
30. Transactional Semantics
The metadata read and modified for a store session type in Coda.
File-associated data Read? Modified?
File identifier Yes No
Access rights Yes No
Last modification time Yes Yes
File length Yes Yes
File contents Yes Yes
36. Access Control
Classification of file and directory operations
recognized by Coda with respect to access control.
Operation Description
Read Read any file in the directory
Write Modify any file in the directory
Lookup Look up the status of any file
Insert Add a new file to the directory
Delete Delete an existing file
Administer Modify the ACL of the directory
38. Communication
Files associated with a single TCP connection in Plan 9.
File Description
ctl Used to write protocol-specific control commands
data Used to read and write data
listen Used to accept incoming connection setup requests
local Provides information on the caller's side of the connection
remote Provides information on the other side of the connection
status Provides diagnostic information on the current status of the connection
44. Naming
Main data structures used in xFS.
Data structure Description
Manager map Maps file ID to manager
Imap Maps file ID to log address of file's inode
Inode Maps block number (i.e., offset) to log address of block
File identifier Reference used to index into manager map
File directory Maps a file name to a file identifier
Log addresses Triplet of stripe group, ID, segment ID, and segment offset
Stripe group map Maps stripe group ID to list of storage servers
47. Summary
A comparison between NFS, Coda, Plan 9, xFS. N/S indicates that nothing has been specified.
Issue NFS Coda Plan 9 xFS SFS
Design goals Access transparency High availability Uniformity Serverless system Scalable security
Access model Remote Up/Download Remote Log-based Remote
Communication RPC RPC Special Active msgs RPC
Client process Thin/Fat Fat Thin Fat Medium
Server groups No Yes No Yes No
Mount granularity Directory File system File system File system Directory
Name space Per client Global Per process Global Global
File ID scope File server Global Server Global File system
Sharing sem. Session Transactional UNIX UNIX N/S
Cache consist. write-back write-back write-through write-back write-back
Replication Minimal ROWA None Striping None
Fault tolerance Reliable comm.
Replication and
caching
Reliable comm. Striping Reliable comm.
Recovery Client-based Reintegration N/S
Checkpoint & write
logs
N/S
Secure channels
Existing
mechanisms
Needham-Schroeder Needham-Schroeder No pathnames Self-cert.
Access control Many operations Directory operations UNIX based UNIX based NFS BASED