Primordial prevention aims to prevent risk factors from emerging by promoting healthy social and environmental conditions. Primary prevention removes the possibility of disease through measures like health education, immunization, and controlling environmental hazards. Secondary prevention detects disease early through screening and treats it before irreversible damage occurs. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation to reduce impairments and disabilities from advanced disease through medical, social, and vocational support. Together, these levels of prevention work to promote health and quality of life at all stages of disease development and progression.
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
Measurements of morbidity and mortality
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
List the basic measurements in epidemiology
Select an appropriate tools of measurement
Measure morbidity & mortality
Perform standardization of rates
This presentation will help to get an insight into Epidemiological methods and describes details of Descriptive epidemiology. It will be useful to medical researcher as an initial input.
Measurements of morbidity and mortality
At the end of the session, the students shall be able to
List the basic measurements in epidemiology
Select an appropriate tools of measurement
Measure morbidity & mortality
Perform standardization of rates
it is a short and essential details regarding levels of prevention in Community health Nursing.and this ppt is most important for Nurses especially for post basic B.S.Sc.nursing students , because all criteria of power point presentation are followed in this ppt file.please like , share and improve your knowledge.thank you...
A process aimed at encouraging people to want to be healthy, to know how to stay healthy, to do what they can individually and collectively to maintain health and to seek help when needed.
Health education is a vital part of community health nursing, because the promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health require that patients understand health care requirements. Health education is an integral part of all health services and all health personnel's who are responsible for providing health care.
it is a short and essential details regarding levels of prevention in Community health Nursing.and this ppt is most important for Nurses especially for post basic B.S.Sc.nursing students , because all criteria of power point presentation are followed in this ppt file.please like , share and improve your knowledge.thank you...
A process aimed at encouraging people to want to be healthy, to know how to stay healthy, to do what they can individually and collectively to maintain health and to seek help when needed.
Health education is a vital part of community health nursing, because the promotion, maintenance, and restoration of health require that patients understand health care requirements. Health education is an integral part of all health services and all health personnel's who are responsible for providing health care.
Chain of infection is a process in which a favorable condition is required for micro-organism to spread or transfer from reservoir to a susceptible host.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, tradition...hosamELMANNA
Concept of control:
The term disease control describes ongoing operations aimed at reducing:
The incidence of disease
The duration of disease and consequently the risk of transmission
The effects of infection, including both the physical and psychosocial complications
The financial burden to the community.
The level of prevention topic will help you to know about how to prevent any particular disease in humans. Level of prevention is categorized into four
Primordial prevention
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention
Tertiary prevention
DEFINITION
“Actions directed to preventing illness and promoting health to reduce the need for secondary or tertiary health care.
Mosby’s Medical dictionary, 8th edition, 2009
“The action of stopping something from happening or arising”.
Oxford English Dictionary. Lexico 2020
GOALS OF PREVENTION
To promote health
To preserve health
To restore health when it is impaired
To minimize suffering and distress
Successful prevention depends upon:
a knowledge of causation
dynamics of transmission
identification of risk factors and risk groups
availability of prophylactic or early detection and treatment measures,
LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1) Primordial Prevention
2) Primary Prevention
3) Secondary Prevention
4) Tertiary Prevention
PRIMORDIAL PREVENTION
It is the prevention of emergence or development of risk factors in countries or population groups in which they have not yet appeared.
Main intervention is through individual and mass education.
Eg: Efforts directed towards discouraging children from adopting harmful lifestyles.
PRIMARY PREVENTION
“Primary prevention can be defined as the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur.”
Intervention is in the pre- pathogenesis phase of a disease or health problem.
The WHO has recommended the following approaches for the primary prevention of chronic diseases where the risk factors are established: –
A) Population (mass) strategy
B) High -risk strategy
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Definition
“ An Action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications.”
Modes of intervention – Early Diagnosis and Specific treatment
The health programmes initiated by governments are usually at the level of secondary prevention.
Advantages:
Important in reducing the high mortality and morbidity of certain diseases like hypertension, cancer cervix and breast cancer.
Disadvantages:
More expensive and less effective than primary prevention.
Patient is already subjected to mental anguish, physical pain;
TERTIARY PREVENTION
It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients adjustment to irremediable conditions”.
It is the intervention in the late pathogenesis phase.
Treatment, even in late stages of disease, may prevent sequelae and limit disability.
Modes of Intervention - Disability limitation and Rehabilitation.
MODES OF INTERVENTION
“Intervention” can be defined as any attempt to intervene or interrupt the usual sequence in the development of disease in man.
5 modes of intervention
1. Health promotion
2. Specific protection
3. Early Diagnosis and treatment
4. Disability limitation
5.Rehabilitation
CONCLUSION
To initiate preventive measures it is not necessary to know everything about natural history of the disease.
Main objective of preventive medicine - to intercept or oppose the “cause” and thereby the disease process
CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention”
CONCEPT OF PREVENTION OF DISEASE
Actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, or minimizing the impact of disease and disability.
The concept of prevention is best defined in the context of levels, traditionally called primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention”
Occupational therapists are well situated to work collaboratively with communities to identify needs, develop implementation strategies, and deliver health services and programs.
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This lecture slides seek to identify core activities of Public Health in Occupational Therapy
The dimensions of healthcare quality refer to various attributes or aspects that define the standard of healthcare services. These dimensions are used to evaluate, measure, and improve the quality of care provided to patients. A comprehensive understanding of these dimensions ensures that healthcare systems can address various aspects of patient care effectively and holistically. Dimensions of Healthcare Quality and Performance of care include the following; Appropriateness, Availability, Competence, Continuity, Effectiveness, Efficiency, Efficacy, Prevention, Respect and Care, Safety as well as Timeliness.
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Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
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Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
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https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
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2. Prevention:
• Prevention is the action aimed at eradicating,
eliminating or minimizing the impact of
disease and disability, or if none of these are
feasible, retarding the progress of the disease
and disability.
3.
4. Primordial prevention:
• Primordial prevention is defined as prevention of risk factors
themselves, beginning with change in social and
environmental conditions in which these factors are observed
to develop, and continuing for high risk children, adolescents
and young adults.
• It is the prevention of the emergence or development of risk
factors in countries or population groups in which they have
not yet appeared.
• The main intervention in primordial prevention is through
individual and mass education.
5. Cont…
• Primordial prevention, a relatively new concept, is receiving
special attention in the prevention of chronic diseases. For
example, many adult health problems (e.g. obesity,
hypertension) have their early origins in childhood, because
this is the time when lifestyles are formed(for example,
smoking, eating patterns, physical exercise).
• Primordial prevention begins in childhood when health risk
behaviour begins. Parents, teachers and peer groups are
important in imparting health education to children.
6. Examples:
• National policies and programes on nutrition involving the
agricultural sector, the food industry, and the food import-
export sector
• Comprehensive policies to discourage smoking
• Programes to promote regular physical activity
• Making major changes in lifestyle
7. Primary prevention:
• Primary prevention can be defined as the action
taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes
the possibility that the disease will ever occur.
• It signifies intervention in the pre-pathogenesis
phase of a disease or health problem.
• Primary prevention may be accomplished by
measures of “Health promotion” and “specific
protection”
8. Primary prevention (cont.)
• It includes the concept of "positive health", a
concept that encourages achievement and
maintenance of "an acceptable level of health that
will enable every individual to lead a socially and
economically productive life".
• Primary prevention may be accomplished by
measures designed to promote general health and
well-being, and quality of life of people or by specific
protective measures.
9. Primary prevention
Specific protectionHealth promotion
Achieved by
Health education
Environmental modifications
Nutritional interventions
Life style and behavioral changes
Immunization and seroprophylaxis
chemoprophylaxis
Use of specific nutrients or supplementations
Protection against occupational hazards
Safety of drugs and foods
Control of environmental hazards,
e.g. air pollution
Achieved by
10. Approaches for Primary Prevention:
• The WHO has recommended the following
approaches for the primary prevention of
chronic diseases where the risk factors are
established:
– a. Population (mass) strategy
– b. High -risk strategy
11. Population (mass) strategy:
• “Population strategy" is directed at the whole population
irrespective of individual risk levels.
• For example, studies have shown that even a small reduction
in the average blood pressure or serum cholesterol of a
population would produce a large reduction in the incidence
of cardiovascular disease
• The population approach is directed towards socio-economic,
behavioral and lifestyle changes
12. High -risk strategy:
• The high -risk strategy aims to bring
preventive care to individuals at special risk.
• This requires detection of individuals at high
risk by the optimum use of clinical methods.
13. Secondary prevention:
• It is defined as “ action which halts the progress of a
disease at its incipient stage and prevents
complications.”
• The specific interventions are: early diagnosis (e.g.
screening tests, breast self examination, pap smear
test, radiographic examinations, case finding
programme, etc) and adequate treatment.
14. Cont..
• Secondary prevention attempts to arrest the disease
process, restore health by seeking out unrecognized
disease and treating it before irreversible
pathological changes take place, and reverse
communicability of infectious diseases.
• It thus protects others from in the community from
acquiring the infection and thus provide at once
secondary prevention for the infected ones and
primary prevention for their potential contacts.
15. Early diagnosis and treatment
• WHO Expert Committee in 1973 defined early
detection of health disorders as “ the detection of
disturbances of homoeostatic and compensatory
mechanism while biochemical, morphological and
functional changes are still reversible.”
• The earlier the disease is diagnosed, and treated the
better it is for prognosis of the case and in the
prevention of the occurrence of other secondary
cases.
16. Tertiary prevention:
• It is used when the disease process has advanced
beyond its early stages.
• It is defined as “all the measures available to reduce
or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote
the patients’ adjustment to irremediable conditions.”
• Intervention that should be accomplished in the
stage of tertiary prevention are disability limitation,
and rehabilitation.
18. Impairment:
• Impairment is “any loss or abnormality of
psychological, physiological or anatomical
structure or function.”
Disability:
• Disability is “any restriction or lack of ability to
perform an activity in the manner or within
the range considered normal for the human
being.”
19. Handicap:
• Handicap is termed as “a disadvantage for a given individual,
resulting from an impairment or disability, that limits or
prevents the fulfillment of a role in the community that is
normal (depending on age, sex, and social and cultural
factors) for that individual.”
Rehabilitation:
• Rehabilitation is “ the combined and coordinated use of
medical, social, educational, and vocational measures for
training and retraining the individual to the highest possible
level of functional ability.”
21. Strategy for Prevention
Assess
Exposure
Identify
Populations
at High
Disease Risk
(based on demography /
family history,
host factors..)
Conduct
Research on
Mechanisms
(including the study of
genetic susceptibility)
Apply
Population-Based
Intervention
Programs
Evaluate
Intervention
Programs
Modify Existing
Intervention
Programs