Diagnosis of Internal organs of fish. Anatomy of fish. Step by step procedure to handle and dissect the internal organs and sample collection for disease diagnosis.
Crustaceans are a large phylum of arthropods including crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, copepods and krill. They mostly live in water and have a body divided into two parts - a fused head and thorax called the cephalothorax, and an abdomen. They have many specialized jointed appendages including walking legs, swimming legs, and feeding appendages. Crustaceans have a variety of feeding methods from predation to filter feeding. They reproduce sexually with external fertilization and females carry eggs until hatching.
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Fish have a closed circulatory system with a two-chambered heart. Blood moves through arteries to the gills to exchange gases and then to the body through veins. The blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection. The heart pumps blood through the sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus in a single circulation before returning to the heart.
This document provides an overview of fish morphology and anatomy. It describes the basic body divisions of head, trunk, and tail. It then discusses various body shapes and tail types that influence how fish move and live. These include elongated, compressed, rounded, and forked tail shapes. It also covers scale types, mouth positions, coloration strategies for camouflage and defense, and schooling behavior. The goal is to understand how fish body forms relate to their environment and lifestyle.
Digestive physiology of herbivorous fishMahendra Pal
The knowledge of food and feeding habits and the physiology of digestion of any organism is most essential for development of artificial feed in culture practices. Fish and shellfish belong to the poikilothermous animal. The digestion process is somewhat different than the terrestrial animals. Similarly the mechanism of digestion and absorption process is quite different in fishes and shellfishes. The basic function of digestive system is to dissolve foods by rendering them soluble so that they can be absorbed and utilized in the metabolic process. The system may also function to remove dangerous toxic properties of certain food substances.
Fish generally change their feeding habits depending upon availability of food. So according to their feeding fishes are classified into different categories viz., predators, grazers, strainers, suckers and parasites.
Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of the phylum Rotifera. Rotifers can be found in many freshwater environments and in moist soil, where they inhabit the thin films of water that are formed around soil particles.
The document discusses the digestive system of fish. It covers the main components and processes of the fish digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines and anus. It describes the different feeding mechanisms used by fish such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, and others. It also discusses the enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In summary:
1) The digestive system of fish breaks down food through a series of organs from the mouth to the anus.
2) Fish use various feeding mechanisms to ingest food depending on their anatomy and food sources.
3) Digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
Trypanosoma is a genus of parasitic flagellates that infects fish. It is transmitted between hosts by vectors like leeches. Common symptoms in infected fish include anemia from blood sucking and secondary infections. Dactylogyrus is a monogenetic trematode that attaches to fish skin, fins and gills through hooks, sometimes causing emaciation in severe infections. Ichthyophthiriasis multifilis, commonly known as ich, appears as white spots on fish skin and gills. It has a direct lifecycle involving a motile trophont stage in the fish and a free-swimming tomites stage that can infect other fish.
Crustaceans are a large phylum of arthropods including crabs, shrimp, lobsters, barnacles, copepods and krill. They mostly live in water and have a body divided into two parts - a fused head and thorax called the cephalothorax, and an abdomen. They have many specialized jointed appendages including walking legs, swimming legs, and feeding appendages. Crustaceans have a variety of feeding methods from predation to filter feeding. They reproduce sexually with external fertilization and females carry eggs until hatching.
The document summarizes different aspects of fish reproduction, including both asexual and sexual reproduction. It discusses types of hermaphroditism, modes of sexual reproduction such as oviparity and viviparity, clutch sizes, courtship behaviors, sexual dimorphism, and various strategies for protecting eggs and young, such as mouth brooding, external brooding, gill brooding, and nest building. Sexual maturity varies widely between species, from shortly after birth to over 10 years of age depending on size, lifespan, and other factors.
Fish have a closed circulatory system with a two-chambered heart. Blood moves through arteries to the gills to exchange gases and then to the body through veins. The blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells, plasma, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen, while white blood cells help fight infection. The heart pumps blood through the sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, and bulbus arteriosus in a single circulation before returning to the heart.
This document provides an overview of fish morphology and anatomy. It describes the basic body divisions of head, trunk, and tail. It then discusses various body shapes and tail types that influence how fish move and live. These include elongated, compressed, rounded, and forked tail shapes. It also covers scale types, mouth positions, coloration strategies for camouflage and defense, and schooling behavior. The goal is to understand how fish body forms relate to their environment and lifestyle.
Digestive physiology of herbivorous fishMahendra Pal
The knowledge of food and feeding habits and the physiology of digestion of any organism is most essential for development of artificial feed in culture practices. Fish and shellfish belong to the poikilothermous animal. The digestion process is somewhat different than the terrestrial animals. Similarly the mechanism of digestion and absorption process is quite different in fishes and shellfishes. The basic function of digestive system is to dissolve foods by rendering them soluble so that they can be absorbed and utilized in the metabolic process. The system may also function to remove dangerous toxic properties of certain food substances.
Fish generally change their feeding habits depending upon availability of food. So according to their feeding fishes are classified into different categories viz., predators, grazers, strainers, suckers and parasites.
Rotifers are microscopic aquatic animals of the phylum Rotifera. Rotifers can be found in many freshwater environments and in moist soil, where they inhabit the thin films of water that are formed around soil particles.
The document discusses the digestive system of fish. It covers the main components and processes of the fish digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, liver, intestines and anus. It describes the different feeding mechanisms used by fish such as filter feeding, ram feeding, suction feeding, and others. It also discusses the enzymes involved in digesting carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. In summary:
1) The digestive system of fish breaks down food through a series of organs from the mouth to the anus.
2) Fish use various feeding mechanisms to ingest food depending on their anatomy and food sources.
3) Digestion involves enzymes that break down carbohydrates,
Trypanosoma is a genus of parasitic flagellates that infects fish. It is transmitted between hosts by vectors like leeches. Common symptoms in infected fish include anemia from blood sucking and secondary infections. Dactylogyrus is a monogenetic trematode that attaches to fish skin, fins and gills through hooks, sometimes causing emaciation in severe infections. Ichthyophthiriasis multifilis, commonly known as ich, appears as white spots on fish skin and gills. It has a direct lifecycle involving a motile trophont stage in the fish and a free-swimming tomites stage that can infect other fish.
This document discusses the aquatic adaptations of birds and mammals. It describes morphological, anatomical, and physiological adaptations that allow birds like ducks and geese to live in aquatic environments. These include webbed feet, waterproof feathers, nasal flaps, and salt glands. Mammals like platypuses also have adaptations for aquatic life such as webbed feet and electrosensory bills. The document concludes that nature continues to amaze with the variety of adaptations that allow species to exploit different environments.
This document provides an overview of reproductive biology in fishes. It discusses the different types of sexuality observed in fishes, including unisexuality, bisexuality, hermaphroditism, and parthenogenesis. It describes the reproductive cycles and hormones that regulate reproduction for both male and female fish. Key aspects covered include the gonads, sexual dimorphism, seasonal breeding patterns, and hormonal control of the reproductive system through the CNS-pituitary-gonad axis.
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
Plankton are microscopic organisms that drift or float in aquatic environments. They are categorized into phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton are plant-like organisms that can photosynthesize, while zooplankton are animal plankton that consume other organisms. Plankton play important roles in aquatic ecosystems as indicators of water quality, primary producers that form the base of the food web, producers of oxygen through photosynthesis, and major participants in the global carbon cycle. They are studied and classified by size, nutritional requirements, length of planktonic life, and habitat. Understanding plankton communities provides insights into ecosystem health and functions.
The document summarizes the diversity of fishes, including their defining characteristics and classification. It describes the three main classes of fishes: jawless Agnatha such as hagfish and lampreys, cartilaginous Chondrichthyes including sharks and rays, and bony Osteichthyes such as ray-finned fish. Key traits discussed include types of skeleton, presence of jaws, fins, and scales. Examples are provided of distinguishing features for different groups like sharks, rays, and bony fish.
Generalized and specific definition of pond and the types relating their size, use, construction method were illustrated. Besides the culture system of fish and aquatic organisms and their types were also described.
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copyMandeep Kaur
Aquaculture involves farming aquatic animals and plants in controlled environments. There are several types of aquaculture including freshwater, brackish water, and intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive systems. Proper water quality monitoring and fertilization are important to maintain a healthy environment for growth. Common aquaculture activities include culturing fish, prawns, and shellfish through various stages from hatcheries to harvest.
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
Control of aquatic weed ,predators, weed fish, pest in aquacultureMd Obaidul Haque
This presentation summarizes methods for controlling aquatic vegetation, predators, weed animals, and pests in aquaculture. It discusses four main categories of controlling aquatic vegetation: prevention, manual/mechanical removal, biological controls using herbivorous fish, and chemical controls using herbicides. For predators, it outlines removing or scaring birds, trapping mammals, trapping or shooting reptiles and amphibians. Weed animals like weed fish and snails can be controlled using filters, selective fishing, nicotine, saponin, or insecticides. Pests like worms, crabs, shrimp, and muskrats can be controlled through drainage, insecticides, traps, or shooting. Regular cleaning is also suggested to
The document discusses the structure of fish skin, noting that it consists of an epidermis layer containing glands like mucous and poison glands, and a dermis layer where scales come in four types - placoid, cycloid, rhombic, and ctenoid. The dermis contains pigment cells like melanophores, xanthophores, and iridophores that contain pigments like melanin, carotenoids, and guanine crystals which give fishes their color and ability to reflect light. References on fish skin structure include modern textbooks by Kotpal and books on zoology by S.M. Sexsena and
Fish Taxonomy & Charateristics
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata (Back bone present)
Supraclass Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
Class Myxini (Hagfish)
Class Cphalospidomorphi (Lamprey)
Supraclass Gnathostomata (Jawed Fish)
Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)
Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
Fish are the gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups.
Fins originally evolved for locomotion in aquatic environments and have taken different shapes providing functions besides locomotion. The main external organs of fish are fins including dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins which aid in movement, stability, stopping, and propulsion. The lateral line system detects vibrations through mechanoreceptor cells called neuromasts, allowing fish to find food, navigate, and avoid predators. It is made up of the lateral line canal containing neuromasts which transduce water movements to the brain. Gills supply oxygen from water and other organs include barbels, scales, and a mucus coating which aid in tasks like feeding, protection, and swimming.
what is Fish blood.reading this you will know about fish blood.a short description about fish blood
source:<a>bd tips tech</a> the best bangla tech site http://www.bdtipstech.com
Fish have more efficient feed conversion ratios than land animals like cows and pigs due to their biology and environment. Fish feeds are more concentrated in nutrients than feeds for land animals. A balanced nutrition mix for fish includes protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Proper storage, water quality factors like oxygen, temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite, and salinity are important for fish health. Routine water testing and monitoring of these factors is necessary in aquaculture.
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. The different feeding habits of fish are:
- Herbivores - feed exclusively on plant materials
- Carnivores - feed exclusively on animal matter
- Omnivores - derive nutrients from both plants and animals
- Planktivores - feed on plankton like bacteria, algae, etc.
- Detritivores - feed on decaying organic matter
2. The feeding behaviors of fish are:
- Predators - actively hunt and pursue prey using vision, smell, etc.
- Grazers - feed on bottom organisms by browsing and nibbling continuously
- Strainers - filter feeders that filter organisms from water
This document discusses different types of cultivable fish species in India. It covers five types of fish culture: mono culture, poly culture, mono sex culture, cage culture, and integrated fish culture. Some important cultivable species in India include various types of major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo calbasu, L. bata), exotic carps (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio), catfish (Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Wallago attu), and snakeheads (Channa spp
Fresh fish spoils rapidly due to enzymatic and bacterial breakdown. To preserve fish for longer storage and transport to consumers, several methods are used including drying, freezing, salting, smoking, and canning. Drying removes enough water to prevent microbial growth while salting, smoking and canning use salt, smoke or high heat respectively to inhibit enzymes and microbes that cause spoilage. Proper preservation processing and storage extends the shelf life of fish while maintaining quality and safety.
This document summarizes different reproductive strategies in fishes. It discusses that most fishes are oviparous and lay eggs externally. For marine fishes, the majority have pelagic eggs that float, while demersal eggs that sink are more common in freshwater. Some fishes are ovoviviparous or viviparous with internal fertilization. Different forms of parental care among fishes are also outlined, including by the male, female or both parents. Alternative reproductive strategies discussed include hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis, and natural polyploids and hybrids.
Fish gills are highly folded organs located on the sides of the head that allow for efficient gas exchange. They have a network of capillaries and lamellae that divide the gill filaments, providing a large surface area for oxygen diffusion. The gills have a good blood flow and thin membranes that allow for countercurrent exchange, maximizing oxygen transfer from the water to the bloodstream.
The student conducted a dissection and analysis of the internal anatomy of a White Grunt fish. Key organs identified included the heart, liver, pyloric caeca, gonads, and swim bladder. Externally, fins, gills, lateral line, nares, scales, and mouth parts were examined. The fish's dentition, nocturnal feeding habits of scavenging benthic invertebrates and small fish, and similarities to human anatomy like lungs/gills and intestines/pyloric caeca were discussed. The dissection helped understand the fish's physical adaptations and relationships between its form and function.
This document provides instructions for a frog dissection lab. It begins with terminology and safety instructions. Students are tasked with labeling the external anatomy of a frog, including identifying structures like the dorsal and ventral surfaces, limbs, eyes, tympanic membranes, and mouthparts. The internal dissection involves pinning and making cuts to expose organs. Key systems that are dissected and labeled include the digestive system (stomach, intestines, liver), urogenital system (kidneys, testes/ovaries), respiratory system (lungs), and circulatory system (heart). Questions assess understanding of anatomy like frog sex determination and organ descriptions. A list of terms to know for an exam is also provided.
This document discusses the aquatic adaptations of birds and mammals. It describes morphological, anatomical, and physiological adaptations that allow birds like ducks and geese to live in aquatic environments. These include webbed feet, waterproof feathers, nasal flaps, and salt glands. Mammals like platypuses also have adaptations for aquatic life such as webbed feet and electrosensory bills. The document concludes that nature continues to amaze with the variety of adaptations that allow species to exploit different environments.
This document provides an overview of reproductive biology in fishes. It discusses the different types of sexuality observed in fishes, including unisexuality, bisexuality, hermaphroditism, and parthenogenesis. It describes the reproductive cycles and hormones that regulate reproduction for both male and female fish. Key aspects covered include the gonads, sexual dimorphism, seasonal breeding patterns, and hormonal control of the reproductive system through the CNS-pituitary-gonad axis.
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
Plankton are microscopic organisms that drift or float in aquatic environments. They are categorized into phytoplankton and zooplankton. Phytoplankton are plant-like organisms that can photosynthesize, while zooplankton are animal plankton that consume other organisms. Plankton play important roles in aquatic ecosystems as indicators of water quality, primary producers that form the base of the food web, producers of oxygen through photosynthesis, and major participants in the global carbon cycle. They are studied and classified by size, nutritional requirements, length of planktonic life, and habitat. Understanding plankton communities provides insights into ecosystem health and functions.
The document summarizes the diversity of fishes, including their defining characteristics and classification. It describes the three main classes of fishes: jawless Agnatha such as hagfish and lampreys, cartilaginous Chondrichthyes including sharks and rays, and bony Osteichthyes such as ray-finned fish. Key traits discussed include types of skeleton, presence of jaws, fins, and scales. Examples are provided of distinguishing features for different groups like sharks, rays, and bony fish.
Generalized and specific definition of pond and the types relating their size, use, construction method were illustrated. Besides the culture system of fish and aquatic organisms and their types were also described.
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copyMandeep Kaur
Aquaculture involves farming aquatic animals and plants in controlled environments. There are several types of aquaculture including freshwater, brackish water, and intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive systems. Proper water quality monitoring and fertilization are important to maintain a healthy environment for growth. Common aquaculture activities include culturing fish, prawns, and shellfish through various stages from hatcheries to harvest.
At what age does a fish attain a maturity
What is the perfect catchable or mark able size of the fish
It helps to calculate the life span and longevity of fish
It enables to estimate and compare growth rates of fish in different waters.
Good or bad growth can point out the suitability for rearing and stocking purposes
The timing of spawning migration of given species can be worked out .
Control of aquatic weed ,predators, weed fish, pest in aquacultureMd Obaidul Haque
This presentation summarizes methods for controlling aquatic vegetation, predators, weed animals, and pests in aquaculture. It discusses four main categories of controlling aquatic vegetation: prevention, manual/mechanical removal, biological controls using herbivorous fish, and chemical controls using herbicides. For predators, it outlines removing or scaring birds, trapping mammals, trapping or shooting reptiles and amphibians. Weed animals like weed fish and snails can be controlled using filters, selective fishing, nicotine, saponin, or insecticides. Pests like worms, crabs, shrimp, and muskrats can be controlled through drainage, insecticides, traps, or shooting. Regular cleaning is also suggested to
The document discusses the structure of fish skin, noting that it consists of an epidermis layer containing glands like mucous and poison glands, and a dermis layer where scales come in four types - placoid, cycloid, rhombic, and ctenoid. The dermis contains pigment cells like melanophores, xanthophores, and iridophores that contain pigments like melanin, carotenoids, and guanine crystals which give fishes their color and ability to reflect light. References on fish skin structure include modern textbooks by Kotpal and books on zoology by S.M. Sexsena and
Fish Taxonomy & Charateristics
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata (Back bone present)
Supraclass Agnatha (Jawless Fish)
Class Myxini (Hagfish)
Class Cphalospidomorphi (Lamprey)
Supraclass Gnathostomata (Jawed Fish)
Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fish)
Class Osteichthyes (Bony Fish)
Fish are the gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. They form a sister group to the tunicates, together forming the olfactores. Included in this definition are the living hagfish, lampreys, and cartilaginous and bony fish as well as various extinct related groups.
Fins originally evolved for locomotion in aquatic environments and have taken different shapes providing functions besides locomotion. The main external organs of fish are fins including dorsal, pectoral, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins which aid in movement, stability, stopping, and propulsion. The lateral line system detects vibrations through mechanoreceptor cells called neuromasts, allowing fish to find food, navigate, and avoid predators. It is made up of the lateral line canal containing neuromasts which transduce water movements to the brain. Gills supply oxygen from water and other organs include barbels, scales, and a mucus coating which aid in tasks like feeding, protection, and swimming.
what is Fish blood.reading this you will know about fish blood.a short description about fish blood
source:<a>bd tips tech</a> the best bangla tech site http://www.bdtipstech.com
Fish have more efficient feed conversion ratios than land animals like cows and pigs due to their biology and environment. Fish feeds are more concentrated in nutrients than feeds for land animals. A balanced nutrition mix for fish includes protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. Proper storage, water quality factors like oxygen, temperature, pH, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia, nitrite, and salinity are important for fish health. Routine water testing and monitoring of these factors is necessary in aquaculture.
Here are the answers to the quiz questions:
1. The different feeding habits of fish are:
- Herbivores - feed exclusively on plant materials
- Carnivores - feed exclusively on animal matter
- Omnivores - derive nutrients from both plants and animals
- Planktivores - feed on plankton like bacteria, algae, etc.
- Detritivores - feed on decaying organic matter
2. The feeding behaviors of fish are:
- Predators - actively hunt and pursue prey using vision, smell, etc.
- Grazers - feed on bottom organisms by browsing and nibbling continuously
- Strainers - filter feeders that filter organisms from water
This document discusses different types of cultivable fish species in India. It covers five types of fish culture: mono culture, poly culture, mono sex culture, cage culture, and integrated fish culture. Some important cultivable species in India include various types of major carps (Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Labeo calbasu, L. bata), exotic carps (Hypopthalmichthys molitrix, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio), catfish (Clarias batrachus, Heteropneustes fossilis, Wallago attu), and snakeheads (Channa spp
Fresh fish spoils rapidly due to enzymatic and bacterial breakdown. To preserve fish for longer storage and transport to consumers, several methods are used including drying, freezing, salting, smoking, and canning. Drying removes enough water to prevent microbial growth while salting, smoking and canning use salt, smoke or high heat respectively to inhibit enzymes and microbes that cause spoilage. Proper preservation processing and storage extends the shelf life of fish while maintaining quality and safety.
This document summarizes different reproductive strategies in fishes. It discusses that most fishes are oviparous and lay eggs externally. For marine fishes, the majority have pelagic eggs that float, while demersal eggs that sink are more common in freshwater. Some fishes are ovoviviparous or viviparous with internal fertilization. Different forms of parental care among fishes are also outlined, including by the male, female or both parents. Alternative reproductive strategies discussed include hermaphroditism, parthenogenesis, and natural polyploids and hybrids.
Fish gills are highly folded organs located on the sides of the head that allow for efficient gas exchange. They have a network of capillaries and lamellae that divide the gill filaments, providing a large surface area for oxygen diffusion. The gills have a good blood flow and thin membranes that allow for countercurrent exchange, maximizing oxygen transfer from the water to the bloodstream.
The student conducted a dissection and analysis of the internal anatomy of a White Grunt fish. Key organs identified included the heart, liver, pyloric caeca, gonads, and swim bladder. Externally, fins, gills, lateral line, nares, scales, and mouth parts were examined. The fish's dentition, nocturnal feeding habits of scavenging benthic invertebrates and small fish, and similarities to human anatomy like lungs/gills and intestines/pyloric caeca were discussed. The dissection helped understand the fish's physical adaptations and relationships between its form and function.
This document provides instructions for a frog dissection lab. It begins with terminology and safety instructions. Students are tasked with labeling the external anatomy of a frog, including identifying structures like the dorsal and ventral surfaces, limbs, eyes, tympanic membranes, and mouthparts. The internal dissection involves pinning and making cuts to expose organs. Key systems that are dissected and labeled include the digestive system (stomach, intestines, liver), urogenital system (kidneys, testes/ovaries), respiratory system (lungs), and circulatory system (heart). Questions assess understanding of anatomy like frog sex determination and organ descriptions. A list of terms to know for an exam is also provided.
This document discusses procedures for examining the vertebral column and spinal cord through both anterior and posterior approaches. It also describes collecting relevant specimens for further examination, such as histopathology or toxicology, and proper preservation and labeling of specimens to maintain the chain of custody. The key steps are removing organs to access the vertebral bodies from the front or removing spinal processes and lamina from the back to expose the spinal cord. Specimens like the brain, liver, blood and urine are collected depending on suspected poisoning. Proper sealing and documentation is needed to track the specimens from collection to court presentation.
This document summarizes a lab where a student dissected and compared the organ systems of a frog and fetal pig to those of humans. The student found that while frogs and pigs shared some organ similarities, such as liver structure, they also had differences. Notably, the frog's intestines were shorter than the pig's, and the pig had an umbilical cord while the frog did not. Through the dissection, the student learned about key organs like the heart, lungs, stomach and intestines in these species and how they function in digestion and circulation.
The document provides instructions for dissecting a frog. It begins by describing how to determine the frog's sex by examining its forelegs. The external anatomy is then explored, labeling structures like the eyes, eardrums, nostrils, and skin coloration. Next, the internal mouth structures are located and labeled, including the tongue, teeth, and openings. The digestive, circulatory and respiratory systems are then dissected and their main organs and structures are identified and labeled in diagrams, such as the liver, stomach, intestines, lungs and heart. Finally, the urinary and reproductive systems are briefly described.
This document outlines the procedures and objectives for a three-day fetal pig dissection lab for 7th grade students. On day one, students will examine the pig's external anatomy by locating features like toes, ears, and sex organs. Day two focuses on internal anatomy with students identifying organs like the liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen. Day three examines the circulatory system where students will locate the four-chambered heart and related vessels. Safety protocols are reviewed, such as wearing protective equipment and cleaning materials.
This document outlines the procedures and objectives for a three-day fetal pig dissection lab for 7th grade students. On day one, students will examine the pig's external anatomy by locating features like toes, ears, snout, and urogenital openings. Day two focuses on internal anatomy with students identifying organs like the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen. Day three examines the circulatory system where students will locate the heart chambers and vessels like the aorta and remove the heart to view internal features. Safety protocols are provided emphasizing PPE use, sanitation, and careful use of tools during each dissection activity.
This document outlines the procedures and objectives for a three-day fetal pig dissection lab for 7th grade students. On day one, students will examine the pig's external anatomy by locating features like toes, ears, snout, and umbilical cord. Day two focuses on internal anatomy with students identifying organs like the liver, stomach, intestines, pancreas, and spleen. Day three examines the circulatory system where students will locate the heart chambers and vessels like the aorta and remove the heart to see internal features. Safety protocols are provided like wearing gloves and goggles. Students are instructed to clean up and store the pig in a sealed bag for later study.
Histological techniques in fish disease diagnosis by B.pptxB. BHASKAR
Categories of techniques for Detecting presence or exposure to causative agents, Sampling methods for histopathology of fin fishes and shell fishes, Tissue fixation, staining, advanced serum proteomics, Advanced techniques for intelligence diagnosis of fish diseases.
This marine science lab document provides instructions for students to dissect a crayfish in order to study its external and internal anatomy and identify the major organs that make up its digestive, respiratory, circulatory, nervous, excretory and reproductive systems. Students are guided to locate structures like the carapace, rostrum, antennae, mandibles, maxillae, maxillipeds, chelipeds, walking legs, swimmerets, uropods, telson, stomach, digestive gland, intestine, gills, heart, nerve cord, ganglia, brain, green glands, testis or ovary through detailed diagrams and step-
The document provides background information on frog anatomy. It describes the external features of the frog's head such as its nostrils, eardrums, eyes, and mouth interior. It then details the major internal organ systems, including the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. The summary concludes by outlining the objectives and materials for a frog dissection lab, intended to observe and identify the external and internal structures of the frog.
The document summarizes the steps of a frog dissection lab, where students examine the external and internal anatomy of a frog. Students observe the frog's dorsal and ventral sides, measure various parts, and locate structures like the eyes, tympanic membranes, and mouthparts. Upon cutting open the frog, they identify internal organs like the liver, heart, lungs, stomach, intestines, kidneys and reproductive structures. The purpose is to learn frog anatomy through hands-on examination and labelling of both external and internal features.
Taxonomy, biology and farming abalone.pptxB. BHASKAR
1. Abalone are a type of sea snail that live in coastal waters and have a single spiral shell with respiratory pores. They are farmed in many countries for their meat and shell.
2. Abalone reproduction involves external fertilization, with males releasing sperm that triggers females to release eggs. Larval development proceeds through trochophore and veliger stages over 1-2 weeks before settling.
3. Abalone farming began in the 1950s in Japan and China to meet demand and prevent overfishing. China is now the world's largest producer and consumer of farmed abalone.
Macrobrachium rosenbergii , also known as the giant river prawn or giant freshwater prawn, is a commercially important species of palaemonid freshwater prawn. It is found throughout the tropical and subtropical areas of the Indo-Pacific region.
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1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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3. Collecting fish
Note: Taking fish or fish samples in excess of the minimum required is
recommended because further investigations may not be possible if
insufficient samples are taken.
If dissection is not possible within 24 hours, whole fish may be frozen.
Determine the number of fish to be collected, and which tissue is
required from each fish for the analyses to be conducted.
A sample should have at least 60 fish of the same species of
approximately uniform size per site if possible.
4. Collecting appropriate samples:
In order to obtain fresh tissue after a fish kill, it is preferable to choose fish
that are sick or dying rather than dead (e.g. some might be moving but
showing signs of lethargy or distress).
When sampling live fish, ensure that the fish are handled and euthanized
humanely (such as with the use of MS222).
If only dead fish are present, choose the least decomposed fish available.
Place individual samples into individual resealable bags with a label stating
relevant information such as date, time, sampler details, site, species and
replicate number.
Place samples with crushed ice to transport to a laboratory, or clean area if
dissections are to be carried out in the field.
5. Preparing for dissection
► Ensure there is a clean working area and equipment can be rinsed between each
sample.
► Clean sampling equipment to be used for the dissection:
► Tools, work surface, and sample containers must be clean and not likely to
contaminate the samples of interest
► After each fish is dissected, all equipment should be cleaned and rinsed, and the
cutting board covering and gloves need to be changed.
► Clear an area to conduct the dissection.
6. ► Set up the work area to ensure all equipment is easily accessible once
dissections begin.
► Place a waste bin in an area easily accessible to the person conducting the
dissections.
► Identify a procedure for naming each sample/replicate/organ, and relating these
back to the individual sample.
7. Fish dissection
Measure and weigh fish in accordance with the Fish holding,
identification and measurement of length and weight document. Record
details.
Put on powder-free gloves. Gloves must be stored in a clean environment
(e.g. in a resealable plastic bag).
Lay fish flat on one side with the dorsal fin facing away from you.
8. Gill samples
If the gills are to be collected:
Lift the operculum (gill cover) and cut this off at its base to expose the
gills. Take care not to damage the gills when doing this.
Carefully cut out the gills at their base Rinse gills with de-ionised water.
Place gills in labelled storage container/bag
Note: Gills on larger fish may not require the operculum to be removed.
10. Muscle samples
Muscle (flesh) samples should be collected above the lateral line, between the
dorsal fin and the caudal fin.
This will maximise the amount of muscle tissue collected and reduce the risk of
accidentally piercing internal organs.
Avoid cutting below the fish’s lateral line to ensure the lower intestine or other
internal organs are not pierced.
If the intestine is cut open, this will lead to contamination of the organs and the
sample will not be usable.
If muscle is to be collected, Make a cut with the scalpel blade from just below
the start of the dorsal fin down to the fish’s lateral line
11. Outline of area to be removed from the fish for
muscle sample
Removing skin
Removing muscle
12. Cut from just above the lateral line of the fish toward the tail.
Cut from where the first incision was made just below the dorsal fin across the
top of the fish and down toward the tail to meet the cut from step 2.
Remove the skin of this section of cut flesh using forceps and a scalpel blade
Take care not to touch this exposed muscle.
To remove the muscle sample, make incisions around the dissected area, cutting
underneath the flesh to detach it from the small bones and allow it to be
removed.
Once the muscle has been removed from the fish, rinse it in deionised water.
Place muscle sample in labelled storage container/bag
13. Internal organ samples
1)Incision at anus- Begin by inserting a fine scalpel blade into the anus (also
called the vent) of the fish. The anus is located just anterior to (in front of) the
anal fin, on the ventral (lower) side of the fish in most fishes.
2. Cutting anteriorly. The incision is then extended anteriorly along the fish's
belly towards the head.
3. Cut between pelvic fins. The incision passes anteriorly between the pelvic
(ventral) fins. Depending on the type of fish, these paired fins are used to
stabilise the fish when swimming and also for braking. The pelvic fins are
supported by the bones of the pelvic girdle which are anchored in the belly
muscles.
15. 4. Cut along isthmus. Use scissors to cut anteriorly through the bones attached to
the pelvic fins. Cut forward along the narrow, fleshy space beneath the head and
between the gill covers. The gill covers (also known as operculae) are flaps which
lie along both sides of the head and protect the underlying gills.
5. Body cavity. Pull apart the two walls of the body cavity and expose the internal
organs (see next image for names). The neat incision now runs from the anus
forward between the two pelvic fins and along the isthmus.
6. Internal organs. Some of the ventrally located internal organs: 1 heart, 2 Liver,
3 Pyloric caecae, 4 adipose (fatty) tissue.
7. Pull aside gut. Here the adipose tissue (1) and gut (2) are pulled aside to expose
the swim bladder (3), gonads (4) and kidneys (5). As a general rule, carnivorous
fishes have short guts. Herbivorous fishes have much longer guts. The gonads and
kidneys are paired. One of each can be seen on both sides of the swim bladder.
17. 8. Cut posterior end of gut. The gut is severed at the posterior end of the body
cavity, near the anus. The gut and other organs attached to it are pulled forward out
of the way, or removed entirely.
9. Pull gut forward. Pulling the gut forward exposes the swim bladder (1), gonads
(2) and kidneys (3) in position dorsally (at the top) in the body cavity. A larger
portion of the liver is now visible (4). The kidneys are paired organs located in the
body cavity ventral to (below) the vertebral column. They are one of the organs
involved in excretion and regulation of the water balance within the fish.
10. Swim bladder exposed. The other organs have been removed to expose the
swim bladder at the top of the body cavity. The swim bladder (also called the gas
bladder or air bladder) is a flexible-walled, gas-filled sac located in the dorsal
portion of body cavity. This organ controls the fish's buoyancy and is used for
hearing in some species.
19. Note: Organs can be located in differing/varying places depending
upon the body shape of the species The kidney is a relatively
difficult organ to locate and dissect successfully. It is usually located
up close to the spine and may be hidden by the swim bladder.
Rinse the removed organ with de-ionised water.
Place the removed organ in labelled storage container/bag.
20.
21.
22. Preserving and packing samples
Packing samples will depend upon the analysis required and
should be discussed with the laboratory prior to dissections.
Individual organs should be separately packaged, labelled
and preserved prior to sending to the laboratory.
23. Bacterial Infections
Collection of samples for bacteriological examination should be taken
immediately after the fish is opened to minimize contamination. Samples for
detecting bacterial infections are routinely taken from the kidney. If lesions are
apparent in other tissues, sample those tissues using the same procedures.
First expose the kidney by pulling the intestine away from the swim bladder,
and then gently strip the swim bladder from the kidney surface.
Inoculate a sample of kidney onto bacteriological media as follows:
1. Flame a metal loop until red hot, and then insert it into the anterior part of the
kidney. The sample is immediately inoculated onto a plate of sterile agar by
streaking back and forth across the surface of the agar at one end of the plate.
24. 2. Streak for isolation by reflaming the loop, then allow it to cool and make several streaks
into a new area of the plate. This is repeated three to four times to insure the bacteria is
diluted over the surface of the agar.
3.Label the bottom of the plate and incubate with the agar surface on top (i.e., upside
down) either in an incubator or on a bench top.
Bacterial colonies will normally be visible within 48 to 72 hours of inoculation. The
shape and pigmentation of the colonies should be noted. Varied types of colonies, and
colonies that grow outside of the streak lines, usually indicate that your bacterial
sample has been contaminated.
25. References
Fish collection and dissection for the purpose of chemical analysis of tissues,
Biological assessment, 2018.
Fish dissection guide
Thank You…….!