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Distant Hybridization in Fruit Crops
- 1. 5/16/2020 1 Distant Hybridizationin Fruit Crops Credit Seminar On Sanjay K S
- 2. Introduction Interspecific Hybridization Species 1of Genus A X Species 2 of Genus A F1 Intergeneric Hybridization Species of Genus A X Species of Genus B F1
- 3. History • Thomas Fairchild(1717): First interspecific hybrid Carnation Sweet William (Dianthus caryophyllus) (Dianthus barbatus) x
- 4. • Rimpau (1890):Produced the first intergeneric hybrid Triticale Wheat Rye x
- 5. • Karpechenko (1928):Intergeneric hybrid- Raphanobrassica Raphanus sativus B. oleracea var. capitata X x
- 6. Main features ofDistant hybridizatiton It is used when the desirable character is not found within the species of a crop It is an effective method of transferring desirable gene into cultivated plants from their related cultivated or wild species. It gives rise to three types of crosses viz. a) fully fertile, b) Partially fertile and c) Fully sterile in different crop species. It leads to Introgression which refers to transfer of some genes from one species into genome of another species. F1 hybrid between two genus are always sterile. The fertility has to be restored by doubling of chromosome through colchicine treatment.
- 7. Types of crossesobtained during distant hybridization • Fully fertile crosses: Between species that have complete chromosomal homology. Chromosome in such hybrids have normal pairing at meiosis. E.g., Mango, citrus • Partially fertile crosses: Between species which differ in chromosome number but have some chromosome in common. In such situation , F1 plants are partially fertile and partially sterile. • Fully sterile crosses: Between species which do not have chromosomal homology. Such hybrids can be made self fertile by doubling the chromosomes.
- 8. Problems associated withwide crosses • Cross Incompatibility • Hybrid Inviability • Hybrid Sterility • Hybrid Breakdown
- 9. Cross Incompatibility Pre –fertilizationbarriers • Lack of pollen germination • Insufficient growth of pollen tube to reach ovule • Inability of male gamete to unite with the egg cell. Overcome by • Reciprocal crosses • Bridge crosses • Using pollen mixtures • Pistil manipulations • Use of growth regulators etc.
- 10. Hybrid Inviability development ofthe zygote is arrested embryo gets aborted • Unfavourable interactions between chromosomes • Unfavourable interaction of the endosperm with the embryo • Disharmony between cytoplasm and nuclear genes overcome by • Reciprocal crosses • application of growth hormones • embryo rescue
- 11. Hybrid Sterility • Inabilityof a hybrid to produce viable offspring • Incomplete pairing of chromosomes. • overcome by amphidiploidization using colchicine
- 12. Hybrid Breakdown • F1hybrid plants of an interspecific crosses are vigorous and fertile but there F2 progeny is weak and sterile • Due to the structural difference of chromosomes or problems in gene combinations
- 13. Techniques To OvercomeBarriers In Wide Hybridization Manipulation of ploidy level Strawberry: Fragaria x annanasa X Fragaria nilgerrensis (Cultivated strawberry) (wild species having peach aroma) Sterile Hybrid having peach aroma chromosome doubling Fertile hybrid having peach aroma
- 14. Use of nutrientsolution or growth regulators Resistance source for PRSV and cold- Vasconcellea genus Incompatible with cultivated species-Carica papaya Using nutrient solution (sucrose 5%) (Jayavalli et al.,2011) enhanced pollen germination and pollen tube growth generation of viable hybrid embryo
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- 17. Incompatible X V. candamarcensis Failureto form hybrid Compatible Carica papaya X F1 X Hybrid formation
- 18. Carica papaya andV. candamarcensis are incompatible Vasconcellea parviflora is compatible with both the species As a bridge species Vasconcellea parviflora can be utilized Use of Bridge Species
- 19. Desirable gene sources Mango Mangiferacaesia White pulp, sweet and fragrant M. decandra, M. gedebe Rootstock for water-logged conditions M. Indica var. mekongensis Fruits twice a year M. pajang Fruits can be peeled like Banana M. similis Freestone mangoes Annona A. purpurea Orange flesh, thick fruit skin resistant to cracking A. scleroderma, A. festudinea Thick and hard shell
- 20. Grapes Disease/ pest/ stressResistance source Downy mildew V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. labrusca anthracnose V. simpsoni, V. rotundifolia powdery mildew V. aestivalis, V. cinerea, V. barlendieri RKN V. champini, V. candicans pierce’s disease V. rotundifolia, V. vulpina cold damage V. riparia, V. labrusca, V. amurensis Iron chlorosis V. Berlandieri salinity V. champini, V. berlandieri
- 21. Disease/ pest/ stressResistance source Papaya Papaya ringspot virus V. cauliflora, quercifolia Cold hardiness V. candamarcensis Distortion ringspot virus V. pubescence, V. stipulate, V. heibornii Guava wilt Psidium molle, P. guineese Banana black sigatoka M. a. ssp malaccensis, M. a. ssp burmanica Panama wilt M. balbisiana, M. a. ssp burmanica
- 22. Apple Disease/ pest/ stressResistance source Rosy leaf curl aphid M. xrobusta Powdery mildew M. xrobusta, M. xzumi Scab M. baccata, M. floribunda, M. micromalus Apricot cold Prunus sibirica, P. mandschurica
- 23. Applications 1. Improvement offruit quality 2. Fruits with less seeds 3. Abiotic stress tolerance 4. Biotic stress tolerance 5. Alternatives for GM crops
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- 26. Fig. 2. Productionof intergeneric hybrid plants by embryo rescue
- 27. Table 1. Evaluationof PLDMV resistance in the parent plants and intergeneric hybrids by means of mechanical inoculation Plant material No. of plants tested No symptoms Typical symptoms Necrotic lesions C. Papaya (control) 23 23 0 0 C. papaya (PLDMV) 27 0 27 0 V. cundinamarcensis (control) 50 50 0 0 V. cundinamarcensis (PLDMV) 66 66 0 0 Intergeneric hybrid (control) 84 84 0 0 Intergeneric hybrid (PLDMV) 134 41 0 93
- 28. Fig. 3. Confirmationof intergeneric hybridization by flow cytometry to determine the relative nuclear DNA content.
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- 30. Fig. 4. Confirmationof intergeneric hybridization by PCR
- 31. Fig. 1. Symptomson the inoculated leaves
- 32. Fig. 5.Detection ofthe partial coat protein gene of PLDMV by RT-PCR C. papaya with severe mosaic symptoms V. cundinamarcensis with no symptoms Intergeneric hybrid with no symptoms Intergeneric hybrid with necrotic lesions
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- 34. Table 1 Reactionof parents and F2 progenies against artificial inoculation of PRSV under glass house conditions. parents Hybrids 5 5 0.216
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- 36. Materials and methods F.x annanasa cv. Toyonoka X F. nilgerrensis cv. Yunnan TN-13 (Pentaploid and sterile) (colchicine treatment) TN13-113 and TN13-125( Decaploid and fertile) TN13-125 X F. x annanasa cv. Pajaro (Back crossing) TNP-05 and TNP-14
- 37. Lines Relative value ofpeaks (%) components Ethyl acetate Methyl n- butyrate Ethyl n- butyrate Butyl acetate Formic acid Caproic acid furano ne TN13-125 23.0 1.5 1.3 6.6 4.8 1.5 2.4 TNP-05 5.8 6.9 2.8 12.3 - 0.9 1.2 TNP-14 5.9 1.1 8.7 6.0 - 1.2 1.8 Toyonoka 1.9 8.5 21.5 3.7 1.3 1.4 3.1 Yunnan 19.5 0.0 5.5 7.0 1.4 0.8 3.4 Table 2 : Comparison of the main aroma components of Interspecific hybrids
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- 40. Table. 1. Averageberry and seed weight
- 41. seeded berries fromC41-7 Parthenocarpic berries from C41-7 mature berries from C41-5 overripe berries from C41-5
- 42. Aborted seed of ThompsonSeedless Flame Seedless C41-5 Seeded Black Corinth C41-7 seed of
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- 44. Table 1. Reactionof resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) to Meloidogyne enterolobii •
- 45. Table 2. Tolerancereaction (R) or susceptibility reaction (S) assessed 120 days after inoculating with an initial population of 10,000 eggs
- 46. Fig 1. Absenceof galls in the root system of the hybrid GUA161 PE X ARA138 RR Fig 2. presence of galls in the root system of the hybrid GUA161 PE X ARA153 BA
- 47. Fig 3. Three-months-oldplant of the GUA 161 PE × ARA138RR hybrid grafted with ‘Paluma’ Fig 4. Four-months-old plant of the GUA 161 PE × ARA138RR hybrid in the field infested with M. Enterolobii.
- 48. CONCLUSION Varieties 1. Resistantto destructive pest and disease 2. Tolerant to abiotic stress 3. With improved quality fruits Increase in germplasm resources which can be utilized to cross with different varieties in different combinations Alternatives for GM crops Rootstock breeding is needed Need to develop improved methods of crossing and overcoming barriers Need to work on wild species to identify genes of interest
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